Load laws of composite lining in mountain tunnel model tests and numerical simulation validation

Currently,model tests are increasingly being used to simulate the construction of mountain tunnels,but the support structure of the model tests does not show the composite lining,and the force laws of the composite lining are not yet clear.In this research,the force variation of composite lining under three cases in model tests of deep-buried tunnels were carried out with the surrounding rock grade and installation time as the variation factors.The test results reveal that:(1)The suitable method to reduce the contact load between the secondary lining and primary support is to enhance the primary support in the soft and weak surrounding rock.Correspondingly,for ClassⅢsurrounding rock and better quality of surrounding rock,the primary support can lag behind the excavation face a certain distance.(2)The axial forces of the bolts tend to rise with concentration of 0.4 kN-0.7 kN after the secondary lining was installed.(3)With or without two to three excavation cycles delayed,the load sharing ratio of the secondary lining of the Class III surrounding rock is less than 10%.Finally,the numerical simulation verifies the feasibility of the model tests.

Seismic risk evaluation for a planning mountain tunnel using improved analytical hierarchy process based on extension theory

Seismic risk evaluation(SRE) in early stages(e.g., project planning and preliminary design)for a mountain tunnel located in seismic areas has the same importance as that in final stages(e.g.,performance-based design, structural analysis, and optimization). SRE for planning mountain tunnels bridges the gap between the planning on the macro level and the design/analysis on the micro level regarding the risk management of infrastructural systems. A transition from subjective or qualitative description to objective or quantitative quantification of seismic risk is aimed to improve the seismic behavior of the mountain tunnel and thus reduce the associated seismic risk. A new method of systematic SRE for the planning mountain tunnel was presented herein. The method employs extension theory(ET)and an ET-based improved analytical hierarchy process. Additionally, a new risk-classification criterion is proposed to classify and quantify the seismic risk for a planning mountain tunnel. This SRE method is applied to a mountain tunnel in southwest China, using the extension model based on matter element theory and dependent function operation.The reasonability and flexibility of the SRE method for application to the mountain tunnel are illustrated.According to different seismic risk levels and classification criteria, methods and measures for improving the seismic design are proposed, which can reduce the seismic risk and provide a frame of reference for elaborate seismic design.

The lining responses for shallow mountain tunnels subjected to frost heaving

Mountain tunnels in cold regions are vulnerable to adverse effects of freezing action.Thus,it is necessary to identify the lining responses of shallow mountain tunnels subjected to freezing action.To quantify the influence of freezing action and key design parameters(such as cross-sectional shape;lining thickness;and waterproof measures)on the lining response,a thermal-hydro-mechanical coupled finite element(FE)model is established and verified.Then,specific consideration is given to the lining internal force and resulting axial stresses.And the influences of the cross-sectional shape,concrete parameters,and waterproof measures on the lining responses are investigated.Generally,the rectangular tunnel has the worst security;the circular tunnel is the safest.On the other hand,when the thermal conductivity is less than 2.2[W/(m·K)],a greater thermal conductivity will cause a greater risk of damage to the lining.Moreover,the drainage plate can reduce the value of minimum axial stresses,whether frozen or not,even eliminating the tensiondamaged area.Overall,this study helps to estimate the lining responses and prevent frost damages for shallow mountain tunnels during freezing period.

Seismic damage of mountain tunnels during the 5.12 Wenchuan earthquake

A number of mountain tunnels suffered significant damage to various extent during the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake in China.Damage ranging from small to heavy cracking was observed both at the portal and inside the tunnels,while some sections close to the faults completely collapsed.A summary of qualitative data collected from reports and papers is presented regarding the behavior of the 55 mountain tunnels near the epicenter during the earthquake.Based on the seismic investigation and data collection of mountain tunnels,the tunnel damage is classified into six most common damage models involving cracking,spalling,shear failure,dislocation,pavement uplift and collapse.Detailed study and discussion are then carried out on the damage models.In order to examine the influencing factors of the damage magnitude of the mountain tunnels,the correlations between epicentral distance,earthquake intensity,overburden depth,geological condition and damage levels are analyzed.The relationships between earthquake parameters and different damagemodels are developed and discussed.Also,suggestions are provided to improve the seismic resistance of mountain tunnels.

Limiting drainage criterion for groundwater of mountain tunnel

Large amount of groundwater discharging from tunnel is likely to cause destruction of the ecological environment in the vicinity of the tunnel, thus an appropriate drainage criterion should be established to balance the tunnel construction and groundwater.To assess the related problems, an limiting drainage standard ranging from 0.5 to 2.0 m3/(m·d) was suggested for mountain tunnels based on survey and comparative analysis. After that, for the purpose of verifying the rationality of the standard, a calculated formula for dewatering funnel volume caused by drainage was deduced on the basis of the groundwater dynamics and experience method.Furthermore, the equation about the relationship between water discharge and drawdown of groundwater table was presented. The permeability coefficient, specific yield and groundwater table value were introduced, and then combined with the above equation, the drawdown of groundwater table under the proposed limiting drainage criterion was calculated. It is shown that the proposed drainage standard can reach the purpose of protecting ecological environment under the following two conditions. One is the permeability coefficient ranges from 10-4 to 10-5 m/s and the specific yield ranges from 0.1 to 0.001. The other is the permeability coefficient varies from 10-6 to 10-8 m/s and the specific yield varies from 0.1 to 0.01. In addition, a majority of common geotechnical layers are involved in the above ranges. Thus, the proposed limiting drainage standard which ranges from 0.5 to 2.0 m3/(m·d) for mountain tunnel is reasonable.

Investigation and assessment on mountain tunnels and geotechnical damage after the Wenchuan earthquake

On May 12, 2008, a strong earthquake with a magnitude of 8.0 (Ms) struck Wenchuan town, in the eastern Sichuan area of west China. Following the earthquake on May 18, the Southwest Jiaotong University organized a damage survey team and dispatched it to the affected area for the investigation into the damage and collection of information and data. This paper outlines the findings of this investigation on the earthquake disaster to mountain tunnels and geotechnical engineering. The systematic investigation, involving geological conditions, design documents, construction and maintenance records of the tunnels, has been conducted and the degree of damage to investigated tunnels has been assessed according to the width and length of cracks, the stability of the slope above the tunnel, and the condition of the groundwater inrush. The results show that the major damage of the mountain tunnels was mainly concentrated in the tunnel portals due to widespread landslides and rockfalls, and the inner part of investigated tunnels suffered moderate damages mainly due to fault displacements. It is hoped that the information shared herein could enhance the outstanding of seismic behavior of mountain tunnels and improve seismic design and construction procedures.

基于集对分析理论和数字化平台的山岭隧道塌方风险评价

为更准确、更科学地完成山岭隧道塌方风险评价,提出一种基于层次分析法(AHP)-熵值法(Entropy)集对分析理论的山岭隧道塌方风险评价方法。首先,选取地质因素、设计因素、施工因素、管理因素4项因素作为塌方风险评价指标体系的准则层,选取12项因素作为指标层,运用层次分析法和熵值法分别计算2级指标权重;然后,引入集对分析理论确定指标联系度,并结合置信度准则对塌方风险的等级进行判定;接着,利用Grasshopper以及Python软件,对集对分析理论进行可视化程序开发,并将其与隧道-地质BIM交互模型进行耦合,建立基于AHP-Entropy集对分析模型的隧道塌方风险数字化分析平台;最后,结合重庆某隧道实际工程,验证隧道塌方风险评价的高效化、可视化效果。研究表明:基于集对分析理论的山岭隧道塌方风险评价数字化分析平台运行时间约为2 s,与传统的隧道塌方风险评价方法相比可以大大提高风险评价效率,同时利用AHP-Entropy法确定评价指标权重,提高了评价结果的可靠性。

基于改进灰靶的山区隧道施工场地布置方案优选

为提高山区隧道施工场地布置方案决策的准确性,以牛栾村隧道六种施工场地布置方案为例,提出了基于改进灰靶的方案优选模型。首先,通过分析场地布置方案影响因素,构建了以方案可行性、方案经济性、环境影响和社会效益影响为核心的评价指标体系;其次,采用云模型将定性指标定量描述,并运用CRITIC(criteria importance though intercriteria correlation)确定指标权重;最后以灰色关联差异信息值为基础,结合欧几里得理论计算修正的加权靶心距,通过对比靶心距实现方案优选,并采用单因素轮换法(one-at-a-time,OAT)进行了指标敏感性分析。结果表明:最优方案的加权靶心距为0.610,评选出的方案与实际一致,并分析出“地形地貌改变”为对方案评选影响最大的指标。可见,该方法呈现了各方案的优劣,使山区隧道施工场地布置方案评选更科学、合理。

山区铁路桥隧工程关键节材要素均衡优化

为在经济可承受范围内提升山区铁路的节材性能,提出了一种基于NSGA-Ⅱ的关键节材要素双目标均衡优化方法。首先,以断面超挖、喷射混凝土类型选择、围岩变形预留、桩基扩孔、桩头超封5个桥隧工程关键节材要素为决策变量,以CO_(2)减排量最大、建造成本增加值最小为优化目标,构建山区铁路桥隧工程关键节材要素均衡优化模型;其次,采用带精英策略的非支配排序遗传算法(NSGA-Ⅱ)求出Pareto均衡解集;再次,耦合主客观元素组合的综合赋权法与TOPSIS法对Pareto均衡解集进行科学决策,得到考虑决策者偏好的关键节材要素最佳组合,并分析决策者偏好对最佳组合的影响;最后,以某山区铁路工程某标段为例,系统地验证了该方法的科学性及适用性。研究结果表明:与优化前相比,最佳组合能实现CO_(2)减排12.622万t,对应建造成本增加了24.833万元,优化效率达到50.826%。

极端环境隧道建造面临的主要问题及发展趋势

聚焦艰险山区、深水海域与城市敏感区3类极端环境,全面梳理和总结了在此环境下隧道建造面临的主要问题、相关技术突破和未来发展趋势。针对艰险山区中极高地应力、高地温、高海拔以及活动断裂带等极端条件,总结分析围岩和隧道的变形机制、破坏机制及防护措施,并指出未来可通过大数据、机器学习等手段建立更精准的预测模型,以实现隧道建造过程的实时监控和风险评估;针对深水海域中高水压、高烈度地震、强侵蚀环境等极端条件,分析多因素耦合下沉管法及盾构法隧道管片及接头的劣损和破坏机制,总结提升其力学和耐久性能的主要技术措施,并提出未来仍需针对海底隧道管片接头的防水、抗震及抗侵蚀性能开展更深入的研究,以形成完整的理论和技术体系;针对城市敏感区隧道穿越既有隧道、敏感建构筑物、地下障碍物等挑战,总结分析盾构法和顶管法施工环境响应规律、地层变形评估方法和控制技术措施,提出未来可采用机器学习等技术辅助隧道建设,以提升预测和控制的准确性,减小建设过程对城市环境的扰动。目前,相关研究成果为极端环境下的隧道工程建设提供了重要支撑,但部分技术仍需进一步在实践中完善并形成规范,以指导后续的工程建设;而随着新一代信息技术的发展,未来隧道建造必将朝着数字化、智能化、自动化的方向发展,从而保障极端环境下隧道建设的安全、绿色、高效。

山区铁路隧道工程资源环境影响效应评估研究

山区地质复杂、环境敏感、生态脆弱,致使铁路隧道建设难度大,且在资源节约、环境保护等方面面临较高要求。绿色设计作为绿色建设的先行环节,对减少隧道建设对资源环境的扰动作用,达到资源节约、环境友好的目的起关键引领作用。为定量评估山区铁路隧道工程的资源环境影响效应、衡量隧道设计的绿色程度,提出一种山区铁路隧道工程资源环境影响效应分析方法。首先,基于“驱动力-状态-响应”模型(Driving force-State-Response,DSR),以隧道设计参数为驱动力指标、资源环境状况为状态指标、隧道设计措施为响应指标,构建山区铁路隧道工程资源环境影响效应评估指标体系,并建立各指标分级标准;其次,运用一种具有自学习自调整能力的支持向量回归模型(Support Vector Regression,SVR)对隧道工程的资源环境影响效应进行评估;再次,以驱动力指标和响应指标为分析对象,运用考虑指标间关联关系及叠加效应的敏感性分析法,甄别对隧道工程资源环境影响效应优化具有重要影响的隧道设计因素;最后,以某山区铁路隧道工程为例,得到该隧道工程的资源环境影响效应值为4.7157,对应等级为较好,表明该隧道工程绿色设计水平较好,资源集约节约利用较合理、环境保护力度较大,可为其他类似工况隧道工程的绿色设计提供借鉴。此外,分析结果显示,注浆加固效果是导致该隧道工程资源环境影响效应变化最敏感的因素,其次为清污分流比例,可着重从这2个方面进行优化设计,以实现隧道工程资源环境影响效应的进一步优化。研究结果验证了本文研究方法的适用性和可操作性,可为山区铁路隧道工程资源环境影响效应评估及明确隧道工程优化设计方向提供科学依据。

基于纤维混凝土材料试验的套拱加固隧道地震响应模拟

以一座山岭隧道为背景,选取钢纤维、玄武岩纤维、碳纤维为掺料进行纤维混凝土材料试验并确定纤维最佳体积掺量;结合试验数据与塑性损伤数值模拟结果,分析地震作用下有无纤维混凝土套拱加固隧道结构响应情况。结果表明:无套拱加固时衬砌拱脚、拱肩、拱腰处易发生拉裂损伤,拱顶与仰拱中心、左右拱肩的相对位移均较大。三种纤维混凝土套拱加固后,衬砌-套拱叠合结构拱腰、拱肩处损伤均有所改善,拉裂损伤向两端发展的趋势得到抑制;拱顶与仰拱中心,左右拱肩的相对位移较无套拱加固时有所降低,隧道结构稳定性提高。综合考虑衬砌损伤与测点位移,体积掺量为1.5%的钢纤维混凝土套拱加固效果最佳。

围岩智能化分级及其工程应用

由于地质条件的复杂多变、勘察方法和技术缺陷等原因,勘察阶段的山岭隧道围岩分级与施工阶段存在差异。为动态获得施工中杭温铁路隧道前方围岩等级,该文基于岩体基本质量指标(BQ)的综合评判法,利用现场回弹试验、超前地质预报及掌子面图像识别等手段,通过人工智能算法获得前方揭露围岩岩石强度及岩体完整性系数;再结合隧道现场水文情况、软弱结构面、初始地应力状态等修正因素,对围岩进行精细分级。现已在杭温铁路隧道古塘源二号隧道进口DK90+292、金竹坪隧道出口DK86+184、木匪岭隧道出口DK84+565及松坞尖隧道进口DK86+752等断面围岩等级变更工作中实现成功应用,得到与专业团队相吻合的揭露围岩级别判别结果,具有进一步推广与研究价值。

山岭隧道洞口段边坡及衬砌震害机理

为探明山岭隧道洞口段的震害机理,以期为该段落的震后恢复和抗减震措施提供参考,依托“5·12”汶川地震中受损严重的龙溪隧道,采用数值模拟分析了隧道洞口段边仰坡及衬砌的地震动力响应,系统研究了山岭隧道洞口段边仰坡开裂及滑移、落石、崩塌、衬砌开裂几类震害的产生机理。研究表明:1)隧道洞口边仰坡开裂是水平地震惯性力的张拉作用超过坡体自身的抗拉强度所形成的;2)边仰坡滑移是边仰坡开裂后,水平地震惯性力的斜向分力超过坡体抗剪强度使裂缝贯通,并沿坡体内某一软弱面产生滑移;3)落石、崩塌是坡表松散岩土体的累积拉应力超过自身抗拉强度引发的;4)衬砌横向开裂是地震荷载沿轴向反复的拉压作用使衬砌拉应变不断累积并超过混凝土极限应变所致;5)衬砌纵向开裂是在于横向地震作用下衬砌产生方向交替急剧变化的附加弯矩,混凝土受到方向交替的拉压作用,使其强度明显降低产生纵向开裂。

某山区铁路隧道工程地质综合勘察与施工验证分析

近些年,高速铁路隧道修建积累了丰富的勘察设计与施工经验,而山区隧道的勘察一直是困扰业界的难题。通过对比分析后发现,隧道区物探的异常和区域地质资料的可溶岩分布,应引起项目负责人的高度警惕。施工前应进行更加详细的地质调查、加密布置勘探孔、采用不同方法的物探验证和深孔钻孔等手段进行验证,施工时更加重视超前水平钻和地质雷达等超前地质预报工作。通过总结提炼了勘察与施工配合的相关内容,提升了我院山区铁路勘察的方法和经验,更好地指导施工期隧道地质配合。

山地轨道交通隧道Geo-BIM建模方法与应用研究

为解决山地轨道交通隧道在BIM建模中存在的隧道线路偏差大、隧道构件复杂繁多、属性添加效率低以及呈现效果单一等问题,提出一种基于Revit+Dynamo+Excel及EVS软件的山地轨道交通隧道Geo-BIM建模方法。结合隧道线性工程特点,对Revit内置Dynamo插件二次开发,实现隧道快速精准的参数化建模和批量定义属性参数。提出基于EVS软件建立隧道三维地质体模型的方法,制定地层建模和岩性建模的实现方式和标准流程,结合隧道BIM模型全面实现隧道建设过程中的可视化。依托施家山隧道项目,基于Cesium框架实现了BIM模型、GIS地表和地质体三维模型的集成,实现三维可视化模型与模型属性、数据信息等可交互式操作。实践表明,Geo-BIM建模方法可以快速地对隧道BIM模型及其三维地质模型进行建模,通过集成后的模型信息之间能够表现出很好的交互效果,具有良好的工程应用价值。

山岭公路隧道CD法开挖过程安全稳定性分析

不良地质条件下大断面隧道的开挖常采用CD法,在开挖过程中,完成最后一部台阶开挖后隧道全断面成型,这时需要及时对断面进行支护,以防止诱发隧道局部大变形甚至坍塌。为了预防隧道局部大变形或坍塌的发生,笔者以济潍高速某山岭隧道CD法开挖为研究对象进行全过程动态监测,采用有限元软件MIDAS 2020对台阶法开挖最后一部进行全过程的高仿真度模拟。研究结果表明:隧道沉降、收敛监测所得到的实测拟合曲线与有限元软件计算所得的模拟曲线基本吻合,通过选择合适的开挖步长,CD法开挖能够有效减小拱顶沉降和洞壁的收敛。短台阶法开挖和适时支护是控制隧道围岩变形,保证其安全稳定的关键,可以有效地保证浅埋大断面隧道的安全与长期的稳定。

基于压力拱发展规律的隧道初次支护时机研究

本文依托济莱高铁宅科隧道工程,利用现场监测和FLAC 3D数值模拟的方法,基于隧道应力传递路径的改变探究压力拱形成机制和分布范围,得出隧道纵截面压力拱形态特征图,引入位移完成率衡量围岩的开挖扰动程度,建立位移完成率和应力释放率的对应关系,得到最优初次支护时机。研究结果表明:在隧道开挖过程中,上部围岩中应力逐渐偏转,围岩荷载逐渐向四周传递,最终达到新的应力平衡状态,即在隧道四周产生形成封闭环状应力现象的压力拱;隧道仰拱靠近拱脚部位围岩产生应力集中,在1.8 D(D为隧道截面宽度)范围内的围岩均参与成拱效应,承担隧道拱部上方的围岩荷载;对塑性区体积率进行计算与分析,认定70%~80%应力释放率较为缓慢,应作为最佳初期支护时间点;在开挖时隧道初期支护滞后于掌子面的距离宜控制在4.3~7.6 m。

粉砂质页岩隧道周边孔装药结构及装药量对爆破效果影响研究

光面爆破技术是目前控制隧道超欠挖的主要手段,为进一步探究周边孔装药结构及装药量对爆破效果的影响。以武隆隧道粉砂质页岩段为研究对象,采用现场爆破试验方法,分别进行了周边孔不同装药结构下不同单孔装药量爆破试验。结果表明:周边孔采用导爆索空气间隔装药结构,装药量为0.1+0.075×5 kg时爆破效果最佳,周边孔残留率96%,平均线性超挖为15.3 cm。采用雷管空气间隔装药结构,装药量为0.45 kg时爆破效果最佳,周边孔残留率可达90%,平均线性超挖18.4 cm。采用连续装药结构进行爆破,装药量为0.3/0.45 kg时爆破效果最佳,周边孔残留率32%,平均线性超挖量为24 cm。周边孔采用间隔装药结构可以有效提高爆破效果,保证周边孔炮孔残留率在50%以上,减小隧道超挖量;采用导爆索间隔装药爆破效果最佳,周边孔炮孔残留率在90%以上,雷管间隔装药结构爆破效果次之,炮孔残留率在70%以上,连续装药结构爆破效果最差,炮孔残留率50%以下。同时,通过现场试验证明:除采用导爆索空气间隔装药结构外,周边孔也可采用雷管空气间隔装药结构控制隧道超挖。

山岭隧道地上地下一体化三维建模方法

针对山岭隧道地上地下一体化三维建模效率低、数据融合难度大的问题,提出一套基于建筑信息模型(building information modeling,BIM)+地理信息系统(geographic information system,GIS)+倾斜摄影技术的建模方法。以武汉市黄龙山隧道为例,首先,按用途和施工工序对山岭隧道构件进行分类,利用Revit和Dynamo软件,采用参数化建模+自适应拼接的方法构建隧道三维结构模型;其次,通过无人机采用倾斜摄影技术获取地表影像,构建三维实景模型;通过影像匹配和滤波技术处理点云数据,生成数字高程模型(digital elevation model,DEM),并结合钻孔数据,采用插值法和约束分区的方法构建三维地质模型;最后,基于MapGIS实现隧道结构模型、地表三维实景模型、三维地质模型的集成。所提方法可以优化模型管理方式,减少数据信息的丢失,实现隧道工程信息的集成与共享。