Mud flows are common phenomena in mountainous areas,which can threaten human safety and cause property losses under certain extreme circumstances.Studying the dynamic characteristics of mud flows,especially in the ver...Mud flows are common phenomena in mountainous areas,which can threaten human safety and cause property losses under certain extreme circumstances.Studying the dynamic characteristics of mud flows,especially in the vertical direction,is helpful for risk reduction and hazard mitigation.In this study,a 2D depth-resolved numerical model based on Herschel-Bulkley rheology was developed to study the vertical structures of unsteady mud flows with a free-surface.The numerical model was solved by the projection method,and the free surface of mud flows was captured through the VOF method.To fully validate this new model,a series of laboratory experiments involving dam break mud flows were conducted,and the mud flow heights,bottom pressures and envelopes of mud residuum were measured.The numerical model proposed in this study was first validated by the steady-state solution for uniform flows of Herschel-Bulkley fluid on an inclined plane.Additionally,the simulated and measured mud flow heights,bottom pressures at different x locations and envelopes with different bed slopes showed good agreement.Furthermore,the numerical results for a Herschel-Bulkley fluid dam break flow were used to validate the proposed model,which further revealed good agreements.After that,the scenarios in which mud flows impact on a structure were numerically studied,and the vertical profiles of the front velocity and impact pressure on the structure were analyzed and discussed.The results show that a plug layer was formed in the mud flow under unsteady and nonuniform flow conditions,and the impact pressure on the structure was dominated by the dynamic pressure.In addition,the vertical position with the maximum impact pressure acting on the structure was not at the bottom or the surface of the mud flows,and the normalized vertical position rose as the yield stress and consistency coefficient increase for Herschel-Bulkley fluids.展开更多
The study of the interaction of mud-flows with obstacles is important to define inundation zones in urban areas and to design the possible structural countermeasures. The paper numerically investigates the impact of a...The study of the interaction of mud-flows with obstacles is important to define inundation zones in urban areas and to design the possible structural countermeasures. The paper numerically investigates the impact of a mud-flow on rigid obstacles to evaluate the force acting on them using two different depth-integrated theoretical models, Single-Phase Model(SPM) and Two-Phase Model(TPM), to compare their performance and limits. In the first one the water-sediment mixture is represented as a homogeneous continuum described by a shearthinning power-law rheology. Alternatively, the twophase model proposed by Di Cristo et al in 2016 is used, which separately accounts for the liquid and solid phases. The considered test cases are represented by a 1D landslide flowing on a steep slope impacting on a rigid wall and a 2D mud dam-break flowing on a horizontal bottom in presence of single and multiple rigid obstacles. In the 1D test case, characterized by a very steep slope, the Two-Phase Model predicts the separation between the two phases with a significant longitudinal variation of the solid concentration. In this case the results indicate appreciable differences between the two models in the estimation of both the wave celerity and the magnitude of the impact, with an overestimation of the peak force when using the Single-Phase Model. In the 2D test-cases, where the liquid and solid phases remain mixed, even if the flow fields predicted by the two models present some differences, the essential features of the interaction with the obstacles, along with the maximum impact force, are comparable.展开更多
Several argillaceous platforms lie along the Yellow River（YR） of the eastern Guide Basin, northeastern Tibetan Plateau, and their compositions, formation processes, and geomorphic evolution remain debated. Using fie...Several argillaceous platforms lie along the Yellow River（YR） of the eastern Guide Basin, northeastern Tibetan Plateau, and their compositions, formation processes, and geomorphic evolution remain debated. Using field survey data, sample testing, and high-resolution remote sensing images, the evolution of the Erlian mudflow fans are analyzed. The data show significant differences between fans on either side of the YR. On the right bank, fans are dilute debris flows consisting of sand and gravel. On the left bank, fans are viscosity mudflows consisting of red clay. The composition and formation processes of the left bank platforms indicate a rainfall-induced pluvial landscape. Fan evolution can be divided into two stages： early-stage fans pre-date 16 ka B.P., and formed during the last deglaciation; late-stage fans post-date 8 ka B.P.. Both stages were induced by climate change. The data indicate that during the Last Glacial Maximum, the northeastern Tibetan Plateau experienced a cold and humid climate characterized by high rainfall. From 16–8 ka, the YR cut through the Erlian early mudflow fan, resulting in extensive erosion. Since 8 ka, the river channel has migrated south by at least 1.25 km, and late stage mudflow fan formation has occurred.展开更多
Water-rich clay to sand suspensions show a shear rate dependent flow behavior and knowledge of the appropriate rheological model is relevant for sedimentological, industrial and hydraulic studies. We present experimen...Water-rich clay to sand suspensions show a shear rate dependent flow behavior and knowledge of the appropriate rheological model is relevant for sedimentological, industrial and hydraulic studies. We present experimental rheological measurements of water-rich(40 to 60 wt%) clay to silt(population A) and silt to sand(population B) suspensions mixed in different proportions. The data evidence a shear rate dependent shear thinning-shear thickening transition. At lower shear rates, the suspensions organize in chains of particles, whereas at higher shear rates, these chains disrupt so increasing the viscosity. The viscosity, consistency and yield stress decrease as the A+B fraction decreases as the content of B particles increases. This behavior reflects the competing effects of the lubrication and frictional processes as a function of particle size and water content. Transitional flows form by the incorporation of small amounts of the finer fraction while ‘oceanic floods’ form at the estuary of rivers and the submarine debris-flows increase their velocity by incorporating water. The critical Reynolds number of the studied suspensions is ～2000±100 suggesting that the grainsize plays a major role in the laminar to turbulent transition. Our results have implications for the modeling of sediment flows and the hazard related to floods.展开更多
The simplified flow of drilling process in the soil hardening or oil rig site was experimentally investigated. Two flow models were used. One is the concentric cylinders with helical protrusion at the inner cylinder. ...The simplified flow of drilling process in the soil hardening or oil rig site was experimentally investigated. Two flow models were used. One is the concentric cylinders with helical protrusion at the inner cylinder. The other is the concentric plain wall cylinders with axial flow. The radius ratio and aspect ratio of both models are the same with 0. 65 and 48,respectively. The mud is the typical fluid seen in the soil hardening processes. We used the water and the mud for the working fluid. We used the optical PIV for the water flow measurement and echo PIV for the mud flow. In case of the water study,the dominant vortical structures appeared in both the protrusion and plain model with axial flow.In case of mud flow,the vortices shown in the water model disappeared and the push and pull-up motion by the protrusion is dominant. We believe this information can be useful to understand the flow physics of drilling process in the complex fluid flow.展开更多
This study is devoted to the interaction between water surface waves and a thin layer of viscoelastie mud on the bottom. On the assumption that the mud layer is comparable in thickness with the wave boundary layer and...This study is devoted to the interaction between water surface waves and a thin layer of viscoelastie mud on the bottom. On the assumption that the mud layer is comparable in thickness with the wave boundary layer and is much smaller than the wavelength, a two-layer Stokes boundary layer model is adopted to determine the mud motions under the waves. Analytical expressions are derived for the near-bettom water and mud velocity fields, surface wave-damping rate, and interface wave amplitude and phase lag. Examined in particular is how these kinematic quantities may depend on the viscous and elastic properties of the mud.展开更多
Red mud has relatively small solid particles(d50=13.02μm)and will flow in paste form under high pressure during pipe- line transport.Red mud belongs to a two-phase flow of materials with high viscosity and a high con...Red mud has relatively small solid particles(d50=13.02μm)and will flow in paste form under high pressure during pipe- line transport.Red mud belongs to a two-phase flow of materials with high viscosity and a high concentration of non-sedimentation,homogeneous solid-liquids.It is difficult to test its rheological properties under atmospheric pressure.Measurements such as rota- tional viscometry can not reflect the real state of the material when it is flowing in a pipe.Tested rheological parameters are some- what higher than the actual values.In our investigation,grain shape,distinctive modality and grain size distribution of red mud were tested.Based on the principle of tube measurement,rheological experiments on red mud at different concentrations were car- ried out by using our independently developed tube-type pressure rheology test facility,and obtained constitutive equations.We conclude that red mud behaves as non-Newtonian pseudo-plastic fluid in pipe flows.Its consistency and power-law indices vary considerably with different concentrations.展开更多
基金Fundings from National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.41941017 and U20A20112)Sichuan Science and Technology Program(Grant No.2021YFH0009)are gratefully acknowledged。
文摘Mud flows are common phenomena in mountainous areas,which can threaten human safety and cause property losses under certain extreme circumstances.Studying the dynamic characteristics of mud flows,especially in the vertical direction,is helpful for risk reduction and hazard mitigation.In this study,a 2D depth-resolved numerical model based on Herschel-Bulkley rheology was developed to study the vertical structures of unsteady mud flows with a free-surface.The numerical model was solved by the projection method,and the free surface of mud flows was captured through the VOF method.To fully validate this new model,a series of laboratory experiments involving dam break mud flows were conducted,and the mud flow heights,bottom pressures and envelopes of mud residuum were measured.The numerical model proposed in this study was first validated by the steady-state solution for uniform flows of Herschel-Bulkley fluid on an inclined plane.Additionally,the simulated and measured mud flow heights,bottom pressures at different x locations and envelopes with different bed slopes showed good agreement.Furthermore,the numerical results for a Herschel-Bulkley fluid dam break flow were used to validate the proposed model,which further revealed good agreements.After that,the scenarios in which mud flows impact on a structure were numerically studied,and the vertical profiles of the front velocity and impact pressure on the structure were analyzed and discussed.The results show that a plug layer was formed in the mud flow under unsteady and nonuniform flow conditions,and the impact pressure on the structure was dominated by the dynamic pressure.In addition,the vertical position with the maximum impact pressure acting on the structure was not at the bottom or the surface of the mud flows,and the normalized vertical position rose as the yield stress and consistency coefficient increase for Herschel-Bulkley fluids.
基金the framework of the project MISALVA,financed by the Italian Minister of the Environment,Land Protection and Sea.CUP H36C18000970005
文摘The study of the interaction of mud-flows with obstacles is important to define inundation zones in urban areas and to design the possible structural countermeasures. The paper numerically investigates the impact of a mud-flow on rigid obstacles to evaluate the force acting on them using two different depth-integrated theoretical models, Single-Phase Model(SPM) and Two-Phase Model(TPM), to compare their performance and limits. In the first one the water-sediment mixture is represented as a homogeneous continuum described by a shearthinning power-law rheology. Alternatively, the twophase model proposed by Di Cristo et al in 2016 is used, which separately accounts for the liquid and solid phases. The considered test cases are represented by a 1D landslide flowing on a steep slope impacting on a rigid wall and a 2D mud dam-break flowing on a horizontal bottom in presence of single and multiple rigid obstacles. In the 1D test case, characterized by a very steep slope, the Two-Phase Model predicts the separation between the two phases with a significant longitudinal variation of the solid concentration. In this case the results indicate appreciable differences between the two models in the estimation of both the wave celerity and the magnitude of the impact, with an overestimation of the peak force when using the Single-Phase Model. In the 2D test-cases, where the liquid and solid phases remain mixed, even if the flow fields predicted by the two models present some differences, the essential features of the interaction with the obstacles, along with the maximum impact force, are comparable.
基金financially supported by the National Nature Science Foundation of China under Grant No.41372333,41172158China Geological Survey(grant No.1212011220123)
文摘Several argillaceous platforms lie along the Yellow River（YR） of the eastern Guide Basin, northeastern Tibetan Plateau, and their compositions, formation processes, and geomorphic evolution remain debated. Using field survey data, sample testing, and high-resolution remote sensing images, the evolution of the Erlian mudflow fans are analyzed. The data show significant differences between fans on either side of the YR. On the right bank, fans are dilute debris flows consisting of sand and gravel. On the left bank, fans are viscosity mudflows consisting of red clay. The composition and formation processes of the left bank platforms indicate a rainfall-induced pluvial landscape. Fan evolution can be divided into two stages： early-stage fans pre-date 16 ka B.P., and formed during the last deglaciation; late-stage fans post-date 8 ka B.P.. Both stages were induced by climate change. The data indicate that during the Last Glacial Maximum, the northeastern Tibetan Plateau experienced a cold and humid climate characterized by high rainfall. From 16–8 ka, the YR cut through the Erlian early mudflow fan, resulting in extensive erosion. Since 8 ka, the river channel has migrated south by at least 1.25 km, and late stage mudflow fan formation has occurred.
文摘Water-rich clay to sand suspensions show a shear rate dependent flow behavior and knowledge of the appropriate rheological model is relevant for sedimentological, industrial and hydraulic studies. We present experimental rheological measurements of water-rich(40 to 60 wt%) clay to silt(population A) and silt to sand(population B) suspensions mixed in different proportions. The data evidence a shear rate dependent shear thinning-shear thickening transition. At lower shear rates, the suspensions organize in chains of particles, whereas at higher shear rates, these chains disrupt so increasing the viscosity. The viscosity, consistency and yield stress decrease as the A+B fraction decreases as the content of B particles increases. This behavior reflects the competing effects of the lubrication and frictional processes as a function of particle size and water content. Transitional flows form by the incorporation of small amounts of the finer fraction while ‘oceanic floods’ form at the estuary of rivers and the submarine debris-flows increase their velocity by incorporating water. The critical Reynolds number of the studied suspensions is ～2000±100 suggesting that the grainsize plays a major role in the laminar to turbulent transition. Our results have implications for the modeling of sediment flows and the hazard related to floods.
基金supported by Basic Science Research Program (2013-008918)through the National Research Foundation (NRF)the Gyeongsang National University Fund for Professors on Sabbatical Leave,2015
文摘The simplified flow of drilling process in the soil hardening or oil rig site was experimentally investigated. Two flow models were used. One is the concentric cylinders with helical protrusion at the inner cylinder. The other is the concentric plain wall cylinders with axial flow. The radius ratio and aspect ratio of both models are the same with 0. 65 and 48,respectively. The mud is the typical fluid seen in the soil hardening processes. We used the water and the mud for the working fluid. We used the optical PIV for the water flow measurement and echo PIV for the mud flow. In case of the water study,the dominant vortical structures appeared in both the protrusion and plain model with axial flow.In case of mud flow,the vortices shown in the water model disappeared and the push and pull-up motion by the protrusion is dominant. We believe this information can be useful to understand the flow physics of drilling process in the complex fluid flow.
基金The work was supported by the Research Grants Council of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China ,through Project Nos . HKU7081/02Eand HKU7199/03E.
文摘This study is devoted to the interaction between water surface waves and a thin layer of viscoelastie mud on the bottom. On the assumption that the mud layer is comparable in thickness with the wave boundary layer and is much smaller than the wavelength, a two-layer Stokes boundary layer model is adopted to determine the mud motions under the waves. Analytical expressions are derived for the near-bettom water and mud velocity fields, surface wave-damping rate, and interface wave amplitude and phase lag. Examined in particular is how these kinematic quantities may depend on the viscous and elastic properties of the mud.
文摘Red mud has relatively small solid particles(d50=13.02μm)and will flow in paste form under high pressure during pipe- line transport.Red mud belongs to a two-phase flow of materials with high viscosity and a high concentration of non-sedimentation,homogeneous solid-liquids.It is difficult to test its rheological properties under atmospheric pressure.Measurements such as rota- tional viscometry can not reflect the real state of the material when it is flowing in a pipe.Tested rheological parameters are some- what higher than the actual values.In our investigation,grain shape,distinctive modality and grain size distribution of red mud were tested.Based on the principle of tube measurement,rheological experiments on red mud at different concentrations were car- ried out by using our independently developed tube-type pressure rheology test facility,and obtained constitutive equations.We conclude that red mud behaves as non-Newtonian pseudo-plastic fluid in pipe flows.Its consistency and power-law indices vary considerably with different concentrations.
