Hydrodynamic parameters in a flood impacted boulder block ramp： Krzczonówka mountain stream, Polish Carpathians

Boulder block ramps are river engineering structures used to stabilise river beds. Block ramps provide a semi-natural and aesthetically pleasing solution to certain river engineering problems in mountain streams. When constructing block ramps,one can use the dissipative behaviour of large macroroughness elements randomly placed on the river bed to enhance fish migration in an upstream direction thus, in this sense, meeting the requirements of the EU Water Framework Directive. Block ramps are often designed and constructed to replace damaged drop hydraulic structures in the channels of mountain streams. This paper investigates the resilience of a particular block ramp placed in the Krzczonówka stream(Polish Carpathians) in terms of the engineering design function and its durability against damaging. A hydrodynamic analysis of a block ramp is presented before and after a flood event that changed the configuration of the blocks. The seminatural unstructured hydraulic structure was built on the Krzczonowka stream to protect gas pipes which are located beneath it. As a result of several floods, the boulder block chute described in this paper was damaged, and some boulders were dislodged and transported downstream. Our post-flood investigations of bathymetry and velocity revealed that even damaged boulder blocks, removed from the chute and displaced downstream of the structure, still provide significant energy dissipation of the flowing water. The novel of our paper is for the first time showing very detailed analysis of unstructured block ramp hydrodynamics parameters done in the field.Also the novel finding of our investigations shows that before and after the flood event the unstructured block ramp structure, is still fish friendly in terms of hydrodynamics.

Influence of Flow Regime on the Vegetation Zonation along Mountain Streams in the Western Cape, South Africa

Zonation patterns of riparian vegetation have been sampled and described in mountain streams in two catchments in the Hottentots-Holland Mountains, Western Cape, South Africa. Six main vegetation types that differ in structure and species composition, are dominant along these river banks: Aquatic vegetation, Wetbanks, Palmiet, Scrub, Forest and Shrubland(Fynbos). The study aims to correlate the vegetation patterns to flooding patterns, in particular the inundation frequency and stream power. A problem arises: because these catchments are ungauged, like most mountain catchments, with the only weirs at the downstream end of the catchment. Discharge data at the weirs are extrapolated to the sites upstream by multiplication with a factor based on the size of the subcatchment that drains through a sample site. In this way, recurrence intervals for floods in mountain streams are derived. Discharges at sites are also calculated using bed roughness(Manning's n) and slope in straight sections with uniform flow conditions. Stream power is derived from the discharges calculated in this manner. The combination of stream power and recurrence intervals explains the occurrence of most vegetation types occurring on the banks, except for one type: Afromontane Forest. This type is probably more dependent on other factors, such as protection from fire and the depth of the groundwater table.

Sedimentation in Mountain Streams: A Review of Methods of Measurement

The goal of this review paper is to provide a list of methods and devices used to measure sediment accumulation in wadeable streams dominated by cobble and gravel substrate. Quantitative measures of stream sedimentation are useful to monitor and study anthropogenic impacts on stream biota, and stream sedimentation is measurable with multiple sampling methods. Evaluation of sedimentation can be made by measuring the concentration of suspended sediment, or turbidity, and by determining the amount of deposited sediment, or sedimentation on the streambed. Measurements of deposited sediments are more time consuming and labor intensive than measurements of suspended sediments. Traditional techniques for characterizing sediment composition in streams include core sampling, the shovel method, visual estimation along transects, and sediment traps. This paper provides a comprehensive review of methodology, devices that can be used, and techniques for processing and analyzing samples collected to aid researchers in choosing study design and equipment.

Elevational patterns of abundant and rare bacterial diversity and composition in mountain streams in the southeast of the Tibetan Plateau

Elevational gradients are powerful ‘natural laboratory' for testing the responses of microbes to geophysical influences. Microbial communities are normally composed of a few abundant and many rare taxa. Abundant and rare taxa play different ecological roles in kinds of environments, but how their diversity and composition patterns response to elevation gradients is still poorly elucidated. In this study, we investigated the elevational patterns of abundant and rare bacterial diversity and composition in a mountain stream from 712 to 3435 m at Gangrigabu Mountain on the Tibetan Plateau, China. Our results revealed abundant and rare bacteria had similar decreasing elevation trend of alpha diversity, and both of them showed a significant elevational distance-decay relationship. However, the turnover rate of the elevational distance-decay of rare bacteria was higher than that of abundant bacteria. The species-abundance distribution patterns of rare taxonomic composition were associated with the elevational gradient, while most of abundant bacterial clades did not display any relationships with elevation.Our results suggested that rare bacteria were more sensitive to changes in elevation gradient.

Analysis on the Cause of Mayang Stream’s Mountain Torrent Disaster of the Typhoon Meranti (201614)

Based on the flood area hydrodynamic model, this paper backs the analysis of the risk warning point of the Mayang Stream in the typical flood process, to determine the disaster-caused critical precipitation and the corresponding flood risk map at different depths of submergence. The result is used as the mountain torrent disaster monitoring and warning indicators and risk assessment of the Mayang Stream. Then based on the flood risk warning service system of small and middle rivers of Fujian Province, the risk warning service of mountain torrent disaster is developed during the impact time of Meranti in 2016. After the process of typhoon, the mountain torrent caused by Meranti was back analyzed by using the decided flood area model, then compared with the results of filed investigation to verify the accuracy of the disaster-caused critical precipitation forecast and the effect of monitoring and early warning services. The result shows that the cause of Mayang Stream’s mountain torrent disaster of the typhoon Meranti is the heavy rainfall and the strong wind. The highest mountain torrent disaster was forecasted by the refine precipitation based on the disaster-caused critical rainfall of the Mayang Stream. The simulated flood scenarios and the field trip’s results were basically matched in upstream and not matched in the downstream. The post-mountain simulation assessment also showed that the flood inundation range basically matched with reality, but the flood process was biased. The reason was that in addition to the differences between the surface rainfall forecast and the real situation, many actual situations cannot be ignored. For example, Meranti caused serious damage to trees, increased river blockages, resulting in changes in flood inundation time and depth, affecting the flood process. It showed the tourism development would cause the river way blocking and increase the risk of flood. In order to prevent and reduce the flood disasters accurately and effectively, the flood risk forecast and the disaster-caused facts should be considered at the same time.

Assessment of sediment connectivity using modelling and field-based approaches in the Slavíč River catchment(MoravskoslezskéBeskydy Mts,Czech Republic)

Mountain streams act as conveyors of sediments within the river continuum,where the physical transport of sediments between river reaches through the catchment or between individual parts(e.g.,between hillslopes and channels)of the catchment is assumed.This study focused on sediment connectivity analysis in the SlavíčRiver catchment in the MoravskoslezskéBeskydy Mts in the eastern part of the Czech Republic.The connectivity index and connectivity index target modelling were combined with an analysis of anthropogenic interventions.Additionally,field mapping,grain size of bed sediments and stream power analysis were used to obtain information about connectivity in the catchment.Based on the analysis and obtained results,terrain topography is the current main driving factor affecting the connectivity of sediment movement in the SlavíčRiver catchment.However,the modelling provided valuable information about high sediment connectivity despite different recent land use conditions(highly forested area of the catchment)than those in historical times from the 16th to 19th centuries when the SlavíčRiver catchment was highly deforested and sediment connectivity was probably higher.The analysis of anthropogenic interventions,field mapping,grain size of bed sediments and stream power analysis revealed more deceleration of sediment movement through the catchment,decreased sediment connectivity with bed erosion,and gradual river channel process transformation in some reaches.Field mapping has identified various natural formations and human-induced changes impacting the longitudinal and lateral connectivity in the SlavíčRiver.For instance,embankments along 48%of the river's length,both on the right and left banks,significantly hinder lateral sediment supply to the channel.Stream power index analysis indicates increased energy levels in the flowing water in the river's upper reaches(up to 404.8 W m^(-2)).This high energy is also observed in certain downstream sections(up to 337.6 W m^(-2)),where it is influenced by human activities.These conditions lead to intensified erosion processes,playing a crucial role in sediment connectivity.Similar observations were described in recent studies that pointed out the long-term human interventions on many streams draining European mountains,where a decrease in sediment connectivity in these streams is linked with sediment deficits and the transformation of processes forming channels.

朱熹题刻“溪山第一”考略

朱熹一生足迹遍布长江以南,所经之处,留下不少题刻,其中又以所题“溪山第一”为最多。现今见于史料、文献记载及各地题名的,福建境内8处,浙江境内2处,广东境内1处;此外,尚有3处待考证,另有2处已被证实非朱熹本人亲题。朱熹对“溪山第一”情有独钟,有受其父朱松熏陶和影响的原因,也与小时候生活环境、其理学思想实践、晚年政治挫折等密切相关。

Regional- to local-scale controls on waterfalls in Rocky Mountain National Park,Colorado

Previous work on the eastern side of Rocky Mountain National Park(RMNP),Colorado indicated correlations among waterfall location,waterfall morphology,and the characteristics of bedrock joints.Characteristics of waterfalls on the western side of the national park do not correlate as strongly with joint geometry.Longitudinal river profiles on the western side are less concave and waterfalls account for a greater proportion of the total elevation loss.We interpret these differences to result from more widely spaced joints,lithological differences,and complex glacial history.These results demonstrate that waterfall shape and typology may change due to both local and regional controls operating in a mountain region.Both regions had alpine valley glaciers,but continued landscape evolution via fluvial erosion has developed waterfalls with diverse locations and morphologies that reflect the influences of glacial deposits,bedrock erosional resistance,and joint geometry.

青藏高原念青唐古拉山廓琼岗日1号冰川变化研究

小冰川对气候变化非常敏感,监测与定量评估此类冰川变化有助于理解冰川对气候变化的响应幅度与机制。本研究结合多源遥感数据(卫星遥感与无人机航测),分析了近50年来青藏高原念青唐古拉山廓琼岗日1号冰川面积变化趋势,定量评估了该冰川近期的冰面高程变化幅度与空间分布。结果表明,1968—2021年廓琼岗日小型冰斗冰川的面积从(1.444±0.013)km^(2)缩减至(0.712±0.001)km^(2),萎缩幅度达到50.7%,冰川末端退缩平均速率约为(6.23±0.71)m·a^(-1)。基于2020—2021年高精度无人机航测数据发现,廓琼岗日1号冰川冰面平均高程差达到(-2.41±0.69)m,冰川末端高程变化大于3 m,中部的冰面高程下降幅度在1.5~3 m之间。研究还发现冰川表面河道对冰面高程空间变化起着重要作用,该冰川表面共发育有13条表面河道,2020—2021年河道向西北方向偏移约2 m。冰面河道的向下侵蚀与侧向消融导致末端冰面高程变化呈现显著的空间差异。

Seasonal influence and local factors affecting macroinvertebrate structure in a high-altitude Andean stream

Small water bodies are critical for maintaining freshwater biodiversity,but are among the least investigated aquatic environments.We examined physical and chemical variables at two reaches in Arroyo Tambillos,a small,high-elevation Andean stream,in NW Mendoza province,Argentina,across four seasons to examine how local factors and seasonality affected the structure of the macroinvertebrate community.The Arroyo Tambillos community was numerically dominated by ephemeropterans(mainly Massartellopsis irarrazavali)while the dipteran Chironomidae were the most species rich.Total macroinvertebrate abundance was highest in summer,driven mainly by taxa that were secondary in dominance(Austrelmis sp.and Andesiops peruvianus),while richness did not differ between seasons.However,benthic composition was different in Fall 2013(March)compared to other seasons,largely because of the increased abundance of Chironomidae.Canonical correspondence analysis discriminated Chironomidae species distributions in Fall 2013 by substrate type(i.e.,big and small boulder substrate).By contrast,discharge,velocity,and depth were the variables which most affected the macroinvertebrate abundance and distributions.Contrary to our expectations,most community changes observed occurred in fall instead of summer.Nivo-kryal stream communities like the one described here have become increasingly important for conserving mountain stream biodiversity as anthropogentic impacts and climate change increasingly impact lower stream reaches.Therefore,monitoring high-altitude streams like the Arroyo Tambillos may be critical for preventing the future loss of unique and sensitive stream biota.

Dynamical role of the Rocky Mountain controlled by East Asian topographies in modulating the tropospheric westerly jet in northern winter

本文通过数值模拟,研究了有无东亚地形存在时,落基山地形作用对冬季北半球副热带西风急流的影响,分析了东亚大地形对落基山地形的调制作用。结果表明,东亚地形的存在能够完全抑制落基山地形对太平洋副热带急流的加强作用,使得落基山地形作用仅能加强其下游的大西洋副热带急流。主要原因是东亚大地形可抑制落基山地形北侧反气旋环流的发展,进而抑制中纬度太平洋地区经向温度梯度的加强。该结果有助于我们进一步理解北半球大地形强迫作用,及其相互调制作用对对流层天气和环流结构的影响。

借鉴与再造——范宽《溪山行旅图》与关仝《山溪待渡图》之关系探讨

作为中国绘画史上的不朽经典,北宋范宽的《溪山行旅图》受到太多的讨论与研究,其创作母题亦是备受关注。对《溪山行旅图》与五代关仝的《山溪待渡图》作品进行深入对比研究,发现前者极有可能是从后者借鉴、变化而来的。文章从构图安排、物象表现、笔墨处理、意境营造等角度阐释了《溪山行旅图》何以更加经典,同时从传统基础、造化元素、心源条件以及时代气息等方面对《溪山行旅图》的借鉴与再造进行了探讨,以期对当下中国画的修习与创作有所启发。

仙摘岩闸坝最佳加固改建方案比选

山溪型河流的治理在满足防洪和蓄水要求的同时还要考虑生态和景观效益。以天台县仙摘岩闸坝工程为例,对其被破坏现状进行分析,根据水文、地质以及工程条件进行坝型比选,给出底轴驱动翻板坝这一创新形式,介绍了底轴驱动翻板坝基本结构及原理,并通过科学水力计算得出合理的角度参数,实现壅水、行洪功能,改善了传统闸坝在大跨度、低水位河道控水性不足的弊端。改造后的仙摘岩闸坝结构刚度大,能承受一定的碎石冲撞及激流压力,较好地适应当地的水文特点,控制过水流量的操作便捷且安全,能有效地控制山溪型河流蓄水及泄洪过程。

北魏初年的弱洛水、鹿浑海、意辛山、南床山——兼论《中国历史地图集》的相关注记

北魏初年,拓跋珪整饬阴山以北的草原秩序是从征伐东部的库莫奚开始的。登国初年库莫奚所居弱洛水,即今天的西辽河上游西拉木伦河。西拉木伦河西北方向的达里湖就是登国年间的鹿浑海。鹿浑海西北百里之余的意辛山,应为今天锡林郭勒盟的平顶山。意辛山是进入锡林郭勒草原的标志性象征,这片草原也是当时漠南地区最富庶的草原,是若干草原部族共生共聚之地。登国六年(391年)拓跋击败柔然的“南床山”,可能是意辛山的汉语称呼。

小秦岭金矿区水系沉积物重金属特征研究

在划分小秦岭金矿区水系流域的基础上,研究了不同水系沉积物中Hg、Pb、Cd、Cr、As、Cu、Zn七种重金属的含量水平、分布特征;从各个元素的主要来源出发,分析了重金属含量水平高低不同的原因,探讨了金矿开发对重金属含量变异的影响,提出影响水系沉积物重金属赋存、迁移的相关因素。结果发现:①从地域上看,小秦岭北麓水系沉积物重金属含量普遍高于南麓,而在北麓表现出"中间高、两侧低"的特点;②从元素含量差异看,小秦岭金矿区水系沉积物中Pb含量最高且偏离背景值的程度最大,其次是Hg,而Cr、As继续保持了低背景值的趋势。

广东省罗坑自然保护区鳄蜥对溪沟林型的选择

2006年5—9月在广东省罗坑自然保护区,对大竹园管护站所辖区域内鳄蜥栖息溪沟的林型进行了调查,采用选择指数法研究了鳄蜥对溪沟林型的选择性。共调查了154只鳄蜥的生境特征,并对5种溪沟林型(常绿阔叶林、针阔混交林、针叶林、竹林和灌草)进行了样方调查。结果表明:鳄蜥对溪沟林型的选择是非随机的,偏好常绿阔叶林,对竹林接近于随机选择,回避其它林型;鳄蜥选择常绿阔叶林可能与其植被盖度较高、涵养水源能力强以及土壤有机质含量高有关。建议加强对常绿阔叶林的保护工作,以更好地保护鳄蜥。

山地河流生境快速评价模型与应用

从河流生境结构和功能出发,选用河流生境多样性指数、河道湿润率、生境单元质量指数,采用专家打分法确定权重系数,建立了山地河流生境快速评价指标体系及定量评价模型。选取三峡库区的典型山地河流东河进行河流生境质量定量评价。结果表明该河流生境质量从库尾以上河段起向下游逐步下降,在引水坝以下河段降至最低,其后呈逐渐恢复的态势。坝下河流生境主要受到河流减水影响;坝上河段河流生境主要受泥沙淤积影响。该评价结果能较直观地反映水电工程影响下山地河流生境状况,以及导致河流生境质量衰退的原因。

人工阶梯-深潭破坏案例与稳定性分析

通过2006—2010年4个修建人工阶梯-深潭系统的治理山区河流案例,总结其治理效果和最终破坏原因。以单个阶梯为分析对象,给出其受力表达式,建立单个阶梯-深潭的简化稳定性模型,进而分析来流量和冲刷角变化对其稳定性的影响。单个阶梯的稳定性取决于关键石块粒径、河道坡降、流量和冲刷角。洪水期的洪峰流量和阶梯下游冲刷是阶梯破坏的主要原因,上游来流量增加和冲刷角越大,阶梯越易发生破坏。人工阶梯-深潭系统在洪水期的稳定性是其发挥长期治理效果的关键。

山区河流河床结构对推移质输沙率的影响

河床结构是山区河流河床在洪水过程中达到较强阻力及较高河床稳定性时床面大颗粒的组合,对山区河流的推移质输沙起重要影响.引入河床结构强度Sp对山区河流河床结构进行定量化研究,使用河床结构测量设备对河床强度进行测量,采用类似于坑测法的子母双槽进行推移质输沙率实测,对云南小江流域的15条主要支流河床结构及推移质输沙进行野外实测,发现推移质输沙强度至少受单宽水流能量与河床结构发育程度共同影响,在同等级水流能量条件下,河床结构的发育程度越高的河流(或河段)其推移质输沙强度越小,河床强度值越小的河流(或河段)推移质输沙强度越大.单宽水流能量小于50 kg/(m.s)、河床结构强度大于0.35时,推移质输沙率接近零.