A Preliminary Study on the Rational Utilization of Land Resources in the Poverty-Stricken Mountainous Areas in the Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River:A Case Study of Xueshan Township

As one of the most fragile alpine plateau and canyon areas in China,the upper reaches of the Yangtze River are the key areas of ecological construction in China.It is also a key area for poverty alleviation in the country.Therefore,it is necessary to take into account the dual goals of poverty reduction and ecological environment construction,and explore a win-win road of ecological construction and poverty alleviation in line with the reality of the upper reaches of the Yangtze River.Taking Xueshan Township,Luquan Yi and Miao Autonomous County,Yunnan Province,which is located in the poor mountainous area of the upper reaches of the Yangtze River as an example,based on many field investigations and existing investigation and statistical data,this paper analyzes the current situation and main problems of land use in Xueshan Township,and then puts forward measures and suggestions for rational utilization of land resources in Xueshan Township.This can provide a necessary reference for the next implementation of rural revitalization strategy and ecological construction.

Response of glacier area variation to climate change in the Kaidu-Kongque river basin,Southern Tianshan Mountains during the last 20 years

Glaciers are crucial water resources for arid inland rivers in Northwest China.In recent decades,glaciers are largely experiencing shrinkage under the climate-warming scenario,thereby exerting tremendous influences on regional water resources.The primary role of understudying watershed scale glacier changes under changing climatic conditions is to ensure sustainable utilization of regional water resources,to prevent and mitigate glacier-related disasters.This study maps the current(2020)distribution of glacier boundaries across the Kaidu-Kongque river basin,south slope of Tianshan Mountains,and monitors the spatial evolution of glaciers over five time periods from 2000-2020 through thresholded band ratios approach,using 25 Landsat images at 30 m resolution.In addition,this study attempts to understand the role of climate characteristics for variable response of glacier area.The results show that the total area of glaciers was 398.21 km^(2)in 2020.The glaciers retreated by about 1.17 km^(2)/a(0.26%/a)from 2000 to 2020.The glaciers were reducing at a significantly rapid rate between 2000 and 2005,a slow rate from 2005 to 2015,and an accelerated rate during 2015-2020.The meteorological data shows slight increasing trends of mean annual temperature(0.02℃/a)and annual precipitation(2.07 mm/a).The correlation analysis demonstrates that the role of temperature presents more significant correlation with glacier recession than precipitation.There is a temporal hysteresis in the response of glacier change to climate change.Increasing trend of temperature in summer proves to be the driving force behind the Kaidu-Kongque basin glacier recession during the recent 20 years.

AN ANALYSIS OF WATER RESOURCE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE RIVERS IN THE NORTHERN SLOPE OF THE KUNLUN MOUNTAINS

There are 43 rivers of varying sizes in the northern slope of the Kunlun Mountains, all of which originate from the Kunlun Mountains. Supplied by precipitation and melting water of glacier, the total runoff amounts to 87×108m3. The analysis shows that water quantity distribution of the rivers in the area is more in the west, and less in the east. While in the west, the water quantity of the Hotan River amounts to more than half of the total, in th eeast, most rivers are seasonal rivers except the Keriya River and the Qarqan River, which have relatively large amount of waters. From the analysis of inner structures of the runoff series of the major rivers, we can see that the annual runoff series of all rivers are mainly stable independent random series. Such characteristics of the time series are determined by the supply characteristics of the rivers. Some measures of rationally using water resources are proposed finally.

Comparative Mountain Hydrology: A Case Study of Wis?ok River in Poland and Chaohe River in China

Hydrological processes in river basins of similar size and morphology may differ significantly due to different climatic conditions. This paper presents a comparative analysis of hydrological characteristics of two river basins located in different climatic zones: the Wisok River Basin in the south-eastern Poland and the Chaohe River Basin in the northern China. The criteria of their choice were similarities in the basin area, main river length and topography. The results show that climate plays a key role in shaping fluvial conditions within the two basins. It is concluded that: 1) precipitation in the Wisok River Basin is more evenly distributed in the yearly cycle, while in the Chaohe River Basin it is highly concentrated in the few summer months; 2) spring snowmelt significantly contributes to runoff in the Wisok River Basin, while its role in the Chaohe River Basin is negligible; 3) in the Wisok River Basin, besides the peak flow in spring, there is also a period of high water in summer resulting from precipitation, while in the Chaohe River Basin there is only one high water period in summer; 4) the Wisok River Basin shows relatively higher stability in terms of the magnitude of intra- and inter-seasonal discharges; 5) during the multi-year observation period, a decrease in both precipitation and runoff was recorded in the two river basins.

Landslide susceptibility assessment in Western Henan Province based on a comparison of conventional and ensemble machine learning

Landslide is a serious natural disaster next only to earthquake and flood,which will cause a great threat to people’s lives and property safety.The traditional research of landslide disaster based on experience-driven or statistical model and its assessment results are subjective,difficult to quantify,and no pertinence.As a new research method for landslide susceptibility assessment,machine learning can greatly improve the landslide susceptibility model’s accuracy by constructing statistical models.Taking Western Henan for example,the study selected 16 landslide influencing factors such as topography,geological environment,hydrological conditions,and human activities,and 11 landslide factors with the most significant influence on the landslide were selected by the recursive feature elimination(RFE)method.Five machine learning methods[Support Vector Machines(SVM),Logistic Regression(LR),Random Forest(RF),Extreme Gradient Boosting(XGBoost),and Linear Discriminant Analysis(LDA)]were used to construct the spatial distribution model of landslide susceptibility.The models were evaluated by the receiver operating characteristic curve and statistical index.After analysis and comparison,the XGBoost model(AUC 0.8759)performed the best and was suitable for dealing with regression problems.The model had a high adaptability to landslide data.According to the landslide susceptibility map of the five models,the overall distribution can be observed.The extremely high and high susceptibility areas are distributed in the Funiu Mountain range in the southwest,the Xiaoshan Mountain range in the west,and the Yellow River Basin in the north.These areas have large terrain fluctuations,complicated geological structural environments and frequent human engineering activities.The extremely high and highly prone areas were 12043.3 km^(2)and 3087.45 km^(2),accounting for 47.61%and 12.20%of the total area of the study area,respectively.Our study reflects the distribution of landslide susceptibility in western Henan Province,which provides a scientific basis for regional disaster warning,prediction,and resource protection.The study has important practical significance for subsequent landslide disaster management.

山地城市崖壁景观特征及保护利用策略——以重庆两江四岸区域为例

【目的】崖壁作为山地城市重要的地域性景观之一,在城市意象、社会生活和相关城市职能中发挥着重要作用。新时代背景下,崖壁景观的地位和角色也逐渐发生变化。崖壁景观的可持续发展于城市及其本身都具有重要意义,然而目前关于崖壁景观的系统性认知比较匮乏。【方法】以崖壁景观分布集中的重庆两江四岸区域为例,综合运用实地调查、史料梳理、ArcGIS空间分析等手段对山地城市崖壁景观特征及保护利用途径进行深入调查和讨论。【结果】两江四岸区域崖壁景观在总体空间分布上呈现依附山形地势与滨江临水两大特征;在空间形态上可划分为自然崖壁、人工介入崖壁,人工崖壁3种类型,自然崖壁生境类型丰富多样,人工介入崖壁和人工崖壁则相对单一;崖壁景观提供了多元复合的功能空间,是重要的人文景观载体。【结论】从崖壁空间功能转型、周边资源整合利用和自然生境保育3个方面提出崖壁景观的可持续发展策略,为山地城市崖壁景观的保护和开发利用提供参考。

当代江南私家园林中传统山水营造的传承与发展

【目的】当代江南地区的私家园林正在持续繁荣发展之中,因它对营造传统的继承与发展最为紧密地结合着生活现实而具有认知价值,需要探究其兴造状况、面貌特点、方法取向等方面的问题,改变相关学术研究还较为缺乏的局面。【方法】结合文献、考察、访谈等多方面资料,从理论、现状、营造3个层面对当代江南私家园林中传统山水营造的传承与发展进行初步探讨。【结果】基本理论层面,私家园林的概念范围应包含更大量的民间自发造园,形态以相对小型的庭园为多,核心特征是以叠山理石为显著标志的山水营造;兴造现状层面,当代江南私家园林自改革开放以后复苏,近年趋向全面兴盛,山水营造也是其中显著特征;具体营造层面,既有对叠山理石传统的丰富传承,也有新思路的引入而使传统得到创新发展。【结论】对当代江南私家园林中传统山水营造的传承与发展的认识,不仅可加深对现实的理解,也可为更大范围的当代风景园林实践提供极具活力的源泉。

永定河全流域水利风景区发展模式及对策研究

永定河流域是推进京津冀协同发展战略实施的生态廊道,培育永定河全流域水利风景区是实现流域生态资源资产价值的重要路径之一。从永定河全流域角度探讨水利风景区发展路径,通过分析永定河流域水利风景区现状,建立发展现状SWOT分析模型,明确全流域尺度下的水利风景区高质量发展要素。结果表明:可采取“水利为基、文化为魂、两手发力、整合提升”的区域水文旅联动发展模式,提出了打造流域水利风景区品牌、探索生态环境导向的流域水利风景开发模式、植入永定河文化元素、发展多元化文旅业态、弘扬永定河水文化等对策建议。

西安至十堰高速铁路环保选线研究

西安至十堰高速铁路西安至商洛段穿越秦岭高中山区,郧西至十堰段跨越汉江,具有沿线地形起伏大、地质条件复杂、环境敏感区域密集、生物多样性丰富、水环境保护要求严格等特点,保护秦岭及汉江流域的生态环境成为西十高铁建设中需要考虑的重要因素。通过采取GIS+BIM的技术手段,制作区域环境敏感区图层,搭建多维度区域生态保护目标空间分布及管控范围的环保选线平台,结合工程技术条件开展各方案的环境可行性及环境影响程度的综合比选,从而得出对环境影响最小的线路方案,为设计选线及控制工程方案决策提供有力支撑。研究结果表明,通过先期开展敏感区路段环境影响专题论证,可进一步优化工程选线及工程形式,保障项目依法合规。

浙江省钱塘江源区域山水林田湖草生命共同体健康评价

[目的]分析浙江省钱塘江源区域山水林田湖草生命共同体健康状况,为国土空间规划和生态管理提供科学参考。[方法]基于生命共同体理论与活力—组织力—恢复力(vitality-organization-resilience,VOR)生态模型理论,构建生命共同体健康评价指标体系。利用3S技术和社会经济统计资料,以县域为评价单元,对钱江源区域山水林田湖草生命共同体的健康状况进行评价和分级。[结果]①2020年,钱江源区域的淳安县处于生命共同体健康状态,建德市、开化县、常山县生命共同体均为亚健康状态。②2015—2020年4个县(市)生命共同体健康指数总体呈上升趋势,健康指数上升趋势大小依次为:建德市>常山县>淳安县>开化县。③2020年,4县(市)中山水林田湖草子系统健康状态最好的为常山县,最差的为淳安县;生态系统健康状态最好的为淳安县,最差的为常山县。④钱江源区域林、田子系统结构及其生态服务功能有待提升优化。⑤生态修复试点工程对于提升钱江源区域生命共同体健康状态在一定程度上起到了积极的推动作用。[结论]钱江源区域山水林田湖草生态修复工程取得了阶段性成果。4县(市)接下来应针对山、水、林、田、湖等子系统的不同问题开展相关修复工作,同时进行统筹规划与生态整治,实现山水林田湖草生命共同体系统的统筹共治、健康管理与持续经营。

北京香山历史水系的开发与利用

北京香山在历史上就是著名的风景名胜,地下水资源丰富,拥有众多泉眼。随着香山地区的营建,香山水系也得到开发与利用,至清代达到鼎盛,水系不仅因借山势在静宜园中形成了泉、池、溪、瀑等多种形式的水景,而且其利用远及静明园等“三山五园”,甚至通州。通过对历史文献、样式雷图档、测绘图进行研究,结合田野调查等方法,梳理香山水景的类型与分布,分析香山地形的高差变化与水景之间的关系,总结历史上对于香山水系的开发与利用,并提出传承保护香山水系的建议。

基于鱼类生物完整性的北京市山区河流生态健康评价

为了掌握北京市山区河流的生态健康状况,采用鱼类生物完整性指数(fish-index of biological integrity,F-IBI)进行了评价。于2021年8月、2022年5月、2022年10月对5条代表性山区河流的11个点位,进行了鱼类种群、水质、生境等调查。构建了鱼类生物完整性评价体系,确定核心指标9项,分别为鱼类总物种数(M1)、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数(M2)、鲤科鱼类占总物种数的百分比(M4)、鳅科鱼类占总物种数的百分比(M5)、底层鱼类百分比(M20)、杂食性鱼类数量百分比(M22)、耐受性鱼类数量百分比(M23)、黏性卵鱼类数量百分比(M26)和鱼类总个体数(M30)。采用比值法对上述核心指标进行赋分,并按照F-IBI得分将河流水生态健康状况划分为5个健康等级。结果显示研究区域河流生态健康状况良好,其中“优”、“良”点位占比为72.7%。通过分析F-IBI值与水质、生境等因素的相关性,发现全盐量、pH与F-IBI存在显著相关,而与水深、距闸坝的距离、溶解氧、透明度、化学需氧量、高锰酸盐指数、氨氮、总磷等不存在显著相关性。河道大量补充再生水会造成F-IBI下降,但是经过适当人工干预措施,如人工湿地,可以有效提升鱼类生物完整性。

倾斜摄影像控点对山区河道建模精度的应用分析

针对山区河道地形条件较为复杂,传统测量技术难以快速精确获取的问题,文章利用单镜头无人机“井字”航线获取倾斜影像数据,重点设计了不同像控点布设方案构建实景三维模型。通过模型精度对比分析,5种布设方案生产的测区模型在平面和高程精度上均满足1∶500成图比例尺的三维产品规范要求。山区河道实景三维建模,倾斜摄影像控点点对布设结果优于单点布设,控制点达到一定数量时,三维模型精度趋于稳定。结合山区河道实际地形综合考虑,研究成果为类似的山区河道像控点布设提供了参考依据。

黄河流域石砾山地抗旱造林技术研究

为进一步提高黄河流域石砾山地的植被覆盖率、促进其生态恢复,本研究在青海云杉等7种乔、灌植物中,选择存活率排名前四的树种作为试验树种,开展了4个树种的石砾山地造林技术试验,通过研究不同保水保墒技术对4个树种的生长指标、土壤含水量、土壤温度、土壤肥力、存活率和保存率等指标的影响,筛选出适合该区域的造林技术。结果表明,整地措施能增加土壤含水量;集水托盘措施能提升土壤表层土壤的水分和土壤温度;在石砾山地造林需要结合其他措施进行施肥,以增加土壤中的有机物质含量。施肥+整地+集水托盘组合措施在黄河流域石砾山地干旱造林效果较为明显。该研究为黄河流域石砾山地的生态恢复和水土保持提供参考。

基于SBAS-InSAR技术的金沙江流域典型滑坡时空演化特征分析

金沙江流域属于高山峡谷区,地质地貌复杂,峡谷众多、地势陡峭及大量的降雨导致滑坡灾害频发,对人类安全、生产和环境等方面造成了严重影响。然而,常规测量方法存在成本高、周期长、空间分辨率不足等缺陷,难以全面反映滑坡演化特征。因此,本文利用SBAS-InSAR技术结合升降轨Sentinel-1A数据获取金沙江流域阿海库区2019年1月—2020年12月的地表形变信息,并选取里故、白亚及罗子如3个典型滑坡进行时空演化特征分析。研究结果表明,SBAS-InSAR技术能有效识别出高山峡谷区典型滑坡。在监测期间,里故滑坡最大形变速率为-68 mm/a,累计形变量为-148 mm,整体从形变中心向西朝金沙江呈条状扩散。白亚滑坡最大形变速率为-40 mm/a,累计形变量为-77 mm。罗子如滑坡最大形变速率为-90 mm/a,累计形变量达-260 mm。

郑州黄河文化公园景观规划分析

郑州黄河文化公园是郑州市黄河流域生态保护和高质量发展核心示范区中的起步区,其整体景观规划对于起步区建设发挥着重要作用。分析郑州黄河文化公园的概况、景观规划及目前存在的问题,对今后该区域在生态保护和高质量发展方面具有重要意义。

山区河流港湾式锚泊区停泊条件分析

针对四川省通航河流汛期“跑船”事故,需合理选址建设船舶锚泊区。基于数学模型,研究岷江乐山杜家场港湾式锚泊区工程河段的水流条件。结果表明:同一流量级时,工程河段主河道流速远大于锚泊区内流速,遇50 a一遇洪水时,主河道最大流速为6.50 m/s,对应锚泊区内的最大流速为1.22 m/s;随着来流量的增加,主河道的流速增长幅度也远大于锚泊区内的流速增长幅度,研究工况下,主河道流速最大变幅值为1.02 m/s,对应锚泊区内的流速变幅为0.19 m/s。山区河流港湾式锚泊区能够很好地满足船舶安全停靠要求。

沂蒙山区域山水林田湖草沙生态保护修复研究和效益分析

山水林田湖草沙一体化保护和修复工程是贯彻绿色发展理念的有力举措,也是生态文明建设的必然要求。沂蒙山区域山水林田湖草沙生态保护修复从生态系统整体性和流域系统性出发,识别了区域主要生态问题,构建了“一河三区八单元”的生态修复总体格局,提出了从矿山修复与水源涵养、流域治理与湿地修复、森林提质与生物多样性保护、土地整治与水土流失治理以及生态保护和修复等方面入手实施生态环境修复,并分析了生态修复效益,形成了山水工程与山水城相依共生的“沂蒙模式”,为沂蒙山区域山水林田湖草沙一体化保护和修复工程提供了决策依据,同时也为其他区域类似生态修复工程提供了借鉴。

科尔沁地区山水林田湖草沙一体化保护和修复的应用与研究

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山地滨水建筑“山水编织”营造策略研究

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