Influence of the Extraction Process on the Characteristics of Romanian Mountain Walnut Oil

The objective of this work is to extract walnut oil using various processes in order to compare the influence on the nature of the components extracted, and thus identify the areas of potential use. We carried out the extractions by mechanical process, thanks to a press in reduced model provided with a worm. We obtained cold extracted oil whose characteristics slightly diverge from extra virgin oil found in shops in Romania, but its composition is similar. We were also able to extract by chemical process using two methods, Folch and Soxhlet. Commercially available table walnut oils are only cold extracted to avoid the presence of solvents. Those are difficult to remove and strongly oxidize the oil. Currently, consumers appreciate walnut oil for its taste and nutritional qualities. In nutrition, this oil is put forward for its composition rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids, which are needed for human body. Food supplements made from walnut oil are available today. For the moment, this is the only use of walnut oil. Indeed, there are some studies on other fields of application, but they remain in the field of research and nothing has yet been commercialized. In this present study, we compared the chemical and physical properties of cold-extracted oil with the solvent extraction of walnut kernel originating from the mountain region of Rumania. The cold extracted oil has a high content of polyunsaturated fatty acids (63%) and monounsaturated fatty acids (30%), a very low level of saturated fatty acid (7%) and no content of linolenic acid. The Soxhlet and Folch methods produced slightly different oils with increased amounts of minor components, which changes their characteristic. Even when solvent-extracted oils do not meet the standard criteria imposed by the Codex Alimentarius, they offer a possible use in the fields of food, cosmetics industries and biomedicine.

Impact of Climate Change on Mountaineering Activities in Haba Snow Mountain Reserve and the Development of Surrounding Communities

In the context of global climate change, this study reviews and discusses the three aspects of ecology, economic development of surrounding communities, ecological balance and snow mountain activities in the Haba Snow Mountain Reserve through literature collation and research. 1) The Hengduan Mountain Plate of Haba Snow Mountain is affected by the high altitude temperate monsoon and is sensitive to climate change. There has been continuous glacier melting and snow line fluctuations. Although there is no forest line movement, the vegetation at the junction of the forest line has increased. 2) Human activities in the Haba Snow Mountain Reserve have shown an active trend, and the Biomass in various ecosystems in the region is inversely correlated. 3) Climate change will have a negative impact on landscape attraction and tourism safety in snowy mountain areas. 4) Haba Snow Mountain Reserve needs more perfect biological species statistical research and dynamic vegetation research to support the establishment of a perfect ecological protection strategy and ecological early warning in the region. 5) As the frequency of tourist activities in the Haba Protected Area increases, corresponding environmental protection signage, garbage cleaning methods, and tourist education have not been synchronizedly improved.

Properties and Characterization of Two Clays Raw Material from Mountain District (West of Côte d’Ivoire) for Use in Low-Carbon Cements

This work was devoted to the study of the physico-chemical properties of two clay minerals from the Mountain District (West Côte d'Ivoire) referenced ME1 and ME2. These samples were characterized by the experimental techniques, such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), Infrared spectroscopy (IR), Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry (ICP-AES), Differential Thermal Analysis and Thermogravimetry (DTA-TG), Brunauer, Emett and Teller method (BET), laser particle size analysis and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). The main results of these analyses reveal that the two clay samples mainly contain quartz (52.91% for ME1 and 51.72% for ME2), kaolinite (36.60% for ME1 and 41.6% for ME2) and associated phases, namely goethite and hematite (13.47% for ME1 and 11.00% for ME2). The specific surface values obtained for samples ME1 and ME2 are 34.78 m2/g and 29.18 m2/g respectively. The results obtained show that the samples studied belong to the kaolinite family. After calcination, they could have good pozzolanic activity and therefore be used in the manufacture of low-carbon cements.

The Macrolichens of Barluk Mountain National Nature Reserve, Xinjiang Province, China

A checklist of the macrolichens (foliose, fruticose & squamulose) of Barluk Mountain National Nature Reserve located in northwestern China is presented. It was derived from 47 inventories of preserved and undeveloped areas which yielded more than 670 collections containing 102 taxa (99 species, 1 subspecies, 2 varieties). Eight species were found that were new to Xinjiang, China. Twenty-eight species and 2 varieties were found on rock, 31 species on bark of deciduous and coniferous trees, 26 species on soil and 14 species and 1 subspecies over mosses. Foliose lichens were dominant with 76 species, followed by 16 species of squamulose lichens and 7 species of fruticose lichens.

Litter Productivity and Nutrient Return Characteristics of Three Typical Forest Stands in Golden Mountain

Objective: The paper aims to analyze the dynamic characteristics of litter production and nutrient return of the forest ecosystems in subtropical areas, and provide a theoretical basis for the nutrient cycling study in southwest Hubei Province and carbon sink function of the whole forest ecosystem. Methods: Three typical forest stands (Chinese fir plantation, Cryptomeria fortunei plantation and evergreen and deciduous broad-leaved mixed forest) in Golden Mountain Forest Farm in southwest Hubei Province were investigated and monitored continuously for the litter types and productivity and nutrient return. Results: The annual litter productivity of the three forest stands ranged from 161.77 to 396.26 kg·hm-2;Litters of branches, leaves and reproductive organs accounted for 14.14% - 20.85%, 33.26% - 78.33%, 7.52% - 42.18% of the total, respectively;The litter productivity and total litter productivity of each composition in the three forest stands show unimodal or bimodal changes over months, and the total litter productivity reached the highest value in January, April and October respectively. For different nutrient contents of the three forest stands, the common feature is C > N. The order of nutrient return amount from greatest to least is evergreen and deciduous broad-leaved mixed forest, Cryptomeria fortunei plantation and Chinese fir plantation. For different nutrient return amounts, the common feature is C > N, and the nutrient return amounts are 76.51-180.69 kg·hm-2 and 2.3 - 5.71 kg·hm-2 respectively. Conclusion: The annual litter productivity and nutrient return amount of the evergreen and deciduous broad-leaved mixed forest are the highest among the three forest stands. Therefore, protecting the evergreen and deciduous broad-leaved mixed forest and studying the litter changes of Chinese fir plantation and Cryptomeria fortunei plantation are of far-reaching significance for the development of sustainable forest management in this region and the further improvement of the carbon sequestration function of the whole forest ecosystem.

秦岭山脉南北麓暴雨触发条件对比分析

采用实况气象观测资料、FY-2G卫星云图资料、多普勒雷达资料和ERA50.25°×0.25°逐小时再分析资料,对2021年8月21-22日同时发生在秦岭南北麓的强等级暴雨过程进行对比分析,探讨秦岭南北麓暴雨触发条件的影响机制。结果表明:秦岭北麓流场上,西风带系统在秦岭特殊地形作用下,对流层低层形成中尺度气旋性环流,通过热力作用触发暴雨,对流性降水持续时间短,强度小;湿斜压性增强是秦岭北麓暴雨开始的一个信号,当湿斜压性减弱以及中层比湿减小时,降水结束。对秦岭南麓而言,地形作用下对流层低层流场形成中尺度辐合线触发暴雨;降水释放的凝结潜热加热低层大气,与中低层入侵的冷空气共同构建对流不稳定结构,上升运动增强,降水增强和持续;对流云团在高温高湿的环境下迅速组织化合并发展,形成中尺度对流复合体(MCC),对流强度大,对流层结深厚,小时雨强大;中低层冷空气的入侵和扩散到地面的时间分别与秦岭南麓强降水的开始和结束时间对应。

Phylogenetic inference of the genus Bupleurum (Apiaceae) in Hengduan Mountains based on chromosome counts and nuclear ribosomal DNA ITS sequences

横断山区是中国柴胡属Bupleurum植物的分布中心。本文对横断山区6个种2变种进行了染色体记数报道,其中4个种2变种是首次报道。对横断山区的10个种4个变种、中国北方(河北和黑龙江)的3个种的nrDNA ITS进行测序,同时从GenBank里面下载同属的来自非洲和地中海西部的16个nrDNA ITS序列数据,结合染色体数目变化结果,初步探讨了横断山区柴胡属植物的系统发育。结果表明横断山区可能是现代柴胡属植物的频度中心和多样分布中心之一。它们的祖先种可能是非洲北部的木本柴胡属植物B.fruticosum,或者是地中海西部的柴胡属植物,推测是通过中东和高加索扩散而形成的,其中与非洲南部特有种B.mundtii的亲缘关系也较近;染色体基数演化趋势是:8是较原始基数,6和7是次生基数,其染色体异基数变异和多倍化可能是物种形成、进化以及向外扩散的主要方式;在ITS系统发育树中,中国柴胡属植物染色体基数为8的种类聚为一支,染色体基数为6和7的种类聚为了一支,不支持舒璞等(1998)关于中国柴胡属的属下分类系统。结合已有的形态学、细胞学、孢粉学证据和ITS系统发育树,建议窄竹叶柴胡B.marginatum var.stenophyllum独立成种。

山地地形下中江南塔地震响应特征试验

为研究山地地形对砖石古塔地震响应的影响,以位于四川中江县铜鱼山顶的中江南塔作为原型,选取了汶川地震发生时自贡台阵的加速度记录为基底输入,通过小型振动台试验研究了山底、山顶古塔自振频率随地震动幅值的变化趋势,分析了地形效应对古塔地震响应的影响及古塔破坏特征。结果表明:在低幅值地震动作用下古塔自振频率不变,当自由地表地震动峰值分别达到100 Gal和150 Gal时,山顶和山底古塔发生破坏;在古塔自振特性、输入地震动的频谱特征以及结构构造特点影响下,古塔发生了“上轻下重”的破坏特征;与山底古塔相较,山顶古塔地震反应明显更大,相同工况下山顶古塔各楼层峰值加速度、最大相对位移、最大层间位移角分别为山底古塔的2~3倍、1.5~4.5倍、1.5~4.5倍,其中最大相对位移和最大层间位移角的放大倍数与地震动幅值相关,因此需重视山顶古塔的地震安全性。

林火扰动后次生白桦林下重引入落叶松种子萌发的影响因素

在黑龙江省大兴安岭地区漠河市西南部林火干扰后林地,选择5种不同经营措施形成的林分类型——(1)白桦纯林,(2)存在落叶松幼苗更新的白桦林,(3)主林层为白桦、副林层为落叶松的白桦林,(4)落叶松-白桦混交林,(5)落叶松纯林;每种林分类型设置4个60 m×60 m的试验区,每个试验区4角设立4个20 m×20 m模拟自然落种的样地;在种子重引入试验区样地分别模拟4种种子与地表接触方式——直接播种(模拟种子与凋落物层接触)、去除凋落物层播种(模拟种子与土表接触)、穴状破土播种(模拟种子与穴状破土土壤接触)、条状破土播种(模拟种子与条状破土土壤接触),于2022年10月初地表积雪覆盖前播种。测定样地灌木和草本的植物种名、植株(丛)数量,测量样方凋落物厚度,调查每个播种区域落叶松种子出苗情况,计算5种林型灌木层和草本层物种多样性指数——马加利夫丰富度指数(Margalef richness index)、辛普森优势度指数(Simpson index)、香农-威纳多样性指数(Shannon-Wiener index)、皮卢均匀度指数(Pielou’s evenness index);采用单因素方差分析法(One-Way ANOVE)、最小显著性差异法(LSD)、皮尔逊(Pearson)相关性分析法,分析播种方式(种子与地表接触方式)、林分类型、植物多样性对种子萌发率的影响。结果表明:穴状破土和条状破土显著提高种子萌发率,不同林分类型对种子萌发率的影响不显著。穴状破土播种的种子萌发率,与灌木种数量、灌木马加利夫丰富度指数、香农-威纳多样性指数、皮卢均匀度指数均呈显著正相关,与草本种数量、白桦占比呈显著负相关;条状破土播种的种子萌发率,与草本盖度、凋落物厚度、皮卢均匀度指数呈显著正相关,与草本香农-威纳多样性指数、辛普森优势度指数呈显著负相关;去除凋落物层后播种的种子萌发率,与乔木种数量呈显著正相关。

Crustal anisotropy of Taihang Mountain Range using azimuthal variation of receiver functions

摘要探讨了利用接收函数方位变化研究各向异性复杂地区速度结构的可能性。详细介绍了具有任意对称轴方向的横向各向同性系统中介质响应的计算过程，并将利用接收函数方位变化研究地壳各向异性的方法应用于华北太行山地区。结果表明，研究台站下方地壳具有明显的各向异性特征，其中地表盖层表现为8％-15％的慢轴型各向异性；深部地壳各向异性略小，表现为3％-5％的快轴型各向异性特征,不同台站获得的各向异性对称轴的方向及深度分布不具有明显的一致性,区域构造环境的变化可能是导致地壳各向异性存在的原斟。

2022-2023年中昆仑山北坡不同海拔气象要素梯度对比分析

中昆仑山北坡既包含绿洲、荒漠及其过渡带等不同下垫面,又囊括沙漠和高原气候,由北向南生态环境差异大,气候变化多端,然而由于山地地区自然环境恶劣,气象台站较少且分布不均,给该地区气象要素的研究带来了一定挑战,致使对该区域气象要素的掌握尚不全面,因此开展关于中昆仑山北坡气象要素的研究十分有必要。本文利用中昆仑山北坡9个不同海拔气象台站连续一年(2022年8月至2023年7月)的气象要素数据,探究该山区1.5 m高度处近地面气象要素随海拔梯度的时空变化特征。结果表明:(1)不同海拔风向变化显著,风速随海拔升高而增大,海拔1738~3044 m的站点受山谷风影响,存在两个主导风向且风速日变化呈“双峰型”;(2)中昆仑山北坡的气温垂直递减率(Temperature lapse rate,以下简称TLR)均低于标准大气气温直减率,平均气温垂直递减率TLR_(mean)、最高气温垂直递减率TLR_(max)和最低气温垂直递减率TLRmin分别为-0.56℃·(100m)^(-1)、-0.60℃·(100m)^(-1)和-0.47℃·(100m)^(-1),季节性特征表现为夏季陡,冬季浅;(3)不同海拔存在多个逆温层和逆湿层,逆温和逆湿强度的季节差异较大,表现为夏季逆温强度最小,逆湿强度较大,冬季逆温强度最大,逆湿强度最小,最强逆温和逆湿均出现在海拔1256~1409 m;(4)夏季典型天气下晴天的逆温逆湿均大于阴雨天,晴天最大逆温强度是阴雨天的4.32倍,晴天比湿变化范围大于阴雨天,逆湿强度是阴雨天的1.11倍;(5)中昆仑山北坡4-9月占全年总降水的86%以上,随海拔升高降水梯度变化明显,表现为“增多-减少-增多”的趋势,在2800~3200 m存在一个明显降水带。

On the Ecological Restoration Modes of Rocky Desertification in Chongqing Zhongliang Mountainous Area

In the Haishi Park Demonstration Base of Zhongliang Mountain in Chongqing, ecological restoration modes were established based on growth status of local plants and other natural environmental conditions, including forestry ecology, tourism ecology, agricultural ecology as well as the combined mode of various ecological types.

Analysis of the Soundscape Resources and Application in Yunjushan Mountain National Park

On the basis of the concept of soundscape,this research analyzes the diversity of the soundscape resource in Yunjushan Mountain National Park and makes a division.Finally,the soundscape resources which have played an important role in the National Park are discussed.

Planning and Design of Sightseeing Agricultural Park Characterized by Mountainous Landscape

After illustration of research and development process of sightseeing agricultural park,the paper had classified sightseeing agricultural park into sightseeing agricultural park,education agricultural park and agricultural garden in terms of development content;into renovation type and newly-built type in accordance with development mode;and into plain type and mountainous type in the light of terrain.From the perspectives of terrain,vegetation,hydrology and ecology,characteristics of landscape resources in mountainous sightseeing agricultural park were analyzed.It proposed principles for planning and design of mountainous sightseeing agricultural park,which were respecting and protecting nature,linking landscape units and coordinating spatial structure,systematicness and protecting inheritance of traditional culture.On this basis,it had illustrated landscape designing theories on architecture and landscape furniture,traffic road,plant greening and water supply and sewerage works.

Cultivation and Management of Low-carbon Scenic Spots——A case study of Yuntai Mountain Scenic Area in Henan Provicne of China

After analysis of connotation of low-carbon scenic spots,the paper considered that a perfect low-carbon scenic spot is a comprehensive integrity with satisfying tourists' lowest tourist experience effect as the premise and with low energy consumption,low pollution and low emission as the foundation.Low-carbon tourist scenic spots had been classified into three types which are ecological type,cultural type and coupling type of ecology and culture.Representatives of each type of tourist scenic spot were illustrated.It proposed that government should play the leading role in cultivation of low-carbon scenic spot;tourism industry should enhance self supervision;tourism development mode should be transformed and upgrading of tourist products should be realized.By taking Yuntai Mountain Scenic Area of Henan Province for example,based on low-carbon tourist resources,low-carbon development of management,following measures realizing low-carbon economy were put forward:① purifying air quality and beautifying environment of scenic area;② sifting laggard productivity and protecting ecological resources in the scenic area by many means;③ sticking to low-carbon environmental protection concept and completing infrastructure service;④ developing tourist native products and souvenirs based on local resources;⑤ applying electronic access control ticket system,intelligent monitor system and LED information and communication platform,so as to achieve low-carbon management.

体验认知视角下的汉英“山/mountain”概念隐喻对比

现代认知隐喻理论认为隐喻是一种认知工具,是人类思维的基本方式。隐喻同人类的身体体验紧密相关,同时隐喻体验的背后具有文化特殊性。通过概念隐喻理论,从体验认知的视角,归纳比较出汉英语中"山"和"mountain"的隐喻映射的异同,并讨论了其异同的认知和文化原因。

Conflicts and Countermeasures between Haba Snow Mountain Nature Reserve and Development of Peripheral Communities

Using research approaches such as questionnaire investigation, interview, and Participatory Rural Appraisal (PAR), the relationship between Haba Snow Mountain Nature Reserve and peripheral communities was studied. The results showed that there are lots of conflicts between Haba Snow Mountain Nature Reserve and peripheral communities. On the one hand, conservation of natural environment brings inconvenience to the development of peripheral communities, such as limiting the use of resources, constraining space of development, resulting in economic losses, reducing tourist income, and low compensation. On the other hand, peripheral communities' development threats conservation of the natural environment, for instance, illegal deforestation, illegal mining, over-harvesting, over-grazing and non-ecotourism. Therefore, effective suggestions were given as "scientific planning of functional areas, enhancing economic compensation, devoting more in ecotourism development, and realizing the cooperation of communities".

带有不同Hardy项的椭圆方程组的Mountain-Pass解

研究了一类带有不同Hardy项和线性扰动项的临界椭圆方程组,解决了由不同Hardy项带来的困难,分析了相关最佳Sobolev常数达到函数的渐近性质.首次利用变分方法成功地证明了这类奇异椭圆方程组Mountain-Pass解的存在性.

Cultural Interpretation of the Landscape Environment of "Five Zen-Mountains"

'Five Zen-Mountains' are the five temples of Zen designated as the royal court of Southern Song Dynasty. As the typical representatives of South Temples, they play an important part in the history of Chinese Buddhism. 'Five Mountains' are the masterpieces of landscape construction with beautiful and attractive landscape environment. On the basis of the in-depth study of the general rule of 'Five Mountains' landscape environment, this research sums up the geomancy concept, landscape worship concept, aesthetic concept and the inner ideology which are hidden behind the landscape environment.

2007～2009年Journal of Mountain Science的文献计量分析

为了解Journal of Mountain Science论文引用特点、办刊质量及其在山地科学研究领域的学术地位,依据Science Citation Index-Expanded数据库检索系统,采用文献计量学的方法对2007～2009年间JMS载文量及刊载论文的被引用情况、论文作者国家或地区分布、施引作者国家或地区分布、施引期刊情况和学科分布等指标进行统计分析。结果表明,刊物载文量呈稳步上升趋势,被引论文的篇数也在增加;刊载的论文被来自十多个国家的作者和二十多种涉及多学科范围的国际性期刊引用;而JMS的作者来源也较为广泛,涵盖了20个国家和地区。作为一份国际性特色突出的学术期刊,JMS为山地科学研究领域提供了重要的信息来源,在山地科学研究领域具有较高的学术扩散性和影响力。