A Preliminary Study on the Rational Utilization of Land Resources in the Poverty-Stricken Mountainous Areas in the Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River:A Case Study of Xueshan Township

As one of the most fragile alpine plateau and canyon areas in China,the upper reaches of the Yangtze River are the key areas of ecological construction in China.It is also a key area for poverty alleviation in the country.Therefore,it is necessary to take into account the dual goals of poverty reduction and ecological environment construction,and explore a win-win road of ecological construction and poverty alleviation in line with the reality of the upper reaches of the Yangtze River.Taking Xueshan Township,Luquan Yi and Miao Autonomous County,Yunnan Province,which is located in the poor mountainous area of the upper reaches of the Yangtze River as an example,based on many field investigations and existing investigation and statistical data,this paper analyzes the current situation and main problems of land use in Xueshan Township,and then puts forward measures and suggestions for rational utilization of land resources in Xueshan Township.This can provide a necessary reference for the next implementation of rural revitalization strategy and ecological construction.

Response of glacier area variation to climate change in the Kaidu-Kongque river basin,Southern Tianshan Mountains during the last 20 years

Glaciers are crucial water resources for arid inland rivers in Northwest China.In recent decades,glaciers are largely experiencing shrinkage under the climate-warming scenario,thereby exerting tremendous influences on regional water resources.The primary role of understudying watershed scale glacier changes under changing climatic conditions is to ensure sustainable utilization of regional water resources,to prevent and mitigate glacier-related disasters.This study maps the current(2020)distribution of glacier boundaries across the Kaidu-Kongque river basin,south slope of Tianshan Mountains,and monitors the spatial evolution of glaciers over five time periods from 2000-2020 through thresholded band ratios approach,using 25 Landsat images at 30 m resolution.In addition,this study attempts to understand the role of climate characteristics for variable response of glacier area.The results show that the total area of glaciers was 398.21 km^(2)in 2020.The glaciers retreated by about 1.17 km^(2)/a(0.26%/a)from 2000 to 2020.The glaciers were reducing at a significantly rapid rate between 2000 and 2005,a slow rate from 2005 to 2015,and an accelerated rate during 2015-2020.The meteorological data shows slight increasing trends of mean annual temperature(0.02℃/a)and annual precipitation(2.07 mm/a).The correlation analysis demonstrates that the role of temperature presents more significant correlation with glacier recession than precipitation.There is a temporal hysteresis in the response of glacier change to climate change.Increasing trend of temperature in summer proves to be the driving force behind the Kaidu-Kongque basin glacier recession during the recent 20 years.

Detection of Spatial, Temporal and Trend of Meteorological Drought Using Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) and Effective Drought Index (EDI) in the Upper Tana River Basin, Kenya

Drought events across the world are increasingly becoming a critical problem owing to its negative effects on water resources. There is need to understand on-site drought characteristics for the purpose of planning mitigation measures. In this paper, meteorological drought episodes on spatial, temporal and trend domains were detected using Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) and Effective Drought Index (EDI) in the upper Tana River basin. 41 years (1980-2016) monthly precipitation data from eight meteorological stations were used in the study. The SPI and EDI were used for reconstruction of the drought events and used to characterize the spatial, temporal and trend distribution of drought occurrence. Drought frequency was estimated as the ratio of a defined severity to its total number of events. The change in drought events was detected using a non-parametric man-Kendall trend test. The main drought conditions detected by SPI and EDI are severe drought, moderate drought, near normal, moderate wet, very wet and extremely wet conditions. From the results the average drought frequency between 1970 and 2010 for the south-eastern and north-western areas ranged from 12.16 to 14.93 and 3.82 to 6.63 percent respectively. The Mann-Kendall trend test show that drought trend increased in the south-eastern parts of the basin at 90% and 95% significant levels. However, there was no significant trend that was detected in the North-western areas. This is an indication that the south-eastern parts are more drought-prone areas compared to the North-western areas of the upper Tana River basin. Both the SPI and the EDI were effective in detecting the on-set of drought, description of the temporal variability, severity and spatial extent across the basin. It is recommended that the findings be adopted for decision making for drought-early warning systems in the river basin.

Comparative Mountain Hydrology: A Case Study of Wis?ok River in Poland and Chaohe River in China

Hydrological processes in river basins of similar size and morphology may differ significantly due to different climatic conditions. This paper presents a comparative analysis of hydrological characteristics of two river basins located in different climatic zones: the Wisok River Basin in the south-eastern Poland and the Chaohe River Basin in the northern China. The criteria of their choice were similarities in the basin area, main river length and topography. The results show that climate plays a key role in shaping fluvial conditions within the two basins. It is concluded that: 1) precipitation in the Wisok River Basin is more evenly distributed in the yearly cycle, while in the Chaohe River Basin it is highly concentrated in the few summer months; 2) spring snowmelt significantly contributes to runoff in the Wisok River Basin, while its role in the Chaohe River Basin is negligible; 3) in the Wisok River Basin, besides the peak flow in spring, there is also a period of high water in summer resulting from precipitation, while in the Chaohe River Basin there is only one high water period in summer; 4) the Wisok River Basin shows relatively higher stability in terms of the magnitude of intra- and inter-seasonal discharges; 5) during the multi-year observation period, a decrease in both precipitation and runoff was recorded in the two river basins.

Landslide susceptibility assessment in Western Henan Province based on a comparison of conventional and ensemble machine learning

Landslide is a serious natural disaster next only to earthquake and flood,which will cause a great threat to people’s lives and property safety.The traditional research of landslide disaster based on experience-driven or statistical model and its assessment results are subjective,difficult to quantify,and no pertinence.As a new research method for landslide susceptibility assessment,machine learning can greatly improve the landslide susceptibility model’s accuracy by constructing statistical models.Taking Western Henan for example,the study selected 16 landslide influencing factors such as topography,geological environment,hydrological conditions,and human activities,and 11 landslide factors with the most significant influence on the landslide were selected by the recursive feature elimination(RFE)method.Five machine learning methods[Support Vector Machines(SVM),Logistic Regression(LR),Random Forest(RF),Extreme Gradient Boosting(XGBoost),and Linear Discriminant Analysis(LDA)]were used to construct the spatial distribution model of landslide susceptibility.The models were evaluated by the receiver operating characteristic curve and statistical index.After analysis and comparison,the XGBoost model(AUC 0.8759)performed the best and was suitable for dealing with regression problems.The model had a high adaptability to landslide data.According to the landslide susceptibility map of the five models,the overall distribution can be observed.The extremely high and high susceptibility areas are distributed in the Funiu Mountain range in the southwest,the Xiaoshan Mountain range in the west,and the Yellow River Basin in the north.These areas have large terrain fluctuations,complicated geological structural environments and frequent human engineering activities.The extremely high and highly prone areas were 12043.3 km^(2)and 3087.45 km^(2),accounting for 47.61%and 12.20%of the total area of the study area,respectively.Our study reflects the distribution of landslide susceptibility in western Henan Province,which provides a scientific basis for regional disaster warning,prediction,and resource protection.The study has important practical significance for subsequent landslide disaster management.

黄河流域上游煤矿区土地利用类型变化及其对固碳服务的影响

明晰矿区土地利用变化及其对区域碳储量的影响,是“双碳”目标背景下推进矿区低碳减排和绿色高质量发展的重要手段.基于多源数据集,使用InVEST模型、土地利用动态度、转移矩阵、缓冲区分析和灰色关联度等方法,识别了1990-2020年黄河流域上游13个大中型煤矿区的土地利用类型时空变化,评估了不同矿区及其周边不同距离缓冲区的固碳服务能力,并对二者的关联度进行分析,旨在厘清矿区土地利用变化对固碳服务的影响.结果表明:(1)1990-2020年煤矿区土地利用类型主要以草地、未利用地、林地和耕地向城乡工矿居民用地转移为主,城乡工矿居民用地面积以288.8 hm^(2)/a的速度持续扩张.(2)1990-2020年不同时段城乡工矿居民用地的单一动态度均为正值,草地和未利用地则均为负值,其中2010-2015年各土地利用类型的综合动态度均较高,2015-2020年则均相对较低,并且露天开采方式矿区土地利用强度远高于井工开采方式.(3)1990-2020年各矿区内单位面积年固碳量在0.7~4.1 Mg/hm^(2)之间,在时间上呈先下降后升高再下降的趋势,并且在距离矿区50 km范围内,距离越远,平均单位面积年固碳量越高,影响程度逐渐下降.(4)不同土地利用类型与单位面积年固碳量的平均关联度从高到低表现为未利用地>耕地>草地>林地>水体.研究显示,黄河流域上游煤矿区开发过程中未利用地和耕地面积的变化是矿区生态系统固碳服务变化的重要原因.

西安至十堰高速铁路环保选线研究

西安至十堰高速铁路西安至商洛段穿越秦岭高中山区,郧西至十堰段跨越汉江,具有沿线地形起伏大、地质条件复杂、环境敏感区域密集、生物多样性丰富、水环境保护要求严格等特点,保护秦岭及汉江流域的生态环境成为西十高铁建设中需要考虑的重要因素。通过采取GIS+BIM的技术手段,制作区域环境敏感区图层,搭建多维度区域生态保护目标空间分布及管控范围的环保选线平台,结合工程技术条件开展各方案的环境可行性及环境影响程度的综合比选,从而得出对环境影响最小的线路方案,为设计选线及控制工程方案决策提供有力支撑。研究结果表明,通过先期开展敏感区路段环境影响专题论证,可进一步优化工程选线及工程形式,保障项目依法合规。

淮河流域典型农田区气溶胶散射特性的日变化和季节变化研究

利用2019年寿县国家气候观象台气溶胶散射系数、气溶胶质量浓度及相关气象观测数据,统计分析了淮河流域农田区域的气溶胶散射特征及其成因,为该区域气溶胶污染辐射强迫及其对农业生产影响方面的研究提供了定量观测证据。研究表明:该地区气溶胶散射系数具有显著的季节变化规律,冬季最高,夏季最低;三个波长(450、525、635 nm)气溶胶日平均散射系数分别为329.8±180.0、270.2±153.7、214.4±128.4 Mm^(-1),并且散射系数日变化与天气要素和大气层结日变化规律具有很好的相关性,且冬季日振幅远小于其他三季;?ngstr?m指数年平均值为1.32,后向散射比年平均值为0.15,气溶胶质量散射系数年平均值为4.83 m^(2)/g,表明淮河流域农田区域的气溶胶以细颗粒为主;气溶胶散射系数大小主要受偏西风调控,散射系数与能见度具有高度的负相关幂函数关系;污染日的气溶胶散射系数远大于清洁日,污染物很大程度上影响了光辐射在大气中的传输能力,污染程度高,大气的散射作用就越强。

淮河流域颍河上游河谷沉积物物源分析

通过详细的野外考察,在淮河流域颍河上游的河谷地段见到具有典型代表性的完整沉积剖面,进一步对其进行野外宏观分层描述并每隔2 cm进行高分辨率采样,带回实验室进行分析。采用粒度端元分析手段,分析了地层剖面的物源问题。分析结果表明:本区黄土物源和黄土高原典型黄土有所不同,区域东北风作用下近源的风沙流沉积物占了相当份额;依据粒度端元分析,沉积动力组分主要由3部分组成,分别代表了风化成壤改造作用下的产物、东亚冬季风作用下从西北荒漠搬运而来的粉尘物质以及东北风作用下从近源搬运而来的黄泛沉积物;在不同的时期,沉积作用动力强弱有明显的变化,表明了全新世以来区域季风气候对全球气候变化的响应过程。研究对淮河流域颍河上游局部河谷沉积物物源组成特点进行了量化分析,这对于深入理解淮河上游沉积物物源及全新世以来其季风作用下的地表过程演变特征具有重要的科学意义。

黄河流域石砾山地抗旱造林技术研究

为进一步提高黄河流域石砾山地的植被覆盖率、促进其生态恢复,本研究在青海云杉等7种乔、灌植物中,选择存活率排名前四的树种作为试验树种,开展了4个树种的石砾山地造林技术试验,通过研究不同保水保墒技术对4个树种的生长指标、土壤含水量、土壤温度、土壤肥力、存活率和保存率等指标的影响,筛选出适合该区域的造林技术。结果表明,整地措施能增加土壤含水量;集水托盘措施能提升土壤表层土壤的水分和土壤温度;在石砾山地造林需要结合其他措施进行施肥,以增加土壤中的有机物质含量。施肥+整地+集水托盘组合措施在黄河流域石砾山地干旱造林效果较为明显。该研究为黄河流域石砾山地的生态恢复和水土保持提供参考。

基于SBAS-InSAR技术的金沙江流域典型滑坡时空演化特征分析

金沙江流域属于高山峡谷区,地质地貌复杂,峡谷众多、地势陡峭及大量的降雨导致滑坡灾害频发,对人类安全、生产和环境等方面造成了严重影响。然而,常规测量方法存在成本高、周期长、空间分辨率不足等缺陷,难以全面反映滑坡演化特征。因此,本文利用SBAS-InSAR技术结合升降轨Sentinel-1A数据获取金沙江流域阿海库区2019年1月—2020年12月的地表形变信息,并选取里故、白亚及罗子如3个典型滑坡进行时空演化特征分析。研究结果表明,SBAS-InSAR技术能有效识别出高山峡谷区典型滑坡。在监测期间,里故滑坡最大形变速率为-68 mm/a,累计形变量为-148 mm,整体从形变中心向西朝金沙江呈条状扩散。白亚滑坡最大形变速率为-40 mm/a,累计形变量为-77 mm。罗子如滑坡最大形变速率为-90 mm/a,累计形变量达-260 mm。

淮河流域蓄洪区居民迁建的空间失衡与重塑——基于蒙洼蓄洪区的实地考察

淮河流域蓄洪区居民迁建工程中呈现居民迁建意愿与政策执行相悖的对立现象,清晰认识蓄洪区居民迁建过程的这种矛盾现象具有重要意义。借助空间理论视角分析蒙洼蓄洪区居民迁建的过程,发现空间失衡是影响这种独立矛盾的主要因素。物理空间变化的不适应、社会空间的结构破坏与心理空间的路径依赖造成居民迁建的空间失衡。应当结合乡村振兴背景下的数字乡村建设,积极引导迁建居民参与互联网活动,在网络空间中开展社会交往与空间互动,重塑新的空间平衡。

南岭山区韩江中上游矿区修复质量动态监测评价

2018年以来,广东南岭山区韩江中上游连片矿山生态修复持续推进,针对矿区生态修复治理质量的动态监测评价工作尤为重要。本文基于2015—2021年亚米级光学卫星遥感影像,利用遥感生态指数(RSEI)方法对韩江中上游流域8个县市区共计32个金属矿区的生态环境修复质量开展动态量化研究,并重点分析典型矿区的修复成效。结果表明:①研究期间各年份遥感生态指数与各指标分量间的平均相关度分别为0.74、0.68、0.64和0.76,均高于各指标分量,遥感生态指数对各指标分量的表征效果更好,能够综合反映矿区生态环境质量变化。②2015—2017年韩江中上游研究区内矿区开采面积扩张了43.5%;遥感生态指数均值从0.61锐减至0.44,下降了27.9%。③2018年启动绿色矿山建设和矿区生态修复工程以来,遥感生态指数均值出现了回升,从2018年的0.44增加至2021年的0.53,提升了20.5%。本研究成果可为生态修复治理部门开展矿区修复工作提供参考。

基于地形起伏度的山区人口密度修正——以岷江上游为例

山区人口承载能力评价是山区国土空间管理的基础之一,而准确的人口密度数据是正确评价人口承载能力的基础。传统的人口密度算法并未考虑地形起伏度对人口分布带来的影响,不能客观反映山区人口聚集程度。引入地形起伏度、海拔高度因子,选择岷江上游作为研究区,首先运用GIS技术提取地形起伏度,再运用SPSS软件对人口密度与地形起伏度相关性进行分析,确定县域不同地形起伏度与海拔人居适宜标准,剔除阈值以外不适宜人口聚居的面积,对人口密度进行修正。研究结果表明:1岷江上游人口分布受地形起伏度的影响显著,二者的对数曲线拟合度为0.89,汶川县、茂县、理县、黑水县与松潘县地形起伏度与人口分布的相关性分别为:0.841、0.773、0.643、0.696和0.730;2应用地形起伏度对岷江上游人口密度修正,为真实反映山区人口密度提供了新的考量依据,剔除了人口密度空间噪音,5县地形起伏度与海拔适宜标准分别为:汶川3.2°和3 693 m,茂县4°和4 033 m,理县4.3°和3 790 m,黑水4.4°和3 853 m、松潘4.2°和3 966 m;地形起伏度高值区面积越大,修正前后的人口密度偏差越大,地形起伏度较大的理县和黑水县修正后的人口密度分别提高了7.8倍和5.6倍;地形起伏度较低的汶川县与茂县修正后人口密度仅分别提高2.3倍与2.4倍;3岷江上游人口潜在压力大,不同区域应因地制宜,汶川和茂县采取重点集约发展战略,理县和黑水县采取适度开发战略,松潘县应采取恢复与保护生态策略。

基于像元二分模型的淮河上游植被覆盖度遥感研究

在分析国内外植被覆盖度遥感估算方法的基础上,选用NDVI像元二分模型,利用"北京一号"小卫星多光谱数据,结合淮河上游流域实际情况,设计了模型应用的技术路线,对研究区植被覆盖度进行了精确估算。利用目估法和照相法对估算结果进行实地验证和分析。结果表明,模型相关系数达到了0.818,研究区内平均植被覆盖度为58.1%,呈现北部低南部高的γ型空间分布。

祁连山西段党河山区流域气候变化及其对出山径流的影响与预估

依据祁连山西段党河山区气象台站的气温、降水和出山口水文站的径流等观测数据,分析1960-2010年51a来党河出山径流量的变化特征、趋势及其对气候变化的响应.结果表明:近51a来,党河山区气候转暖湿明显,气温上升,降水量增加、冰川消融增加.受山区气候变化影响,出山径流量总体亦呈增长趋势.从径流的补给来源与季节水量变化上讲,与主要受降水影响的河西走廊中、东部的黑河、石羊河水系不同,由于党河河源分布的冰川面积较多、个体较大,冰川融水受气温变化的影响更甚于降水.预计在未来几十年内,山区气候继续受向暖湿转化的影响,党河出山径流量呈持续增长的可能性较大.

黑河流域走廊平原地下水补给源组成及其变化

通过环境同位素、水文分割法和相关分析研究表明,祁连山区降水、冰川雪融水和基岩裂隙水通过出山口地表径流补给构成黑河流域走廊平原地下水主要补给源,具有年际和年内丰枯动态变化规律,与祁连山区降水量和气温的关联度分别为0.97和0.79,与平原张掖站降水量和气温的关联度分别为0.43和0.60。在自然径流条件下,祁连山区降水量变化是改变走廊平原地下水补给的主导因素,约占91%权重;气温变化是重要影响因素,约占9%权重。20世纪80年代以来祁连山区各补给源处于偏丰期。因此,近年来走廊平原地下水补给量相对50年代减少27.1%,人类活动是重要影响因素,急需加强科学调控。

大通河上游16种多年生禾草引种试验研究

为筛选出适宜在青海祁连山大通河上游地区种植的多年生牧草,以丰富人工草地的建植、快速恢复黑土滩退化草地,于2012年引进了适于青藏高原栽培的16种禾本科牧草,采用随机区组试验,对不同品种在该地区的适应性、生产性能及营养价值进行了研究与综合评价。3年的研究结果表明:虉草不能越冬,其余15个牧草品种能安全越冬;青牧1号老芒麦、同德老芒麦、川草2号老芒麦无法完成生育期,其余12个牧草品种能完成生育期。2013-2014年青牧1号老芒麦地上植物量最高,为479.13g/m^2,阿坝披碱草次之。阿坝披碱草种子产量最高,为98.30g/m^2。梭罗草营养价值显著高于其他牧草品种。将高度、地上植物量、地下植物量、草籽产量、粗蛋白含量用模糊数学隶属函数综合评价,结果为:阿坝披碱草、垂穗披碱草、青海扁茎早熟禾、青海草地早熟禾、青海中华羊茅、同德短芒披碱草综合价值高,适宜在青海祁连山区推广种植。

岷江上游山区聚落生态位及其模型

以生态位基本理论为基础,提出了山区聚落生态位的概念,即山区聚落生态位反映聚落在山地垂直方向上所处的空间位置及人类生活所能利用的资源空间。构建了山区聚落生态位宽度计测模型,以岷江上游杂谷脑河段上下孟沟为例,计算了区内12个聚落的生态位宽度。结果表明,在该聚落群的聚落生态位计算中,自然因素占主导地位,经济因素次之,社会因素影响最小;海拔高度为1 900～2 600 m时,山区聚落生态位宽度为0.03～0.11,海拔高度为>2 600～3 100 m时,山区聚落生态位宽度大多分布在0.12～0.13之间,聚落生态位随海拔升高呈增大趋势。山区聚落生态位研究可为揭示山区人地关系以及聚落空间规划提供新的评估方法。

一次淮河流域梅雨锋暴雨的大别山地形敏感性试验

利用NCEP/NCAR提供的TRMM资料、FNL资料和再分析资料,应用WRFV3.2中尺度模式对2011年6月23—24日淮河流域梅雨锋暴雨进行了数值模拟,并通过一系列地形敏感性试验,详细分析了大别山地形对暴雨的影响。结果表明:1)大别山地形会强迫底层西南暖湿气流绕流和抬升,形成扰动并使其所含水汽和不稳定能量沿途释放,形成带状降水;2)大别山地形会使暖湿气流与偏北气流交汇形成带状分布的小槽,降水与气流辐合带方向一致;3)当地形增高时,降水中心位置变化不大,但对流更加剧烈;若使地形降低或消失,江苏淮河流域降水中心明显东移,说明大别山减弱了降水系统的东移,并使大值降水分布相对集中。