Effect of Carbon Properties on Melting Behavior of Mold Fluxes for Continuous Casting of Steels

During continuous casting of steel, the properties of mold fluxes strongly affect the casting performance, steel quality and environment of casting operation. The high temperature microscopy technique was used to investigate the melting behaviour of mold fluxes, and drip test method was used to determine their melting rate. The results showed that free carbon is a dominant factor in governing the melting behaviour of fluxes, and the melting rate is increased with increasing carbon reactivity and decreasing carbon content.

Effects of continuous casting mould fluxes on reducing longitudinal and star cracks on a slab surface

In the continuous casting production of medium carbon steel (whose mass fraction of carbon is 0.09 % to 0.16 %) and high strength low alloy steel (whose mass fraction of Mn is 0.90 % to 1.40 %), flecks occurring the most often are usually longitudinal and star cracks. In additional to the employment of a galvanized plate mould, two kinds of fluxes with special properties were studied and used to harmonize the conflicts between the function of heat transfer and lubrication. An industrial application revealed that the crystallizing temperature (Tc) and crystal ratio (R) of fluxes have a crucible effect on impeding the occurrence of above defects on a slab surface. In the case of slab section (180 to 240) mm(1000 to 1400) mm and casting speed Vc of (0.7 to 1.2) m/min, the optimized parameters of fluxes are Tc of (1170 to 1190) ℃, R of 80 % to 95 % for medium carbon steel, and Tc of (1100 to 1150) ℃, plus R of 40 % to 60 % for high strength low alloy steel.

Trial Production of Sulphurous Free-Cutting Gear Steel by Convert-Billet Continuous Casting Process

In consideration of the composition characteristics and quality requirements of sulphurous free-cutting gear steel, the rational measures of sulfur control, calcium treatment and key technologies of continuous casting process are applied in the development of a full-line operation of LD-Billet continuous casting on steelmaking with semi-steel, which suggests an economic production of the steel has been realized. Test results show that the average retrieval rate of sulphurous alloy in the process of RH treatment is 95.3% and sulfur content of products is stability. Otherwise, content of T[O] in casting billet is in the range of 11×10-6 ~ 18×10-6 with average value is 14.7×10-6.Based on this, the billets have good surface quality and internal quality.

Numerical simulation of macrosegregation in continuously cast gear steel 20CrMnTi with final electromagnetic stirring

A 3D/2D hybrid multi-physical-field mathematical model,which takes into consideration the thermosolutal buoyance,was developed to predict the macrosegregation of gear steel 20CrMnTi continuously cast by a curved billet caster with size of 160 mm×160 mm,and investigated the effect of final electromagnetic stirring(F-EMS)on the fluid flow,heat transfer and solute distribution in the liquid core of continuously cast steel.The results show that the application of F-EMS eliminates the effect of thermosolutal buoyancy on the asymmetric distribution of carbon concentration in the cross section of billet and accelerates the final solidification of resident molten steel in the liquid core of strand,but promotes the negative carbon segregation near the billet center.When the gear steel 20CrMnTi is cast at the temperature of 1803 K and speed of 1.7 m/min,the solidification end advances forward from 9.84 to 9.72 m,and center carbon segregation ratio of billet decreases from 1.24 to 1.17 with the increase in current density of F-EMS from 0 to 350 A.

Simulation of Mould Level Velocities During Continuous Casting of Round Bloom Strands With Mould-Electromagnetic Stirring

In modern continuous casting of round steel blooms rotating electromagnetic fields are commonly employed to improve the product quality.Mould-electromagnetic stirrers(M-EMS)are used to excite a rotary motion along the solidification front in the liquid core.These velocities lead to a better strand surface quality as well as enhancing the transition from columnar to equiaxed solidification.Although the usage of electromagnetic stirrers is widespread,not all effects are fully known or understood.Due to harsh conditions at the plant,measurements are scarce and limited.Water model experiments-an established alternative for investigating continuous casting of steel-cannot be used due to the low electrical conductivity of water.Experiments with liquid metals like mercury,Galinstan or Wood’s metal are either expensive or difficult to perform.Thus numeric simulations are essential to gain a better understanding of the processes involved in continuous casting with electromagnetic stirring.However numeric simulations should always be validated with experiments and/or measurements.While the velocity field inside the liquid core of the bloom cannot be measured at the caster,the velocity at the mould level can be measured by dipping a nail into it.The skull forming at the tip of the nail is directly linked to the occurring surface velocity.These measurements can then be compared with numeric simulations of the nail dipping process.The numeric model is restricted to the upper part of the strand.The lower part of the strand is also taken into account through adjusted boundary conditions(velocity field etc.taken from a simulation of the whole strand).In this work the influence of the stirring field strength on the simulation results will be investigated.In the future these nail dipping simulations will be validated with plant measurements.This can then to a certain extentvalidate the simulation of the strand with M-EMS too,as it serves as the basis for the nail dipping model.

The optimization of mold fluxes used for casting the peritectic steel of heavy slabs at Baosteel

In order to solve the problem of the high surface longitudinal crack ratio of heavy peritectic steel slabs produced by the No. 3 continuous caster at Baosteel,the physical properties of the original mold flux and the optimized mold flux were compared in a comprehensive way by using analytical measures, such as a slag film heat-flow simulator, a thermowire molten flux crystallization tester and an X-ray diffractometer in the laboratory. The results reveal that one of the major reasons for the cracks is the poor heat transfer ability of the original mold flux. However, the optimized mold flux with a high basicity features a high crystallizing rate,low crystallization temperature and low heat-flow density. Therefore, the optimized mold flux is more suitable for casting peritectic steel by the heavy slab continuous caster. The test results show that the slabs produced by using the optimized mold flux had no surface longitudinal crack in four test casts, while the surface longitudinal crack ratio of the slabs produced by using the original mold flux was 5%. The optimized mold flux can effectively prevent slab surface longitudinal cracks from occurring.

Development of Ultra-Low Oxygen Automobile Gear Steel

In view of process conditions of Vanadium Recovery and Steelmaking Plant, PanGang Group Panzhihua steel and Vanadium Co.,Ltd., and on the basis of making choice of a reasonable deoxidization process, some measures have been taken to the development of automobile gear steel (20CrMoH) such as the pre-refining technology during converter tapping, "white slag" refining in LF, RH Vacuum treatment, and even protective casting technology. Also different and suitable models of argon blowing from bottom of ladle were adopted in the platform after converter, LF refining and calcium treatment. Test results show that the high cleanness 20CrMoH gear steel slab with T[O] ≤15×10-6(The average T[O] is 11.8×10-6) could be obtained through all these measures.

Solidification microstructure of M2 high speed steel by different casting technologies

The present work investigated the solidification microstructure of AISI M2 high speed steel manufactured by different casting technologies, namely iron mould casting and continuous casting. The results revealed that the as-cast structure of the steel was composed of the iron matrix and the M2C eutectic carbide networks, which were greatly refined in the ingot made by continuous casting process, compared with that by the iron mould casting process. M2C eutectic carbides presented variation in their morphologies and growth characteristics in the ingots by both casting methods. In the ingot by iron mould casting, they have a plate-like morphology and grow anisotropically. However, in the ingot made by continuous casting, the carbides evolved into the fiber-like shape that exhibited little characteristics of anisotropic growth. It was noticed that the fiber-like M2C was much easier to decompose and spheroidize after heated, as a result, the carbides refined remarkably, compared with the case of plate-like carbides in the iron mould casting ingot.

减少冷轧低碳钢轧材表面夹杂缺陷实践

针对冷轧低碳钢轧材表面夹杂缺陷问题,分析主要原因是结晶器保护渣卷入钢水导致,采取优化保护渣理化性能,优化铸机拉速、水口浸入深度和氩气流量等措施后,降低了卷渣风险,冷轧低碳钢表面夹杂缺陷指数由4降至1,提高了产品表面质量。

Real Heat Flux Analysis of Continuously Casting Round Billet

The distributions of heat flux along the height and the circumferential direction of round billet mould were measured continuously.The influence of casting speed,carbon content,powder,and pouring temperature on the average longitudinal and circumferential heat flux in the ＂high heat flux region＂ was discussed.The experimental and analytical results provide a basis for an intelligent mould with online detection of defects,adjustment of operational parameters,optimization of the monitoring system,and even prediction of abnormal heat transfer.

Cr13型马氏体不锈钢方坯连铸保护渣的开发

针对特钢厂4机4流连铸机生产的2Cr13、3Cr13、4Cr13铸坯表面凹陷、纵裂缺陷进行分析和研究,通过工艺措施解决了Cr13型马氏体不锈钢铸坯的表面凹陷和纵裂问题。采用预熔型保护渣,其中SiO_(2)和CaO均为28%~31%、Al_(2)O_(3)为6%~9%、Na2O为7%~10%、F-为3%~6%,以及综合配碳,尤其是增加炭黑的加入量,总C含量为15%~18%。保护渣碱度控制在1.0左右,熔化温度为1130~1150℃,1300℃时黏度为0.40~0.55 Pa·s;保护渣转折温度为1140~1180℃,结晶率约为48.8%。控制中间包内2Cr13钢液过热度≤30℃,3Cr13和4Cr13钢液过热度≤35℃;连铸过程中采用自动加渣方式,控制适宜的渣层厚度并保持液面稳定。

Effect of SiO2 substitution with Al2O3 during high-Al TRIP steel casting on crystallization and structure of low-basicity CaO–SiO2-based mold flux

The crystallization and structure of non-conventional lime-silica-based mold fluxes after undergoing slag-steel interaction in casting high-AI transformation induced plasticity(TRIP)steel were studied.The results showed that the crystallization temperatures of the mold fluxes decreased with decreasing the SiO2/Al2O3 ratio,and CaO/MnO2 ratio had an opposite effect on the crystallization temperatures.The crystalline phases precipitated in the mold flux were Ca4Si2O7F2 and NaAlSiO4.Decreasing SiO2/Al2O3 ratio and increasing CaO/MnO2 ratio in the mold fluxes have no influence on the types of crystalline phases.The dominant crystalline phase precipitated in each mold flux was Ca4Si2O7F2 with dendritic morphology,except for part of that with globular morphology in the mold flux without MnO2 addition.NaAlSiO4 crystals are distributed in the space among Ca4Si2O7F2 crystals.The size of Ca4Si2O7F2 crystals in the slag with higher S1O2/AI2O3 ratio is smaller,which is attributed to the polymerization degree of the mold flux with increasing SiO2/Al2O3 ratio.[SiO4]-tetrahedral,[AlO4]-tetrahedral and T-O-T bending(T denotes Si or Al)depolymerized gradually with decreasing SiO2/Al2O3 ratio,and an opposite trend was observed for the case with increasing CaO/MnO2 ratio.The polymerization degree of the mold fluxes decreased,which would result in the decrease in the viscosity of the mold fluxes.

钙硫系易切削齿轮钢夹杂物研究及应用

某公司采用130 t EAF-LF-RH-CC工艺路线冶炼钙硫系易切削齿轮钢817M40QT(出口德国),通过控制钢水纯净度、夹杂物形态组成、精准钙处理、精炼渣系控制、连铸防卷渣防氧化控制,实现由连铸替代模铸,并具备钙硫系易切削齿轮钢连浇8炉以上能力,且钢中的夹杂物水平能控制在:A类(细系/粗系):1.5/1.5;B类(细系/粗系):0.5/0.5;C类(细系/粗系):0/0;D类(细系/粗系):1.0/0.5,满足高纯净度要求。

合金钢连铸结晶器保护渣的基本功能

分析了合金钢连铸结晶器保护渣对钢水的保温和避免钢液氧化功能、吸收夹杂物的能力、以及润滑铸坯和控制传热的功能。改善保护渣的保温性能 ,有利于减轻振痕缺陷和铸坯皮下夹渣 ,提高保护渣吸收夹杂能力 ,防止高合金钢连铸时的漏钢和减少铸坯夹渣缺陷 ;而协调保护渣传热与润滑的功能对避免粘结漏钢和减少铸坯表面纵裂纹和微裂纹有着不可低估的作用。

无氟连铸保护渣有关技术问题的探讨

综述了国内外无氟连铸结晶器保护渣发展状况,分析了目前高碳钢和包晶钢(特别是亚包晶钢)用保护渣降氟过程中面临的主要问题:高温时粘度-温度特性的稳定性以及保护渣结晶性能的有效控制。在此基础上,提出了连铸无氟保护渣今后研究的方向和重点。

连铸保护渣结晶性能与16Mn铸坯表面微裂纹的关系

针对 16Mn系列高强度低合金钢连铸坯轧制中厚板生产中 ,因表面微裂纹钢板报废率高的问题 ,在采用镀层结晶器的基础上 。

双高连铸保护渣在齿轮钢(20CrMnTi)连铸过程中的应用

针对特殊钢连铸过程中结晶器保护渣不仅要良好地润滑铸坯 ,还要尽可能多地吸收及同化钢液中上浮的非金属夹杂物的特性 ,深入研究了具有高碱性高玻璃化特性的连铸保护渣生成机制 ,并针对含钛齿轮钢连铸过程的问题 ,研制了特定的双高渣 。

连铸过程中钢液增氮影响因素的试验研究

研究了中包覆盖剂及连铸结晶器保护渣对82B及35K钢液吸氮的影响,结果表明:只要连铸钢液与大气接触就会增氮;熔点高于连铸钢液温度的中包覆盖剂不利于防止钢液吸氮;在同样的条件下,35K钢液吸氮量比82B大.

连铸结晶器与铸坯间保护渣润滑行为的研究

从传热与粘性流体力学的角度考虑 ,建立了铸坯与结晶器间保护渣的润滑模型。利用此模型 ,并在计算铸坯与结晶器温度场的基础上 ,确定了结晶器与铸坯间保护渣膜的厚度及存在状态。利用 N— S方程推导了润滑膜中压强与速度分布以及保护渣消耗等物理量 ,同时计算了润滑区段的摩擦阻力 。

连铸结晶器弯月面处保护渣的流动行为

引入变量 m(冲量密度 )和 Yang- Mills型规范变换 m=u+grad,将原始变量的 N- S方程转化为规范 -不变量形式 ,用自由质点法处理 Voronoi元 ,对连铸结晶器弯月面处保护渣流动行为进行数学模拟。输出振动周期内的动态流场 ,然后结合一组试验数据进行计算 ,计算结果与实际情况相吻合 ,进而讨论了渣圈对液渣流动行为的影响 ,为研究结晶器弯月面处保护渣的行为和铸坯振痕的形成提供了一定的依据。