Understanding the impact of mountain landscapes on water balance in the upper Heihe River watershed in northwestern China

Estimating the impact of mountain landscape on hydrology or water balance is essential for the sus- tainable development strategies of water resources. Specifically, understanding how the change of each landscape influences hydrological components will greatly improve the predictability of hydrological responses to mountain landscape changes and thus can help the government make sounder decisions. In the paper, we used the VIC （Variable Infiltration Capacity） model to conduct hydrological modeling in the upper Heihe River watershed, along with a frozen-soil module and a glacier melting module to improve the simulation. The improved model performed satisfactorily. We concluded that there are differences in the runoff generation of mountain landscape both in space and time. About 50% of the total runoff at the catchment outlet were generated in mid-mountain zone （2,900-4,000 m asl）, and water was mainly consumed in low mountain region （1,700-2,900 m asl） because of the higher requirements of trees and grasses. The runoff coefficient was 0.37 in the upper Heihe River watershed. Barren landscape produced the largest runoff yields （52.46% of the total runoff） in the upper Heihe River watershed, fol- lowed by grassland （34.15%）, shrub （9.02%）, glacier （3.57%）, and forest （0.49%）. In order to simulate the impact of landscape change on hydrological components, three landscape change scenarios were designed in the study. Scenario 1, 2 and 3 were to convert all shady slope landscapes at 2,000-3,300 m, 2,000-3,700 m, and 2,000-4,000 m asl respectively to forest lands, with forest coverage rate increased to 12.4%, 28.5% and 42.0%, respectively. The runoff at the catchment outlet correspondingly declined by 3.5%, 13.1% and 24.2% under the three scenarios. The forest landscape is very important in water conservation as it reduced the flood peak and increased the base flow. The mountains as ＂water towers＂ play important roles in water resources generation and the impact of mountain landscapes on hydrology is significant.

Development of Web Mapping Application for Spatial Ecotourism Information Using QGIS Plugin and Freely Available Web Platforms in North West Highlands of Ethiopia a Case Study: Chokie Mountain Watersheds

Ecotourism is a sustainable, green and smokeless industry of the society by providing alternative source to the livelihood and local community, in order to re-naturalize the environment to bring the man closer to the natural environment. The use of web application has changed the way tourists gather information about tourist attraction spots of the research area. The aim of the study is to assess and identify ecotourism attraction sites of Chokie Mountain watersheds for touristic activities to develop a web-based GIS mapping portal for the improvement of nature-based ecotourism activities. The web-based GIS portal for Web Mapping Application is available for the user with the skills necessary to create standard web mapping services. We have implemented web mapping services based on formal cartographic visualization rules in the open source QGIS software and threejs JavaScript plugin. Threejs plugin is used for 3D visualization, interaction and export terrain data, map canvas image and vector data to HTML page and JS. The result of web-based GIS portal supports spatial and non-spatial database of tourist attraction and tourist service data with attractive user interface.

Content, Density, Illuviation Mode and Depth of CaCO₃in Soils of Semiarid-Arid Qilian Mountains—An Altitude Sequence Study of the Hulugou Watershed

The parental material of soils in the Qilian Mountains of northwest China is mainly aeolian loess containing CaCO3 which may remain in soils under the semiarid-arid climate. To disclose the CaCO3 characteristics change with the altitude and the terrain attributes, we surveyed 18 soil profiles in an altitude sequence from 3076 m to 4510 m in the Hulugou Watershed in the Qilian Mountains, measured CaCO3 contents of all genetic horizon samples, analyzed the densities, illuviation modes and depths of CaCO3 in the profiles, extracted values of the terrain attributes of the profiles including altitude slope, aspect, plane curvature, profile curvature and terrain wetness index (TWI) from the 90 m resolution SRTM3 DEM data on ArcGIS 9.3 platform. We found that CaCO3 weighted content of the profiles ranged from 1.30 g·kg-1 to 93.09 g·kg-1, CaCO3 density from 0.05 kg/m2 to 75.69 kg/m2, CaCO3 illuviation depth from 12 cm to 54 cm. CaCO3 illuviation modes could be divided into three types, i.e., no illuviation mode in which the profile has only A horizon or CaCO3 content -1, middle illuviation mode in which CaCO3 accumulated in a middle horizon, and down illuviation mode in which CaCO3 content increases with the depth. CaCO3 weighted content, density and illuviation depth had significant correlation with certain terrain attributes. In general, the altitude sequence is an effective way to study CaCO3 characteristics in the alpine region, and the data of terrain attributes which can influence the precipitation and its redistribution in soil are potential in predicting soil CaCO3 characteristics in the alpine region.

Estimation of evaporation losses based on stable isotopes of stream water in a mountain watershed

Water stable isotopes(δ^(2) H andδ^(18)O)can record surface water evaporation,which is an important hydrological process for understanding watershed structure and function evolution.However,the isotopic estimation of water evaporation losses in the mountain watersheds remains poorly explored,which hinders understanding spatial variations of hydrological processes and their relationships with the temperature and vegetation.Here we investigatedδ^(2) H,δ^(18)O,and d-excess values of stream water along an altitude gradient of 2130 to 3380 m in Guan’egou mountain watershed at the east edge of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau in China.The meanδ^(2) H(-69.6‰±2.6‰),δ^(18)O(-10.7‰±0.3‰),and dexcess values(16.0‰±1.4‰)of stream water indicate the inland moisture as the major source of precipitation in study area.Water stable isotopes increase linearly with decreasing altitudes,based on which we estimated the fractions of water evaporation losses along with the altitude and their variations in different vegetations.This study provides an isotopic evaluation method of water evaporation status in mountain watersheds,the results are useful for further understanding the relationship between hydrological processes and ecosystem function under the changing climate surrounding the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.

Effects of Erosion Control Measures on Mountain Floods： A Case Study of the Censhui River South Branch Watershed

To investigate the effects of various erosion control measures on mountain floods, a case study was conducted in Censhui River South Branch Watershed using scenario analysis and soil conservation service （SCS） methods. A distributed hydrological model was developed, and watershed parameters were determined based on satellite imagery, digital terrain models, digital maps and field investigations. Two types of erosion control measures were investigated： the variation of vegetation covers and the change of cultivation techniques. Seven scenarios were considered for the test watershed. The results show： （1） while the de-vegetation results in the increase of peak discharge, the improve of vegetation covers decreases peak discharge at watershed scale; （2） by both improving vegetation cover and enhancing terrace-cultivation technology, the peak discharge is reduced and the peak flow arrival time is delayed; （3） attention should be attached to both early warning system and measures changing the underlying surface and conveyance systems.

Variations of Runoff and Soil Erosion in Agroforestry Watersheds in Funiu Mountains

Based on GIS technology and AnnAGNPS model,the outputs of runoff and soil erosion in different periods of seven typical agroforestry watersheds in Funiu Mountains were studied.The results showed that after the implementation of the project of returning farmland to forests and ecological industrialization in the study watersheds in the Funiu Mountains,the function of soil and water conservation has been continuously enhanced.Compared with 2000,in 2020,the average surface runoff of the seven watersheds decreased by 40.7 mm,and the soil erosion amount decreased by 5.41 t/hm;the watershed runoff had a significant positive correlation with slope (P < 0.05),a significant negative correlation with forest land area ratio (P < 0.05),but no significant correlation with agricultural land ratio;soil erosion was negatively correlated with forest land (P < 0.05),but positively correlated with farmland (P < 0.05);and the average spatial variation coefficient of soil erosion was 160%,which was 4.35 times that of runoff,and the uncertainty of factors affecting soil erosion was much higher than that of runoff.

Snowmelt modeling using two melt-rate models in the Urumqi River watershed, Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, China

In this paper,the performance of the classic snowmelt runoff model(SRM)is evaluated in a daily discharge simulation with two different melt models,the empirical temperature-index melt model and the energy-based radiation melt model,through a case study from the data-sparse mountainous watershed of the Urumqi River basin in Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region of China.The classic SRM,which uses the empirical temperature-index method,and a radiation-based SRM,incorporating shortwave solar radiation and snow albedo,were developed to simulate daily runoff for the spring and summer snowmelt seasons from 2005 to 2012,respectively.Daily meteorological and hydrological data were collected from three stations located in the watershed.Snow cover area(SCA)was extracted from satellite images.Solar radiation inputs were estimated based on a digital elevation model(DEM).The results showed that the overall accuracy of the classic SRM and radiation-based SRM for simulating snowmeltdischarge was relatively high.The classic SRM outperformed the radiation-based SRM due to the robust performance of the temperature-index model in the watershed snowmelt computation.No significant improvement was achieved by employing solar radiation and snow albedo in the snowmelt runoff simulation due to the inclusion of solar radiation as a temperature-dependent energy source and the local pattern of snowmelt behavior throughout the melting season.Our results suggest that the classic SRM simulates daily runoff with favorable accuracy and that the performance of the radiation-based SRM needs to be further improved by more ground-measured data for snowmelt energy input.

Characteristics of soil quality attributes under different agroecosystems and its implications for agriculture in the Choke Mountain watershed in Ethiopia

Awareness of how soil properties vary over agroecosystems(AES) is essential for understanding soil potentials and improving site-specific agricultural management strategies for a sustainable ecosystem. This study examined the characteristics of soil quality attributes and implications for agriculture in the Choke Mountain watershed in Ethiopia. Forty-seven composite soil samples(0–20 cm deep) were collected from lowland and valley fragmented(AES 1),midland plain with black soil(AES 2), midland plain with brown soil(AES 3),sloppy midland land(AES 4), and hilly and mountainous highlands(AES 5).Ten of 15 soil quality properties were significant(P < 0.05 or 0.01), including silt, exchangeable bases, cation exchange capacity, percent base saturation,p H, organic matter, total nitrogen and available phosphorous(P) across the five AES. However, all properties were variable with coefficients of variation from 7%(total porosity) to 169%(available P) across the AES. Although AES 2and 3 are affected by waterlogging and acidity, these two have better prospects for agriculture, but AES 1, 4, and 5 are unsuitable for agriculture because of soil erosion. Therefore, appropriate and applicable soil management strategies, particularly lime application and organic fertilizer, are fundamental to reversing soil acidity and improving soil fertility.

A model for simulating the response of runoff from the mountainous watersheds of inland river basins in the arid area of northwest China to climatic changes

A model for simulating the response of monthly runoff from the mountainous watersheds to climatic changes is developed. The model is based on the modifications to the HBV runoff model, and therefore represents the characteristics and runoff generation processes of inland river basins in the arid area of northwest China. Taking the mountainous watershed of an inland river, the Heihe River originating from the Qilian Mountains and running through the Hexi Corridor as an example, the monthly runoff changes under different climate scenarios are simulated. The simulation indicates that, during the years from 1994 to 2030, if the annual mean air temperature increases by 0.5℃ , and precipitation keeps unchanged, then the runoff of May and October will increase because of the increase of the snow melt runoff, but the runoff of July and August will decrease to some extent because of the increase of evaporation, and as a result, the annual runoff will decrease by 4 % . If the precipitation still keeps unchanged, and the air temperature increases by 1.0℃ , in addition to the increase of runoff of May and June, the runoff of July and August will decrease in a larger amount, making the annual runoff decrease by 7.11 % . If the air temperature keeps unchanged, the increase of annual precipitation by 10% will cause the increase of runoff by 5 .27% ; while the increase of precipitation by 20% will cause the increase of runoff by 12.35% . When the air temperature increases by 0.5℃ and the precipitation increases by 10% , the runoff will increase only by 1.62% .

Evaluation of the SMOS and SMAP soil moisture products under different vegetation types against two sparse in situ networks over arid mountainous watersheds, Northwest China

Assessment of the suitability of satellite soil moisture products at large scales is urgently needed for numerous climatic and hydrological researches, particularly in arid mountainous watersheds where soil moisture plays a key role in landatmosphere exchanges. This study presents evaluation of the SMOS(L2) and SMAP(L2_P_E and L2_P) products against ground-based observations from the Upstream of the Heihe River Watershed in situ Soil Moisture Network(UHRWSMN) and the Ecological and Hydrological Wireless Sensor Network(EHWSN) over arid high mountainous watersheds, Northwest China.Results show that all the three products are reliable in catching the temporal trend of the in situ observations at both point and watershed scales in the study area. Due to the uncertainty in brightness temperature and the underestimation of effective temperature, the SMOS L2 product and both the SMAP L2 products show "dry bias" in the high, cold mountainous area. Because of the more accurate brightness temperature observations viewing at a constant angle and more suitable estimations of single scattering albedo and optical depth, both the SMAP L2 products performed significantly better than the SMOS product.Moreover, comparing with station density of in situ network, station representation is much more important in the evaluation of the satellite soil moisture products. Based on our analysis, we propose the following suggestions for improvement of the SMOS and SMAP product suitability in the mountainous areas: further optimization of effective temperature; revision of the retrieval algorithm of the SMOS mission to reduce the topographic impacts; and, careful selection of in situ observation stations for better representation of in situ network in future evaluations. All these improvements would lead to better applicability of the SMOS and SMAP products for soil moisture estimation to the high elevation and topographically complex mountainous areas in arid regions.

Hybrid global gridded snow products and conceptual simulations of distributed snow budget:evaluation of different scenarios in a mountainous watershed

Considering snowmelt in mountainous areas as the important source of streamflow,the snow accumulation/melting processes are vital for accurate simulation of the hydrological regimes.The lack of snow-related data and its uncertainties/conceptual ambiguity in snowpack modeling are the different challenges of developing hydroclimatological models.To tackle these challenges,Global Gridded Snow Products(GGSPs)are introduced,which effectively simplify the identification of the spatial characteristics of snow hydrological variables.This research aims to investigate the performance of multisource GGSPs using multi-stage calibration strategies in hydrological modeling.The used GGSPs were Snow-Covered Area(SCA)and Snow Water Equivalent(SWE),implemented individually or jointly to calibrate an appropriate water balance model.The study area was a mountainous watershed located in Western Iran with a considerable contribution of snowmelt to the generated streamflow.The results showed that using GGSPs as complementary information in the calibration process,besides streamflow time series,could improve the modeling accuracy compared to the conventional calibration,which is only based on streamflow data.The SCA with NSE,KGE,and RMSE values varying within the ranges of 0.47–0.57,0.54–0.65,and 4–6.88,respectively,outperformed the SWE with the corresponding metrics of 0.36–0.59,0.47–0.60,and 5.22–7.46,respectively,in simulating the total streamflow of the watershed.In addition to the superiority of the SCA over SWE,the twostage calibration strategy reduced the number of optimized parameters in each stage and the dependency of internal processes on the streamflow and improved the accuracy of the results compared with the conventional calibration strategy.On the other hand,the consistent contribution of snowmelt to the total generated streamflow(ranging from 0.9 to 1.47)and the ratio of snow melting to snowfall(ranging from 0.925 to 1.041)in different calibration strategies and models resulted in a reliable simulation of the model.

基于机器学习降雨动态时空特征识别山丘区小流域洪水预报方法研究

山丘区洪水产汇流速度快,破坏力强,预报难度大。如何进一步提高山丘区洪水预报的准确性和预见期,是当前亟待解决的主要问题。针对该问题,本文基于机器学习技术,创新性地提出了一种洪水预报的新方法。该方法通过识别与当前降雨动态时空特征最相似的历史降雨洪水过程,“借古喻今”进行洪水预报。结果表明,在人为影响小、流域面积在600 km^(2)左右的山丘区小流域,该方法预报洪峰流量平均误差为8.33%,洪量平均误差为14.27%,峰现时间平均误差1 h,均达到了洪水预报精度要求。区别于传统的洪水预报方法,该方法从整场降雨发展趋势的角度上预报山洪,更有针对性,为山丘区小流域洪水预报提供了新思路,为“三道防线”数据深度挖掘,防洪“四预”智能化水平提升提供有力技术支撑。

山区撂荒地高质量复种与小流域绿色低碳农业发展对策研究--以福建省为例

大力推进高标准农田建设,扎实开展撂荒地整治,切实提升粮食安全与食物供应保障能力,是新时期促进人与自然和谐共生农业现代化建设的重要命题。文章以福建省山区农村为调研区域,以山区撂荒地高质量复种与小流域绿色开发体系优化构建为切入点,深入分析了造成山区农村耕地撂荒的主要原因,系统总结并介绍了福建省撂荒地治理与高质量复种的主要模式及实施成效,结合福建乡村产业生态化与生态产业化融合发展实际,因地制宜提出了山区小流域绿色开发体系优化构建思路及其发展对策,为山区小流域绿色农业高质量开发提供参考与借鉴。

基于AHP-EWM的流域山洪风险综合评价研究

为合理评估并量化小流域山洪灾害风险,结合小流域山洪特点,从危险性、脆弱性和防灾减灾3个方面构建小流域山洪风险评价指标体系。采用层次分析法(AHP)、熵权法(EWM)分别确定指标的主、客观权重,结合博弈集结模型确定指标综合权重,最后基于幂指数法得到小流域山洪风险综合评价值,从而确定综合风险等级。以湖北省随州市柳林镇8·12山洪为例开展小流域山洪风险评价,最终得出其综合评价值为0.634 9,为较高风险,与柳林镇实际情况一致。该研究结果可为小流域山洪灾害预防提供理论指导,为灾害的应急救援提供决策支持。

极端降雨与强人类活动复合作用下山洪灾害研究构想和成果展望

全球气候变暖导致山丘区极端降雨事件多发,降雨强度与量级不断突破区域历史极值,同时叠加区域脆弱环境和强人类活动影响,致使山洪形成及演进致灾成因复杂多变,由此加重了暴雨山洪引发的人员伤亡和财产损失。山洪灾害具有显著的自然和社会双重属性,其形成发展是山丘区环境孕灾承灾因子复合作用的结果。中国山丘区局地气候独特,地质地貌类型众多,溪河水系复杂,人类活动影响突出。大量重大山洪灾害事件表明,极端降雨诱发的山洪过程及致灾特征各异,给山洪灾害预报预警防御造成极大困扰,山洪灾害研究仍是当前重大自然灾害防控的重点和难点。长期以来,中国山洪灾害研究多偏重于雨水情时空变化规律,着重研究降雨影响的山洪洪水淹没特征,据此推算山洪灾害防治区的临界雨量与水位阈值,在山洪灾害防治实践应用中取得了较为显著的成效,山洪灾害事件导致的人员伤亡数总体显著下降。然而,受山丘区降雨特征、下垫面组成、溪河形态及人类活动等多因素影响,山洪洪水形成演进时挟带大量泥沙,从而表现为山洪水沙、山洪泥石流等物理过程,导致的局地冲毁、淤埋、淹没等致灾成因及阈值与山洪洪水致灾也存在本质差异,这也是近年来中国重大山洪灾害事件多发的主要原因。针对极端降雨诱发多类型山洪形成演进与强人类活动复合作用致灾防御难题,亟需利用气象学、水文学及河流动力学等多学科知识,采用现场调查、物理试验、数值模拟及理论分析相结合的方法,从传统单一的山洪洪水灾害研究扩展为全类型山洪灾害(山洪洪水灾害、山洪水沙灾害、山洪泥石流灾害)研究,开展全类型山洪引发的冲毁—淤埋—淹没等复合致灾研究,系统探究中国重灾省区重大山洪灾害事件的强降水时空演变规律,剖析极端降雨与强人类活动复合作用下多类型山洪形成及其演进致灾范围、规模特征,揭示气象水文溪河响应与强人类活动影响的不同类型山洪灾害致灾成因,建立气象水文水沙动力过程模拟方法,辨识山丘区流域全类型山洪冲毁—淤埋—淹没风险,提出不同类型山洪灾害易发区识别方法,构建山洪洪水灾害、山洪水沙灾害及山洪泥石流灾害分区分级多指标预警防御方法。该研究有利于提升中国山洪灾害理论技术研究水平,进一步完善中国山洪灾害防治对策。

山水林田湖草沙系统治理与水土保持高质量发展

[目的]中国水土流失治理已由“全面治理,重点治理”迈向“系统治理,攻坚克难”的新阶段。分析山水林田湖草沙系统治理的内涵、准则及其与水土保持的关系,旨在丰富新时代水土保持理论体系,引领水土保持高质量发展。[方法]在长期理论探索和实践验证的基础上,梳理山水林田湖草沙系统治理理念的发展过程,阐明其内涵、目标与实践准则。[结果]水土流失长期治理实践总结提升形成的以小流域为单元的综合治理技术路线是山水林田湖草沙生命共同体系统思想最朴素的实践体现。小流域综合治理的系统性主要体现为治理对象的系统协调,总体布局的系统统筹,治理措施的系统考量,治理成效的多效益兼顾,实施和管理的多部门协同和多主体参与的共治共享6个方面。水土保持高质量发展实践需要遵循的基于系统治理理念的具体举措包括:利用系统思维理解水土保持高质量发展的内涵和要求,精准诊断山水林田湖草沙系统短板及其控制性要素,构建山水林田湖草沙多层次全方位立体化防控体系,构筑完备的水土保持管理与技术保障体系。[结论]在新的历史时期,应该完整准确理解并全面贯彻落实山水林田湖草沙系统治理的理念,探索整体提升水土保持学术研究水平和治理效能的新路径、新模式、新机制。同时应结合区域或流域实际,对农田、水利、牧业、林业及生产建设活动进行全面综合系统的规划和治理,推动水土保持高质量发展。

基于雷达估测降雨及WRF-Hydro模型的典型山洪模拟研究

受复杂地形与基础气象水文资料缺乏限制,山区小尺度流域的水文预警预报技术较为薄弱,利用高分辨率雷达观测资料驱动分布式水文模型是提高山区小流域洪水预报性能的有效途径之一。本文以位于重庆中部的山区小流域二河流域为研究区域,开展基于雷达估测降雨数据的WRF-Hydro模型在山区小流域的山洪模拟研究,以评估雷达估测降雨的水文应用效果和WRF-Hydro模型在山区小流域的适用性。选取流域内典型的暴雨洪水过程,利用S波段的多普勒天气雷达的估测降雨数据驱动WRF-Hydro模型,并结合新安江模型进一步对比分析模拟效果。研究结果表明:(1)在二河流域,采用雷达估测降雨数据驱动WRF-Hydro模型,可以较好地模拟洪水过程、洪水流量以及峰现时间,纳什效率系数高于0.65,克林-古普塔效率系数高于0.50,相关系数高于0.85。(2)将WRF-Hydro模型与新安江模型进行比较分析,在二河流域,WRF-Hydro模型的模拟效果优于新安江模型,纳什系数差值0.03,相关系数差值为0.04,进一步表明WRF-Hydro模型在山区小流域较优的洪水模拟性能。总体而言,基于雷达估测降雨数据的WRF-Hydro模型在二河流域表现出了良好的模拟洪水的性能,可进一步在类似小尺度山区流域进行应用研究。

基于WRF模式的好溪流域致洪暴雨千米尺度预报研究

鉴于好溪流域内多山地和丘陵,梅汛期和台汛期常突发强暴雨,致使其千米尺度下的数值预报难度较大的问题,选取好溪流域2015~2020年的10场致洪暴雨事件,利用中尺度数值天气预报模式WRF和GFS预报数据进行6、30、54 h的回顾性预报,并测试了5种云微物理参数化方案的敏感性。结果表明,在千米尺度下,WRF模式模拟的降雨量偏小,对山区的预报效果优于河谷地区;Lin方案的整体预报效果最佳,而WSM3方案最差;选取的10场极端降水事件受到台风和西南低空急流等异常天气的影响,Lin方案和WSM5方案适用性较好;WRF模式对暴雨的预报效果优于大暴雨。研究结果对于提高山区小流域致洪降雨的模拟和预报精度具有借鉴意义。

山丘区小流域SCS广义单位线产汇流模型

以山丘区小流域洪水预报为研究对象,耦合改进后的美国农业部水土保持局(Soil Conservation Service,SCS)产流模型与广义单位线汇流模型,模型参数意义明确、容易确定。选取东江流域西枝江水系上游九洲水文站以上集水区域场次洪水资料,将SCS广义单位线模型与三水源新安江模型进行次洪模拟应用对比。结果表明:SCS广义单位线模型和新安江模型在研究流域场次洪水模拟中均具有适用性,洪峰、洪量及过程线均满足许可误差要求,两个模型的合格率分别为69%和77%,整体上新安江模型的模拟精度更优。新提出的SCS广义单位线模型结构简单,参数易于确定,能够提供可接受精度的模型结果,为山丘区小流域洪水预报提供新的模型选择,同时也能为广义单位线参数区域化规律研究提供支撑。

“自然-人文”融合视角下的西南山区小流域划分与整合

【目的】采用“自然-人文”融合的视角,结合人文要素界定小流域划分阈值,强化小流域划分研究的人文特征,为以小流域为基本单元的山区开展国土空间开发和社会经济建设提供区划方案支持。【方法】根据小流域自然水文过程和人文属性因素,利用流域面积法结合均值变点法及边界重叠度概念,以我国西南山区为例,对研究区内6个流域试验区进行小流域划分阈值测算,在得到最佳阈值的基础上,对西南山区以小流域为单元进行划分,并整合划分结果,分析、整合结果的数量与空间特征,提出一种山区小流域划分的融合方法。【结果】①西南山区小流域划分的最佳阈值为30.00 km^(2);②西南山区小流域数量为16075个,面积范围为25.07~431.82 km^(2);③从面积来看,小于50.00 km^(2)的小流域为8702个,占比54.13%,介于50.00~100.00 km^(2)的小流域为5358个,占比33.33%,大于100.00 km^(2)的小流域为2015个,占比12.53%,基本符合当前水利部要求。【结论】通过西南山区实测验证,本研究提出的山区小流域划分与整合方法在结果上能体现小流域的自然与人文属性特征,较好符合当前山区组织单元管理的需要,可为山区小流域区划提供方法借鉴。