Utilization of Basalt Saw Mud as a Spherical Porous Functional Aggregate for the Preparation of Ordinary Structure Concrete

To promote the production and application of artificial aggregates,save natural sand resources and protect the ecological environment,we evaluated the feasibility of using spherical porous functional aggregates(SPFAs) formed by basalt saw mud under autoclave curing in ordinary structural concrete.In our work,two types of prewetted functional aggregates were taken as replacements for natural aggregates with different volume substitution rates(0%,5%,10%,15%,20%,25%,and 30%) in the preparation of ordinary structural concrete with water-to-binder ratios(W/B) of 0.48 and 0.33.The effects of the functional aggregate properties and content,W/B,and curing age on the fluidity,density,mechanical properties and autogenous shrinkage of ordinary concrete were analyzed.The experimental results showed that the density of concrete declined at a rate of not more than 5%,and the 28 d compressive strength could reach 31.0-68.2 MPa.Low W/B,long curing age and high-quality functional aggregates were conducive to enhancing the mechanical properties of SPFAs concrete.Through the rolling effects,SPFAs can optimize the particle gradation of aggregate systems and improve the fluidity of concrete,and the water stored inside SPFAs provides an internal curing effect,which prolongs the cement hydration process and considerably reduces the autogenous shrinkage of concrete.SPFAs exhibits high strength and high density,as well as being more cost-effective and ecological,and is expected to be widely employed in ordinary structural concrete.

The Influence of Atmospheric Pressure on Air Content and Pore Structure of Air-entrained Concrete

To study the effect of atmospheric pressure on the properties of fresh and hardened airentrained concrete, three kinds of air entraining agents were used for preparing air-entrained concrete in the plateaus(Lhasa, 61 kPa) and the plains(Beijing, 101 kPa). Air content, slump, compressive strength and pore structure of the three air-entrained concretes were tested in these two places. It is found that the air content of concrete under low atmospheric pressure(LAP) is 4%-36% lower than that of concrete under normal atmospheric pressure(NAP), which explaines the decrease of slump for air-entrained concrete under LAP. Pore number of hardened concrete under LAP is reduced by 48%-69%. While, the proportion of big pores(pore diameter >1 200 μm) and air void spacing factor are increased by 1.5%-7.3% and 51%-92%, respectively. The deterioration of pore structure results in a 3%-9% reduction in the compressive strength of concrete. From the results we have obtained, it can be concluded that the increase of critical nucleation energy of air bubbles and the decrease of volumetric compressibility coefficient of air in the concrete are responsible for the variation of air content and pore structure of concrete under LAP.

Non-Contact Terahertz Inspection of Water Content in Concrete of Infrastructure Buildings

Concrete is the most widely used for construction materials in the world. Water content of concrete is an important parameter in terms durability of concrete structures. Terahertz (THz) waves, for which concrete is a porous and absorbable material, have been studied in order to establish a new non-contact inspection technology for maintenance of concrete structures. In this study, THz transmittance and reflectance of concrete in drying process were measured with a 60 GHz GUNN diode and absorption coefficient is analyzed for concrete with various water contents. It is shown that quantitative detection below 10% is possible for the water content at surface area of concrete.

Comparing Design Void Content with Actual Void Content of Laboratory Prepared Pervious Concrete

The goal of this study was to compare the predicted void content with the actual void content of pervious concrete cylinders. All pervious concrete systems are designed with a void content in mind to facilitate a specific permeability;however, due to variable placing techniques and inherent issues with the material, the actual in place void content often varies from designed. This study quantifies this difference and attempts to develop a correction factor, such that design values are more approximate to in place pervious concrete systems. The analysis included multiple mixtures with three design void contents (15%, 25%, 35%), two aggregate types (angular and rounded), and three different water-to-cement ratios (0.33, 0.37, 0.41). These samples were methodically designed to contain a desired void ratio, then casted in the laboratory, in which the compaction of each sample was controlled for consistency. Following casting, the in-place void content was determined using ASTM C1754 and compared to the predicted. The difference was then averaged to create a correction factor requiring more or less cement paste, which was used to redesign the mixtures. The new mixtures were then compared to the predicted void content. The results of this study show that initial designs can vary from 3% - 15% on average from initial designed void content and that a correction factor can be used to obtain within 3% on average of the target void ratios.

Effect of Chloride Content on Bond Behavior Between FRP and Concrete

For reinforced concrete structures located along the seaside, the penetration of chloride ions into concrete may be a threat to the durability of the structures. Experimental investigations were carried out to study the effect of chloride content on the bond behavior between concrete and fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) plates. Direct shear tests were conducted on the FRP strengthened concrete members. Before testing, the specimens were immersed in NaCl solutions with concentrations ranging from 3%—15% for di...

Enhancement of Workability of Cement-Poor Concrete by Optimizing Paste Content

This study describes the performance of concrete in fresh state, intended for sealing deep bore-holes in the host rock of radioactive repositories. Set of different paste volumes, combinations of water-to-powder ratios and fine aggregate contents have been performed within the frame of this study. The main objective was to search for tendencies, logical connections and phenomena that occur for different combination of materials regarding the fluidity and segregation and mainly the effect from the (paste) or fine aggregate content. It shall be pointed out that this investigation is a suggestion on how concrete can be optimized using two simple test methods based on changing the paste content. The results highlighted the importance of having sufficient amounts of filler and cement paste for separate and carry larger particles, which gives the concrete good workability and fluidity at casting. It was concluded that the slump behaviors can be optimized based on the adjustments of the superplastisizer dosage.

Analysis of the Performances and Optimization of Polyurethane Concrete with a Large Percentage of Fly Ash

The properties of polyurethane concrete containing a large amount of fly ash are investigated,and accordingly,a model is introduced to account for the influence of fly ash fineness,water ratio,and loss of ignition(LOI)on its mechanical performances.This research shows that,after optimization,the concrete has a compressive strength of 20.8 MPa,a flexural strength of 3.4 MPa,and a compressive modulus of elasticity of 19.2 GPa.The main factor influencing 28 and 90 d compressive strength is fly ash content,water-binder ratio,and early strength agent content.

玄武岩-聚乙烯醇纤维对再生混凝土抗冻性能的影响

为了推广再生混凝土在高海拔和北方寒冷地区的应用,对单掺、混掺不同体积掺量玄武岩纤维和聚乙烯醇纤维的再生混凝土进行质量损失率、相对动弹性模量、抗压强度损失率3项抗冻性能指标的探究,并用SEM对200次冻融循环后混掺纤维再生混凝土进行细观作用机理分析,最后结合响应面法对混掺纤维掺量进行优选。结果显示:外掺纤维能够提高再生混凝土的抗冻性能,而混掺纤维效果优于单掺纤维;2种纤维在试件内部呈网状分布,协同受力,与基体互相约束,很大程度限制了裂缝的扩展和数量;纤维优化结果显示当聚乙烯醇纤维与玄武岩体积掺量分别为0.170%和0.246%时,再生混凝土的抗冻性能最优。研究成果对玄武岩-聚乙烯醇纤维再生混凝土纤维掺量设计具有一定的借鉴意义。

高含泥人工砂不同清洗方式对混凝土性能影响研究

依托于滇中引水工程,研究了清水清洗和六偏磷酸钠清洗高含泥人工砂对MB值和混凝土性能的影响,对比了不同方式的技术经济性。结果表明:与清水清洗相比,采用六偏磷酸钠溶液清洗,MB值下降更明显,同时可避免石粉大量流失,混凝土的力学性能和变形性能更佳。具体而言,采用清水清洗人工砂,MB值从1.4 g/kg下降至0.85 g/kg,石粉含量从21.8%降低至10.3%。采用六偏磷酸钠溶液清洗人工砂,MB值从1.4 g/kg下降至0.45 g/kg,石粉含量从21.8%降低至16.8%;保持混凝土拌和物状态相同的条件下,采用六偏磷酸钠溶液清洗人工砂,混凝土用水量下降了40 kg/m^(3),28 d龄期混凝土抗压强度、劈拉强度和极限拉伸值分别提高11.7%、23.1%和24.1%,60 d龄期混凝土干缩率降低106×10^(-6),混凝土原材料成本降低了23.3元/m^(3)。

水文水井钻探泥浆特征参数在线监测技术

水文水井钻探是开发地下水资源的一项重要技术手段,钻探过程中产生的泥浆排放会对生态环境造成一定程度的破坏。为对泥浆进行有效净化并循环利用,开展了泥浆在线监测方案的研究,首先利用管道黏度计对泥浆密度、表观黏度、塑性黏度、动切力进行实时监测,然后通过预先训练基于泥浆密度、流变性参数和含砂量的神经网络模型,预测经过固相控制之后的泥浆中的含砂量。结果表明:通过管道黏度计监测的泥浆密度、表观黏度、塑性黏度、动切力的平均误差分别为0.2%、1.7%、3.4%、3.7%;通过神经网络模型预测的含砂量的平均误差为15.9%,预测模型不依赖模型训练中使用的泥浆配方,能够适用于相同体系的其他泥浆配方,表明预测模型具有一定的泛化性。该泥浆在线监测系统能够满足绿色勘查的要求,适合水文地质及水井钻探的现场应用。

滨海黏质盐渍土饱和泥浆与不同土水比土壤浸提液电导率的响应关系分析

为统一和精准判定耐盐作物种植地块的土壤盐渍化程度,并针对饱和泥浆制备时饱和点的不确定性及其电导率测定的不稳定性等问题,本试验采用室内化验与统计分析方法,系统研究饱和泥浆与饱和土壤溶液两者间含水量和电导率的响应关系,以及饱和泥浆电导率、全盐含量与土水比1∶0.5、1∶1、1∶2.5、1∶3.5、1∶5土壤浸提液电导率与全盐含量的响应和换算关系。结果表明:在滨海黏质盐渍土区,利用计算田间土壤孔隙度得到的饱和土壤溶液含水量、电导率不能直接代替饱和泥浆含水量、电导率,尽管二者的响应关系达到极显著水平;饱和泥浆电导率、全盐含量分别与土水比1∶1和1∶0.5土壤浸提液的数值差异最小,且与土水比1∶0.5~1∶5间各处理土壤浸提液的相应指标均呈极显著的响应关系;饱和泥浆电导率与土水比1∶5土壤浸提液的电导率、饱和泥浆全盐含量与土水比1∶1土壤浸提液全盐含量相关性最高,可分别用最佳拟合线性模型进行换算,模型分别为ECe(mS/cm)=5.406EC1∶5-0.284 4,TSe(g/kg)=0.836 4TS1∶1-0.135 9。

AMF和PGPR联合芦苇修复重金属污染河道底泥的效应

研究旨在探究河道底泥重金属污染下丛枝菌根真菌(Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi,AMF)与植物根际促生菌(Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria,PGPR)对芦苇生长、磷吸收以及重金属去除的效应。以沈阳市浑河河道底泥为研究对象,对芦苇接种AMF双网无梗囊霉(Acaulospora bireticulata,AM1)、摩西斗管囊霉(Funneliformis mosseae,AM2)、PGPR黏质沙雷氏菌(Serratia marcescens,PG)、双网无梗囊霉+黏质沙雷氏菌(APG1)、摩西斗管囊霉+黏质沙雷氏菌(APG2)和不接种对照(CK)共6个处理。结果显示,AMF能够促进PGPR在芦苇根区土壤以及根内的定殖数量,而PGPR能够促进AMF侵染发育,增加其侵染率、泡囊数以及孢子数。AMF、PGPR或AMF+PGPR处理均显著增加了芦苇生物量以及地上部和根系磷质量比,促进了植物对底泥中重金属(Cd、Zn、Pb、Cu)的吸收,降低了土壤中重金属含量。在各处理下,APG2处理对底泥中重金属的去除率最高,达33.24%~55.51%,土壤中过氧化氢酶、蔗糖酶、脲酶和碱性磷酸酶活性也显著高于AM1、AM2、PG和CK处理。此外,底泥重金属在芦苇内的分布均为根系大于地上部,可见芦苇根系对重金属的吸收和富集能力较强,且以APG2处理下对Cd、Zn、Pb的吸收效果最好,分别是CK处理的2.4倍、2.0倍以及1.7倍。因此,AMF和PGPR双接种可提高芦苇P吸收量以及土壤酶活性,促进芦苇生长,而AMF和PGPR能够相互促进,增加对底泥重金属的去除效率,其中APG2是最佳组合。

铁尾矿—硅锰渣—赤泥协同制备超高性能混凝土力学性能研究

选用铁尾矿粉、硅锰渣粉和赤泥作为矿物掺合料代替部分普通硅酸盐水泥,协同制备了2种不同水胶比的超高性能混凝土,研究了掺入铁尾矿—硅锰渣—赤泥的超高性能混凝土(Ultra-high Performance Concrete,UHPC)的力学性能,探究了铁尾矿粉掺量对UHPC的抗弯强度、劈裂抗拉强度和抗压强度的影响。结果表明:①水胶比较低的超高性能混凝土中,铁尾矿粉对混凝土抗弯强度影响较大,对劈裂抗拉强度影响较小;②水胶比较高的超高性能混凝土中,铁尾矿粉对混凝土抗弯强度的影响与对劈裂抗拉强度的影响基本一致;③随着铁尾矿粉掺量增加,水胶比为0.20和0.25的超高性能混凝土抗压强度降低,硅锰渣—赤泥组超高性能混凝土28 d抗压强度最大降低幅度分别为19.2%和22.9%。上述分析进一步反映出:①铁尾矿粉在超高性能混凝土中的掺量不宜超过矿物掺合料总量的40%;②铁尾矿粉的掺加不利于超高性能混凝土的早期抗压强度提升,但适量掺加铁尾矿粉(20%)有利于超高性能混凝土后期抗压强度增长;③三参数模型系数相对于铁尾矿—硅锰渣—赤泥超高性能混凝土的抗压强度和养护龄期关系相对集中,拟合相关系数较高。

河南矿区高灰细泥煤泥水的絮凝沉降试验研究

目的随着采煤机械化程度的提高和重介质选煤工艺普及,入选浮煤泥中高灰细泥的含量逐渐增加。高灰细泥是影响煤泥水沉降效率的最直接因素,对煤泥水中的高灰细泥进行处理,直接关系着煤炭资源生产和水资源利用。针对河南矿区煤泥水具有高灰细泥的特性,方法通过设计正交试验测试不同种类的絮凝剂和搅拌速度对煤泥水的沉降率的影响及其之间的相互作用的效果,提高煤泥水沉降效率。结果结果表明:六偏磷酸钠与聚丙烯酰胺的分散性能及絮凝性能更优,搅拌速度、六偏磷酸钠用量、聚丙烯酰胺用量对高灰细泥煤泥水沉降率的影响程度依次减小,搅拌速度和聚丙烯酰胺用量之间的相互关系对沉降率影响最为显著;当六偏磷酸钠用量40.08 mg/L、聚丙烯酰胺用量5.75 mg/L、搅拌速度411.12 r/min,沉降率可达95.5%,沉降率提高的原因在于高灰细泥絮凝过程中絮团成球明显,絮凝剂的桥接作用可以使分散颗粒聚团并发展为球形,长条不规则颗粒明显减少,颗粒群粒形的改变有助于煤泥水的沉降,在一定搅拌速度下粒形保持较为规整,可增加沉降概率,使煤泥水得以有效沉降。结论通过改善煤泥水中颗粒的粒度粒形特性,可以有效提高河南矿区高灰细泥煤泥水的沉降效率。研究结果可为处理高灰细泥煤泥水提供理论支持和实践参考。

近海黏性土中桩土界面剪切特性与含水率效应

为了研究粉质黏土-混凝土截面的抗剪强度在不同物理条件下的影响特征,本文针对粗糙度、含水率对其的影响展开研究,根据前人经验总结自制出了型直剪试验仪,研究了混凝土在不同粗糙度以及不同含水率的条件下,粉质黏土-混凝土界面的剪切特性受到的物理影响。结果表明:混凝土表明粗糙度对试验结果产生直接影响,并且随着粗糙度的增大,界面抗剪强度、界面摩擦角、剪切刚度系数以及界面残余剪切应力均相应增大,最大增幅可达37.0;而界面附着力随粗糙度的增大呈先减小后增大的趋势,增大幅度达23.7%。随着黏性土含水率的增大,界面抗剪强度、剪切刚度系数和界面残余剪切应力均呈先增大后减小趋势,含水率在20%~28%之间存在一个最优含水率使得界面抗剪特性最优;粉质黏土-混凝土界面的抗剪强度受粗糙度和含水率的影响较大。试验结果可为静压桩的工程实践提供借鉴与参考。

原状海砂对混凝土力学性能的影响

为探究高氯盐、高贝壳含量原状海砂混凝土的力学性能,以海砂的氯离子含量和贝壳含量为变量,设计并配制9组海砂混凝土,开展混凝土立方体抗压强度试验和单轴受压应力-应变全曲线试验。结果表明:随着氯离子含量增加,混凝土的孔结构细化,早期强度提高,单轴受压应力-应变全曲线峰值应力增大,峰值应变降低,弹性模量提高;随着贝壳含量增加,混凝土坍落度显著下降,混凝土的孔结构较疏松,强度降低,单轴受压应力-应变全曲线峰值应力降低,峰值应变增大,弹性模量降低。在现有模型基础上,提出关于氯离子含量、贝壳含量的模型参数计算式。

钢纤维掺量对陶粒混凝土梁长期变形的影响规律

为探究钢纤维掺量对陶粒混凝土梁徐变的影响规律,通过长期变形观测试验、理论推导式和有限元建模的方法对不同钢纤维掺量的陶粒混凝土梁的徐变性能开展研究。首先,对4种钢纤维掺量的陶粒混凝土梁开展了连续180 d的徐变挠度观测,获得徐变挠度-加载时间关系曲线、钢纤维掺量对徐变挠度的影响规律曲线;随后,参照ACI209徐变系数计算式和ACI435徐变计算式建立了隐含钢纤维掺量的陶粒混凝土梁徐变计算式;最后,按试验梁参数建立了有限元模型。研究结果表明:陶粒混凝土试件梁加载前期徐变增长较快,随着时间推移徐变增长速率逐渐变缓,加载至120 d后趋于稳定;钢纤维掺量对陶粒混凝土梁徐变影响明显,钢纤维掺量低于0.5%,掺加钢纤维对陶粒混凝土梁的徐变值影响小;钢纤维掺量在0.5%~1.0%时,增加钢纤维掺量能有效地较大幅度降低长期荷载作用下的徐变值;但当钢纤维掺量超过1.0%后降低的效果有所减弱;陶粒混凝土梁徐变计算式计算结果与试验实测值吻合较好,能够很好地反映出陶粒混凝土梁的徐变变化规律;有限元模拟进一步验证了钢纤维掺量对陶粒混凝土梁徐变的影响规律和徐变计算式。

混凝土中氯离子含量研究的关键问题综述

氯离子是影响混凝土结构耐久性的重要因素,合理有效地控制混凝土氯离子含量能够保证建筑使用寿命。因此,充分了解氯离子含量在不同影响因素下的变化规律及作用机理尤为重要。综合评述了混凝土中氯离子含量在不同胶材体系、不同养护温度和不同龄期下的变化规律及其作用机理。其中,不同胶材体系对混凝土氯离子的固化能力不同,粉煤灰、矿渣粉、硅灰等辅助胶凝材料的氯离子结合能力与其活性成分和掺量存在直接关系;氯离子结合能力在1 d龄期前快速增长,28 d后趋于稳定;提高养护温度能够在一定程度上提高氯离子结合能力,但温度过高又会降低其结合能力。此外,测试方法及表征方式的多样化对氯离子含量的研究造成了一定困扰,因此,制定统一的标准对于后续进一步研究具有极其重要的意义。

不同应力水平下给定含水率混凝土低温有效预压性能试验研究

为评估低温储罐类预应力混凝土结构设计及安全性能,通过对混凝土施加各种初始预压应力水平(0.2、0.3、0.4、0.5、0.6及0.7)并在-160℃低温作用下的试验,系统地探讨其有效预压性能变化规律,同时比较较高和正常两种较为典型混凝土含水率情况对其影响差异。结果表明,随施加的初始预压应力水平提高,混凝土降温点和温均点时的有效预压应力损失率均呈下降的变化趋势,而其降温段和恒温段时的有效预压应力变化率的变化较为复杂;混凝土达其降温点后恒温阶段的有效预压应力损失均有所恢复,且随初始预压应力水平的提高其恢复程度更加明显;含水率对不同初始预压应力水平混凝土低温作用下降温点和恒温点时的有效预压应力损失率变化趋势未产生影响,仅使其变化程度有较明显的差异。

等扩展度条件下骨料包裹砂浆层的影响因素

水泥(砂)浆在混凝土中起胶凝和润滑的双重作用,其用量随着混凝土流动性要求的提高而增大,已有研究发现浆体过多会导致混凝土的体积稳定性问题,环保绿色程度低,但骨料级配等因素对混凝土中浆体合理用量的影响研究尚不多见。在粗骨料低空隙率前提下固定粗骨料用量不变,调整砂浆用量来控制混凝土扩展度,研究骨料级配和砂浆流变特性对粗骨料包裹砂浆层厚度及用量的影响。试验结果表明:粗骨料的几何平均粒径增大,包裹砂浆层厚度单调增加,包裹砂浆用量会呈现先减小后增大的趋势,存在最优几何平均粒径;扩展度要求越高,包裹砂浆层厚度及包裹砂浆用量越大,最优几何粒径越小;当粗骨料级配不变时,包裹砂浆层厚度和包裹砂浆用量均随砂浆屈服应力和塑性黏度的增大而增大。