Intraductal papillary mucinous carcinoma with atypical manifestations:Report of two cases

Intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms （IPMNs） are a well-characterized group of rnucin-producing cystic neoplasms of the clear malignant potential type. We report here two cases of intraductal papillary mucinous carcinoma （IPMC） with atypical manifestations. In one case, we discussed a pseudomyxoma peritonei caused by a ruptured IPMC. In the other case we discussed the fistulization of IPMC into the stomach and duodenum. These two cases suggest that IPMN can either spontaneously rupture causing mucinous materials to spill into the free abdominal cavity or directly invade adjacent organs resulting in fistula development.

Value of high-frequency ultrasonography with virtual touch tissue quantification in diagnosis of breast pure mucinous carcinomas

Objective The aim of our study was to analyze the characters of breast pure mucinous carcinomas on highfrequency ultrasonography with virtual touch tissue quantification (VTQ).

Management about intravesical histological transformation of prostatic mucinous carcinoma after radical prostatectomy:A case report

BACKGROUND Prostatic mucinous carcinoma(MC)and prostatic signet ring cell carcinoma are two variants of prostate cancer.MC has a higher overall survival time among all variants,while signet ring cell carcinoma is associated with lower survival time relative to other carcinomas.Only a small proportion of prostatic MC may contain signet ring cells.Over the last several decades there were only 12 patients that were documented in two studies.CASE SUMMARY We report on a 64-year-old man who was diagnosed with prostatic MC after he received a robotic-assisted laparoscopic radical prostatectomy in the West China Hospital.After robotic-assisted laparoscopic radical prostatectomy,the patient underwent three successive transurethral resections of bladder tumors.Pathological examination of the first transurethral resection of bladder tumors specimen indicated that the neoplasm was prostatic MC that had metastasized to the urinary bladder.The subsequent two transurethral resections of bladder tumors indicated the presence of prostatic mucinous carcinoma with signet ring cells.CONCLUSION This case report aimed to share the management experience,raise awareness,and highlight the importance of multidisciplinary cooperation of prostatic mucinous carcinoma with signet ring cells.

Grape Skin Polyphenols （GSPs） Inhibit the Migration of Mouse Mammary Carcinoma 4T1 Cells in Vitro

OBJECTIVE 1） To study the efficacy of GSPs on the migration of highly metastatic mammary carcinoma cells and 2） To investigate inhibition mechanisms.METHODS Cell migration was assessed using a 24-well transwell assay. Cells with different concentrations of GSPs were suspended （5×105 cell/mL） in RPMI 1640 media in the upper chamber, and RPMI 1640 media with 10% FBS was supplemented in the lower chamber. Then, cells were allowed to migrate for 24 h.RESULTS GSPs inhibited the migration of 4T1 cells in a dosedependent manner. The migration of 4T1 cells was obviously inhibited by GSPs, even at a very low concentration （5 μg/mL）,and was totally inhibited when the concentration was 20 μg/mL.Also, 20 μg/mL of GSPs inhibited cell viability by only 11.4% and induced early apoptosis by only 5.6% compared with a percentage of 4.0% in control cells. GSPs suppressed the activation of PDK1,Akt and Erk1/2 in a dose-dependent manner.CONCLUSION GSPs significantly inhibit the migration of highly metastatic mammary carcinoma 4T1 cells in vitro. This inhibition is independent of decreased cell viability or apoptosis induction. The inhibition of migration by GSPs is involved in blocking the PI3k/Akt and MAPK pathways.

Giant cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma of the popliteal fossa skin:A case report

BACKGROUND Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma(cSCC)is a common malignant hyperplasia of the skin epithelium.However,cSCC progressing to giant squamous cell carcinoma of the popliteal fossa skin has not been reported.We used full-thickness skin graft from the lower left quadrant of the abdomen to reconstruct the popliteal fossa skin defect in our patient.CASE SUMMARY A 64-year-old woman presented with a 3-year history of a progressively enlarged integumentary tumor located on her left popliteal fossa,which was surgically treated.The resultant defect(15 cm×25 cm)was repaired using full-thickness skin graft from the lower left quadrant of the abdomen.CONCLUSION Full-thickness skin graft is a good choice to repair popliteal fossa defect.

Mucinous Carcinoma of the Scrotum about a Case in Yaounde

Aim: This paper aims to report the second case of mucinous carcinoma of the scrotum revealed by scrotal fistulas listed in the literature and highlight the difficulties in the search and difficulties encountered in the management of urogenital cancers in developing countries. Case presentation: This was a 62-year-old patient who had consulted for fistulized lesions of the scrotum associated with urinary disorders. Physical examination found budding lesions in the scrotum from which mucus was leaking. The diagnostic assessment carried out consisted of a biopsy sample of the scrotal lesions, a blood analysis and medical imaging, which led to the diagnosis. The mutilating nature of the surgery proposed to the patient after multidisciplinary consultation meeting and the expensive cost of chemotherapy drugs constituted the limits of the patient’s therapeutic management. Conclusion: Mucinous carcinoma of the scrotum is rare and primary lesion should always be sought. The presence of budding lesions of the scrotum with discharge of mucus should suggest the diagnosis.

Primary mucinous carcinoma of the thyroid: case report and review of the literature

Primary mucinous carcinoma of the thyroid gland which is more difficult to diagnose than common thyroid cancer is an extremely rare disease.It is a malignant tumor that can secrete mucus.A 45-year-old Chinese man came to seek medical care because he found a lump in his right side.Tomography showed that there was a space-occupying lesion on the right thyroid gland which compressed the tracheal.After the operation of total thyroidectomy and lymph node dissection in the right central area,the pathological examination showed that tumor cells existed,showing a small nest-like and cribriform distribution characteristics.There were broad fibrous tissues,a large amount of mucus around the tumur cell that had no obvious amyloid deposition.The tumor cells were positive for thyroid transcription factor-1 and paired box gene-8,while they were focally positive for thyroglobulin.Considering the histological features and immunohistochemical profile and ruling out mucinous cancers originating from other organs.The patient was diagnosed with primary mucinous carcinoma of the thyroid gland.This patient is still alive at present.Prognosis of primary mucinous carcinoma of the thyroid gland is usually poor.The best way to improve the prognosis of these patients maybe to do surgery of complete tumor+lymph node resection as soon as possible.

Squamous cell carcinoma of the skin: Emerging need for novel biomarkers

The incidence of non-melanoma skin cancers(NMSC)is rising worldwide resulting in demand for clinically useful prognostic biomarkers for these malignant tumors,especially for invasive and metastatic cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma(cSCC).Important risk factors for the development and progression of cSCC include ultraviolet radiation,chronic skin ulcers and immunosuppression.Due to the role of cumulative long-term sun exposure,cSCC is usually a disease of the elderly,but the incidence is also growing in younger individuals due to increased recreational exposure to sunlight.Although clinical diagnosis of cSCC is usually easy and treatment with surgical excision curable,it is responsible for the majority of NMSC related deaths.Clinicians treating skin cancer patients are aware that certain cSCCs grow rapidly and metastasize,but the underlying molecular mechanisms responsible for the aggressive progression of a subpopulation of cSCCs remain incompletely understood.Recently,new molecular markers for progresprogression of cSCC have been identified.

Pure Mucinous Carcinoma of the Breast:a Clinicopathologic Analysis with 56 Patients

Objective To assess recent trends and prognostic features in the treatment of pure mucinous carcinoma(PMC) of the breast.Methods Fifty-six patients diagnosed with PMC of the breast in our hospital from December 1982 to June 2008 were included.We evaluated the general information and tumor characteristics of the patients,examined the relationship between these factors and prognosis.Fisher's exact test was applied to analyze tumor characteristics.Results The mean age of the patients was 53.7 years.The majority of the patients presented with early stage disease.Tumor size was found not a significant prognostic factor in this study.Mean follow-up period was 39 months and no breast cancer-related deaths were identified in the patient cohort.Conclusions PMC of the breast has a favorable prognosis.Tumor size does not appear to significantly impact survival.

Multikinase inhibitor-associated hand-foot skin reaction as a predictor of outcomes in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma treated with sorafenib

AIM To investigate the relationship between the onsets of multikinase inhibitor(MKI)-associated hand-foot skin reaction(HFSR) and prognosis under intervention by pharmacists after the introduction of sorafenib.METHODS We conducted a retrospective study involving 40 patients treated with sorafenib. Intervention by pharmacists began at the time of treatment introduction and continued until the appearance of symptomatic exacerbation or non-permissible adverse reactions. We examined the relationship between MKI-associated HFSR and overall survival(OS) after the initiation of treatment.RESULTS The median OS was 10.9 mo in the MKI-associated HFSR group and 3.4 mo in the no HFSR group, showing a significant difference in multivariate analysis. A multivariate analysis of the time to treatment failure indicated that the intervention by pharmacists and MKI-associated HFSR were significant factors. The median cumulative dose and the mean medication possession ratio were significantly higher in the intervention group than in the non-intervention group. A borderline significant difference was observed in terms of OS in this group.CONCLUSION Intervention by pharmacists increased drug adherence. Under increased adherence, MKI-associated HFSR was an advantageous surrogate marker. Intervention by healthcare providers needs to be performed for adequate sorafenib treatment.

Peroxidative Activity in Patients with Skin Basal Cell Carcinoma

Oxidative status assessment is an initial step in tumor related studies. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study considering oxidative activity of both serum and tissue specimens in human basal cell carcinoma (BCC), which is the most common tumor in the world. Concentration of Malondialdehide (MDA) in human basal cell carcinoma (BCC) and individually matched normal skin tissue were examined with spectrophotometery method. Fresh normal and cancerous skin paired tissue was obtained from 60 patients who underwent curative BCC resection at one center in Tehran (Razi hospital). Serum Concentration of Malondialdehide (MDA) in these patients and 55 normal subjects were also measured. MDA level in cancerous tissue of patients with skin BCC (1.0 ± 0.14 ng/g) was significantly (p = 0.001) higher than normal neighboring skin tissue (0.3 ± 0.07 ng/g). A remarkable (Not significant, P = 0.18) increase was found in the serum MDA level in patients with skin BCC (8.0 ± 2.3 ng/ml) in comparison with the control subjects (7.3 ± 2.9 ng/ml). A significant positive correlation (r = 0.276, p = 0.03) was found between Serum MDA and skin tissue MDA for non-affected skin tissue (normal neighboring skin), whereas no significant correlation (p > 0.05) was found for cancerous tissue. Cut-point of 5.2 ng/ml of serum MDA concentration showed a screening sensitivity of 95%. There is an active oxidative process in BCC lesions. Serum MDA concentration can be used either as a screening test or a predictor for tissue MDA concentration.

Pembrolizumab combined with axitinib in the treatment of skin metastasis of renal clear cell carcinoma to nasal ala:A case report

BACKGROUND Renal clear cell carcinoma(RCC)is a malignant tumor of the genitourinary system with a predilection for males.The most common metastatic sites are the lung,liver,lymph nodes,contralateral kidney or adrenal gland,however,skin metastasis has only been seen in 1.0%-3.3%of cases.The most common site of skin metastasis is the scalp,and metastasis to the nasal ala region is rare.CASE SUMMARY A 55-year-old man with clear cell carcinoma of the left kidney was treated with pembrolizumab and axitinib for half a year after surgery and was found to have a red mass on his right nasal ala for 3 mo.The skin lesion of the patient grew rapidly to the size of 2.0 cm×2.0 cm×1.2 cm after discontinuation of targeted drug therapy due to the coronavirus disease 2019 epidemic.The patient was finally diagnosed with skin metastasis of RCC in our hospital.The patient refused to undergo surgical resection and the tumor shrank rapidly after resuming target therapy for 2 wk.CONCLUSION It is rare for an RCC to metastasize to the skin of the nasal ala region.The tumor size change of this patient before and after treatment with targeted drugs shows the effectiveness of combination therapy for skin metastasis.

Mucinous Carcinoma of the Breast Accompanied by Coarse Calcification

Mucinous carcinoma of the breast has histologically distinct features and constitutes 1-3% of all breast cancers. It produces variable amounts of extracellular epithelial mucin and clinically its prognosis is far better than for other types of invasive carcinoma. On the other hand, coarse calcification is a common mammographic feature of benign tumors. There have been few reported cases of breast cancer containing coarse calcification. We present a unique 40 year-old female case of mucinous carcinoma of the breast accompanied by coarse calcification on mammography, which was mimicking fibroadenoma and an unusual variant of breast cancer. This case illustrates the importance of bearing in mind that mucinous carcinoma may demonstrate coarse calcification.

Meis1 Is Required for c-Met Inhibition to Suppress Cell Proliferation of Skin Squamous Cell Carcinoma Cells

Previous studies have shown that Meis1 plays an important role in the pathogenesis of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). Meis1 belongs to the TALE family, the members of which are used as biomarkers for AML. Meis1 has been shown to play a functional role in epithelial tissues, such as skin. However, its functions in skin carcinogenesis remain poorly understood. On the other hand, the c-Met inhibitor SU11274 has been identified through drug screening with HOXA9/Meis1-induced AML cell lines. SU11274 altered cell proliferation and the cell cycle status in human AML cell lines. Thus, we hypothesized that the effects of SU11274 are dependent on Meis1 and that its knockdown may diminish the effects of SU11274 not only in AML cell lines, but also in skin cancer cell lines. In order to test our hypothesis, we established Meis1 knockdown cell lines using two skin squamous cell carcinoma cell lines (B9 and D3) and treated these cell lines with SU11274. The results obtained showed that SU11274 suppressed cell proliferation by modulating cell cycle progression in the presence of Meis1, but not in its absence. Furthermore, an expression analysis showed that SU11274 activated the transcription of Meis1, which led to the transcription of Hif1α and Cdkn2a (p16Ink4a and p19Arf). These results suggest that Meis1 is required for the c-Met inhibitor SU11274 to suppress the proliferation of the skin squamous cell carcinoma cell lines.

Scrotal Skin Metastases of Renal Cell Carcinoma: A Case Report

Cutaneous metastasis from renal cell carcinoma is believed to be rare. We present a 66-year-old man operated for kidney cancer 20 years ago and has consulted for a scrotal lesion that had started 20 days. The physical examination revealed an erythematous lesion. A biopsy of the scrotal skin was made. We found a scrotal metastasis of renal cell carcinoma.

The Value of Excipients and the Required Understanding of the Biological System in Product Development: An Impactful Example of Curaderm, a Topical Skin Cancer Treatment

The incidences of nonmelanoma skin cancer are increasing worldwide, and the ongoing war on its treatment necessitates the development of effective and non-invasive methods. Through basic and clinical research, non-invasive treatments like Curaderm have been developed, leading to improved quality of life for patients. Excipients, previously considered inactive ingredients, play a crucial role in enhancing the performance of topical formulations. The development of Curaderm emphasizes the importance of understanding the interactions between active ingredients, excipients, and the biological system to create effective and affordable pharmaceutical formulations. The systematic approach taken in the development of Curaderm, starting from the observation of the anticancer activity of natural solasodine glycosides and progressing through toxicological and efficacy studies in cell culture, animals, and humans, has provided insights into the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of solasodine glycosides. It is crucial to determine these pharmacological parameters within the skin’s biological system for maximal effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of a skin cancer treatment. Curaderm, as a topical treatment for nonmelanoma skin cancer, offers benefits beyond those obtained from other topical treatments, providing hope for improved quality of life for patients.

Gold Standard for Skin Cancer Treatment: Surgery (Mohs) or Microscopic Molecular-Cellular Therapy (Curaderm)?

Non-melanoma skin cancers or keratinocyte cancers such as basal cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma make up approximately 80% and 20% respectively, of skin cancers with the 6 million people that are treated annually in the United States. 1 in 5 Americans and 2 in 3 Australians develop skin cancer by the age of 70 years and in Australia it is the most expensive, amassing $1.5 billion, to treat cancers. Non-melanoma skin cancers are often self-detected and are usually removed by various means in doctors’ surgeries. Mohs micrographic surgery is acclaimed to be the gold standard for the treatment of skin cancer. However, a novel microscopic molecular-cellular non-invasive topical therapy described in this article, challenges the status of Mohs procedure for being the acclaimed gold standard.

Unique Clinical Features of Curaderm when Treating Skin Cancers

Basal cell carcinoma is the most common form of skin cancer and the most frequently occurring form of all cancers. Conventional treatments to remove or destroy basal cell carcinoma are indiscriminate and also remove or destroy normal skin cells resulting in compromised cosmetic outcomes. Consequences of these treatments include body-image issues, anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorder, depression, and poorer quality of social and family life. A progressive topical cream formulation, Curaderm, containing the natural BEC glycoalkaloids, have shown to have advantages over conventional treatments. However, comprehensive clinical features of the skin cancer lesions during treatment with Curaderm have to date not been reported. This report shows that using unpublished data from a large number of patients with varying sizes, types and locations of basal cell carcinomas when treated with Curaderm in a phase 3 trial, an initial increase in size of the lesions occur, followed by a reverse course, leading to complete removal of the skin cancer. The specificity and mode of action of Curaderm explains the superior cosmetic outcomes when compared with conventional therapies.

Fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy and its applications in skin cancer diagnosis

Fluorescence lifetime(FLT)of fluorophores is sensitive to the changes in their surrounding microenvironment,and hence it can quantitatively reveal the physiological characterization of the tissue under investigation.Fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy(FLIM)provides not only morphological but also functional information of the tisse by producing spatially resolved image of fuorophore lifetime,which can be used as a signature of disorder and/or malignancy in diseased tissues.In this paper,we begin by introducing the basic principle and common detection methods of FLIM.Then the recent advances in the FLIM-based diagnosis of three different skin cancers,including basal cell carcinoma(BCC),squamous cell carcinoma(SCC)and malignant melanoma(MM)are reviewed.Furthermore,the potential advantages of FLIM in skin cancer diagnosis and the challenges that may be faced in the future are prospected.

Diabetes and skin cancers: Risk factors, molecular mechanisms and impact on prognosis

Diabetes and skin cancers have emerged as threats to public health worldwide.However,their association has been less intensively studied.In this narrative review,we explore the common risk factors,molecular mechanisms,and prognosis of the association between cutaneous malignancies and diabetes.Hyperglycemia,oxidative stress,low-grade chronic inflammation,genetic,lifestyle,and environmental factors partially explain the crosstalk between skin cancers and this metabolic disorder.In addition,diabetes and its related complications may interfere with the appropriate management of cutaneous malignancies.Antidiabetic medication seems to exert an antineoplastic effect,however,future large,observation studies with a prospective design are needed to clarify its impact on the risk of malignancy in diabetes.Screening for diabetes in skin cancers,as well as close follow-up for the development of cutaneous malignancies in subjects suffering from diabetes,is warranted.