Types of Organic Fades and Source Rock Assessment of the Coal-Measure Mudstone in the Turpan-Hami Basin

This paper discusses the enviromental characteristics of carbonaceous mudstone and mudstone (coal-measure mudstone in short) of the Early and Middle Jurassic in the Turpan-Hami basin, which were formed in swamps. Through the organic facies study of the coal-measure mudstone in this area, the authors clarify that the flowing-water swamp is the most advanced organic facies belt. Furthermore, according to the practical materials of coal-measure mudstone in the area and with the evaluation criteria of lacustrine mudstone in the past, the authors have established the integrated symbol systems from the abundance of organic matter and the type of organic matter, which can be used in the source rock evaluation of the coal-measure mudstone.

Controlling effects of cap rocks on the formation of deep geothermal resources

Cap rocks with high thermal insulation are important for deep geothermal systems at a depth of 3000‒6000 m.Based on the deep geothermal geological conditions in the Fujian-Guangdong-Hainan area of South China,this study established an ideal geological model of reservoir-cap rock assemblages and simulated the geothermal field distribution of cap rocks of different thicknesses and thermal conductivity.The simulation results show that the vertical geothermal temperature distribution in an uplifted area of a depression was present as inverted mirror reflections relative to the elevated area of the basement.Specifically,the isotherms above the elevated area are convex in shape,while those below the elevated area are concave.There is a temperature equilibrium line between the convex and concave isotherms.The heat flow moves from the depressed area to the uplifted area below the temperature equilibrium line and migrates in an opposite direction above the line.On this base,this study conducted the inversion of geothermal temperature fields in typical areas with thin,moderately thick,and thick cap rocks.The results indicate that,at the depth of 3000e6000 m,areas with thin cap rocks(igneous rock zone in the coastal area of Fujian)mainly host moderate-to low-temperature hydrothermal resources;areas with moderately thick cap rocks(Yuezhong Depression)have the geothermal temperature ranging between 100℃and 200℃and may develop moderate-to high-temperature hydrothermal resources and hot dry rocks(HDRs),with the former superimposing on the latter;and areas with thick cap rocks(onshore Beibuwan Basin)have a geothermal temperature of 120‒220℃,and contains mainly moderate-to high-temperature hydrothermal resources and HDRs.Therefore,it is recommended that the evaluation,exploitation,and utilization of deep geothermal resources be carried out according to the burial depth of the temperature equilibrium line and the specific demand for geothermal resources.

Source Rock and Cap Rock Controls on the Upper Ordovician Wufeng Formation–Lower Silurian Longmaxi Formation Shale Gas Accumulation in the Sichuan Basin and its Peripheral Areas

Objective The Upper Ordovician Wufeng Formation-Lower Silurian Longmaxi Formation is one of the priority interval for shale gas exploration in the Sichuan Basin and its peripheral areas, and commercial shale gas has been discovered from this interval in Jiaoshiba, Changning and Weiyuan shale gas fields in Sichuan Province. However, there is no significant discovery in other parts of the basin due to the different quality of black shale and the differences of tectonic evolution. Based on the progress of shale gas geological theory and exploration discoveries, as well as the theory of ＂source rock and cap rock controls on hydrocarbon accumulation＂, of the Upper Ordovician the main controlling factors Wufeng Formation-Lower Silurian Longmaxi Formation shale gas enrichment in the Sichuan Basin and its peripheral areas were analyzed, and the source rock and cap rock controls on the shale gas were also discussed. The results can provide new insights for the next shale gas exploration in this area.

Laboratory Investigation of Disintegration Characteristics of Purple Mudstone under Different Hydrothermal Conditions

Disintegration of rock is one of the primary processes of soil formation and geomorphology and is affected considerably by water and heat.This study focused on the disintegration characteristics under laboratory conditions of typical purple mudstone from the Tuodian group of Jurassic red beds(J3t) in Tuodian Town,Shuangbai county,Yunnan Province of southern China.The fresh mudstone was subjected to alternating applications of water,heat and hydrothermal interaction during five treatments:wetting-drying(WD),saturation(ST),refrigeration-heating(RH),a combination of wetting-drying and refrigeration-heating(WDRH),and a combination of saturation and refrigeration-heating(STRH).Each treatment was run in twenty-four cycles.The results showed that there are three types of disintegration:collapsing disintegration,exfoliation disintegration and imperceptible disintegration.The cumulative disintegration rate(percentage of cumulative disintegrated mass to the initiative sample mass passed through a 2 mm sieve) produced a 'S'-shape function when related to treatment cycle time and closely fit a logistic model(R2 > 0.99).The rank order of the cumulative disintegration rate resulting from the five treatments was as the following:WDRH > STRH > ST > WD > RH.Because of alternating periods of moisture and dryness,WD caused the most disintegration,while RH alone resulted in imperceptible disintegration.Additionally,there was a negative correlation between the disintegration rate of each treatment cycle(percentage of disintegrated mass to the treated sample mass) and treatment cycle number.There was a positive correlation between this rate and temperature change under moist conditions,indicating that a change in temperature greatly accelerates the disintegration of parent rock when water was supplied.

Control of hydrocarbon accumulation by Lower Paleozoic cap rocks in the Tazhong Low Rise, Central Uplift, Tarim Basin, West China

Despite the absence of regional cap rocks in the Lower Paleozoic for the entire Tazhong Low Rise,several sets of effective local cap rocks are well preserved on the Northern Slope.Of these the best is the Ordovician mudstone of the Sangtamu Formation; the second is the Silurian Red Mudstone Member of the Tatairtag Formation and the marl of the Ordovician Lianglitag Formation; and the third is the gray mudstone of the Silurian Kepingtag Formation.The dense limestone of the Ordovician Yingshan Formation and the gypsum of the Middle Cambrian have shown initial sealing capacity.These effective cap rocks are closely related to the distribution of Lower Palaeozoic hydrocarbons in the Tazhong Low Rise.With well-preserved Sangtamu Formation mudstone and its location close to migration pathways,rich Lower Paleozoic hydrocarbon accumulation can be found on the Northem Slope.Vertically,most of the reserves are distributed below the Sangtamu Formation mudstone; areally,hydrocarbons are mainly found in the areas with well-developed Sangtamu Formation mudstone and Lianglitag Formation marl.Burial history and hydrocarbon charging history show that the evolution of Lower Palaeozoic cap rocks controlled the accumulation of hydrocarbon in the Tazhong Low Rise.Take the Red Mudstone Member of the Tatairtag Formation and Sangtamu Formation mudstone for examples：1） In the hydrocarbon charging time of the Late Caledonian-Early Hercynian,with top surfaces at burial depths of over 1,100 m,the cap rocks were able to seal oil and gas; 2） During the intense uplifting of the Devonian,the cap rocks with top surfaces at burial depths of 200-800 m and 500-1,100 m respectively were denuded in local areas,thus hydrocarbons trapped in earlier time were degraded to widespread bitumen; 3） In the hydrocarbon charging time of the Late Hercynian and Himalayan,the top surfaces of the cap rocks were at burial depths of over 2,000 m without intense uplifting and denudation thereafter,so trapped hydrocarbons were preserved.Based on cap rocks,the Ordovician Penglaiba Formation and Lower Cambrian dolomite could be potential targets for exploration on the Tazhong Northern Slope,and combined with hydrocarbon migration,less risk would be involved.

Experimental Study into Permeability of Broken Mudstone

Much attention should be paid to the permeability of broken rocks in goafs for the sake of water preservation in mining and to prevent disasters. Using a special device together with the MTS815.02 Rock Mechanics Test System,we tested the permeability of broken mudstone during its compacting process,and obtained the relations between axial stress and differential seepage pressure and between the pressure gradient and the seepage velocity. The effect of axial stress,grain size,and seepage velocities on the permeability coefficient is analyzed. The results show that 1) permability varies abruptly when the load reaches the compressive strength of rock samples,2) for a constant seepage velocity,the differential seepage pressure and the axial stress can be expressed by an exponential function,3) for a constant axial stress,the pressure gradient and the seepage velocity can be also expressed by an exponential function and 4) the permeability coefficient of broken mudstone of different sizes is closely related to its compaction state and will decrease with the increase of axial stress,expressed as a logarithmic function.

Insights into the Tectonic Fractures in the Yanchang Formation Interbedded Sandstone-Mudstone of the Ordos Basin Based on Core Data and Geomechanical Models

The distribution and intensity of tectonic fractures within geologic units are important to hydrocarbon exploration and development. Taken the Upper Triassic Yanchang Formation interbedded sandstone-mudstone in the Ordos Basin as an example, this study used the finite element method（FEM） based on geomechanical models to study the development of tectonic fractures. The results show that the sandstones tend to generate tectonic fractures more easily than mudstones with the same layer thickness, and the highest degree of tectonic fractures will be developed when the sandstone-mudstone thickness ratio is about 5.0. A possible explanation is proposed for the tectonic fracture development based on two important factors of rock brittleness and mechanical layer thickness. Generally, larger rock brittleness and thinner layer thickness will generate more tectonic fractures. In interbedded sandstone-mudstone formations, the rock brittleness increases with the increasing mechanical layer thickness, hence, these two factors will achieve a balance for the development of tectonic fractures when the sandstone-mudstone thickness ratio reaches a specific value, and the development degree of tectonic fractures is the highest at this value.

New Computerized Method for the Geochemical Classification of Precambrian Carbonate Rocks: Case of a Set of African Cap Carbonates

Post-sedimentary transformations have masked or completely obliterated the structures and textures of Precambrian carbonate rocks. Therefore, methods of classification of the carbonate rocks founded on the observation of primary structures or textural characteristics are ill-adapted. Consequently, only certain geochemical classification methods allow us to distinguish the various rock-types in the case of Neoproterozoic carbonates. After presenting the most suitable geochemical classifications, we propose a new classification into 14 groups based on a regular ternary diagram with computerized data input. For each sample of carbonate rock, analysis of calcium and magnesium contents allows us to calculate the input data for our diagram i.e. the percentages of Calcite, Dolomite and Insoluble Residue. To automate the application of this diagram, input parameters are created in a descriptive file “Roches.ternaires.txt” using an option called “Ternaires” in the “Diagrammes” software developed by Roland Simler. Thirty cap carbonates of Africa are used to validate this new method.

Accumulation contribution differences between lacustrine organic-rich shales and mudstones and their significance in shale oil evaluation

The differences in organic matter abundance and rock composition between shale and mudstone determine the discrepancy of their contributions to the formation of conventional and shale oil/gas reservoirs.The evaluation criteria of source rocks are different in the future exploration in self-sourced petroleum systems.Shales are deposited in deep/semi-deep lacustrine,with low sedimentation rate and chemical depositions of various degrees,while mudstones are mostly formed in shallow lacustrine/lakeside,with high deposition rate and density flow characteristics.Three factors contribute to the enrichment of organic matter in shales,including the"fertility effect"caused by volcanic ash deposition and hydrothermal injection,excessive and over-speed growth of organisms promoted by radioactive materials,and deep-water anaerobic environment and low sedimentation rate to protect the accumulation of organic matter from dilution.Lamellations in shales are easy to be stripped into storage space,and acid water produced during hydrocarbon generation can dissolve some particles to generate new pores.The massive mudstones with high clay content are of poor matrix porosity.Shales with high total organic carbon,developed laminations,relatively good reservoir property,and high brittle mineral content,are the most favorable lithofacies for shale oil exploration and development.It is necessary to conduct investigation on the differences between shale and mudstone reservoirs,to identify resources distribution in shale and mudstone formations,determine the type and standard of"sweet-spot"evaluation parameters,optimize"sweet-spot areas/sections",and adopt effective development technologies,which is of great significance to objectively evaluate the total amount and economy of shale oil resources,as well as the scale of effective exploitation.

Dolomite genesis and reservoir-cap rock assemblage in carbonate-evaporite paragenesis system

Regarding to the problem on the reservoir-cap rock assemblage evaluation in the carbonate-evaporite paragenesis system,this study examined the dolomite and reservoirs genesis and the characteristics of reservoir-cap rock assemblage.Based on the literature research of the global carbonate reservoirs and the case study on four profiles of carbonate-evaporite succession,together with geological and experimental work,three aspects of understandings are achieved.(1)Lithology of carbonate-evaporite paragenesis system is mainly composed of microbial limestone/bioclastic limestone,microbial dolomite,gypsum dolomite and gypsum salt rock deposited sequentially under the climatic conditions from humid to arid,and vice versa,and an abrupt climate change event would lead to the lack of one or more rock types.(2)There developed two kinds of dolomite(precipitation and metasomatism)and three kinds of reservoirs in the carbonate-evaporite system;and the carbon dioxide and organic acid generated during early microorganism degradation and late microbial dolomite pyrolysis process,and early dolomitization are the main factors affecting the development of microbial dolomite reservoirs with good quality.(3)In theory,there are 14 types of reservoir-cap rock assemblages of six categories in the carbonate-evaporite system,but oil and gas discoveries are mainly in four types of reservoir-cap rock assemblages,namely"microbial limestone/bioclastic limestone–microbial dolomite–gypsum dolomite–gypsum salt rock","microbial limestone/bioclastic limestone–gypsum salt rock","microbial dolomite–gypsum dolomite–gypsum salt rock"and"gypsum dolomite–microbial dolomite–tight carbonate or clastic rock".These four kinds of reservoir-cap rock assemblages should be related with the climate change rules in the geologic history,and have good exploration prospects.

Mineralogical and Geochemical Characteristics of Caprock Formations Used for Storage and Sequestration of Carbon Dioxide

The main objective of the present study is to characterize cap rock formation used for geological storage of carbon dioxide (CO2). The petrophysical properties of several rocks were studied before CO2 injection. This step is necessary for an understanding of CO2-brine-rock interactions. The mineralogical composition of several clay samples collected from real storage sites located in the south of Tunisia was determined by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) coupled to a probe EDS, infrared spectroscopy, thermal analysis and fluorescence spectra. The obtained experimental results reveal that illite, calcite and quartz are the dominant clay minerals. Dolomite and albite are also present. Besides, SEM analysis shows laminated structure for these samples which suggests low crystallinity. This sample contains a higher content of Fe, Cl, Ca and O. The clay cover may also be useful in storage process by immobilizing the migration of CO2 outer of the geological site and activating the process of mineral sequestration.

准噶尔盆地盆1井西凹陷石炭系火山岩凝析气藏的发现与勘探启示

准噶尔盆地石炭系火山岩油气藏是油气勘探的重点领域之一。根据录测井资料、地球化学分析数据及岩石薄片鉴定资料,结合地球物理方法,厘清了准噶尔盆地盆1井西凹陷石炭系火山岩油气成藏的主控因素,总结出深层火山岩气藏富集规律,明确了有利勘探方向。研究结果表明:(1)准噶尔盆地盆1井西凹陷风城组烃源岩厚度为100~300 m,面积约为5 400 km2,整体进入生凝析油—干气阶段,生气强度大于20×108m3/km2,为凹陷提供了丰富的天然气源。(2)研究区石炭系火山岩岩性复杂,爆发作用形成的安山质火山角砾岩受到风化淋滤作用,可形成物性较好的风化壳型储层。石炭系—二叠系大型不整合面和广泛发育的深大断裂是重要的输导体系,二叠系上乌尔禾组泥岩作为区域盖层,为凝析气成藏提供了保存条件,油藏主要分布在高部位,气藏分布于低部位。(3)通过“两宽一高”(宽方位、宽频带、高密度)技术,提高地震成像精度,联合时-频电磁技术(TFEM),实现了石炭系火山岩的精细刻画,为深层油气藏的勘探提供了有力支撑。石西16井的重大突破,证实了盆1井西凹陷石炭系火山岩具有巨大的勘探潜力。

微膨胀泥岩地基原位水分入渗响应特征试验研究

红层泥岩的膨胀性和水敏性对地区公路、高铁的建设和工后变形控制构成了长期潜在威胁。为此,依托甘肃兰州一红层泥岩路堑段,开展了微膨胀泥岩地基原位水分入渗响应特征试验,分析泥岩地基膨胀变形量、膨胀力和体积含水率时空演化规律,并讨论了室内试验和原位试验的差异性。研究结果表明:红层泥岩地基水分入渗形式包括裂隙流和孔隙流,水分场具有明显的时空分布不均匀性,岩体裂隙对渗流、膨胀具有促进作用。入渗过程中泥岩吸水膨胀具有显著的时效性,原位地基膨胀量和膨胀力均经历骤增、减速增长和缓慢增长阶段,并未能达到收敛,浸润峰后泥岩表面逐渐软化甚至泥化,会导致地基承载力下降。室内试验对原位泥岩的水分入渗响应特征反映有限。

辽东郑屯地区基于广域电磁法的深孔验证

辽东金矿床的发育被认为受变质核杂岩体系叠加拆离断层带控制,传统观点判定永宁盆地永宁组盖层厚度达到几千米以上,阻碍含矿流体的运移的同时,不利于形成大规模金属矿床。辽东地区矿床深部探测投入少、研究程度低,勘查探测深度长期局限于1 km以内。本文在郑屯地区采用广域电磁法获得了3 km以浅的电阻率分布特征,厘清了辽东盖层厚度为千米左右,突破了对永宁组巨厚盖层的传统认识;进一步施工2 km深钻开展验证,在孔深1 345 m处发现永宁组地层与下伏太古宙基底呈不整合接触关系,界面附近未见明显的构造拆离迹象。本研究证实永宁盆地盖层厚度仅为千米左右,结合区内多期活动断裂构造和密集分布的浅成岩脉群,初步判定永宁盆地的成矿地质背景类似胶东金矿集区,推测存在华北克拉通破坏时期含矿变质流体或岩浆热液运移至界面上部成矿的可能。辽东地区具有实现多金属找矿突破的潜力,广域电磁法勘探为深地成矿预测指明了方向。

中西非裂谷系富油凹陷石油地质特征与勘探方向

基于地震、钻井、烃源岩测试分析等资料,对中西非裂谷系主要盆地富油凹陷石油地质特征进行研究,并探讨未来油气勘探方向。研究表明:中非裂谷系发育下白垩统湖相优质烃源岩,西非裂谷系发育上白垩统陆源海相优质烃源岩,两类烃源岩为中西非裂谷系油气富集提供了物质基础。中西非裂谷系发育包括基岩在内的多套储集层,并存在下白垩统、上白垩统和古近系3套区域盖层。晚中生代以来,受中非剪切带右旋走滑作用等地球动力学因素的影响,中西非裂谷系不同方向的盆地在裂谷作用期次、区域盖层发育层段、圈闭类型及成藏模式等方面存在差异。其中,北东—南西向盆地主要保存了早白垩世一期裂谷层序,区域盖层位于下白垩统裂陷期地层内,形成反转背斜、花状构造及基岩潜山等圈闭类型,发育“源储一体、源内成藏”及“源上储下、源下成藏”两种成藏模式;北西—南东向盆地具有多期裂谷叠置特征,发育上白垩统和古近系区域盖层,形成披覆背斜、断背斜、反向断块等圈闭类型,以“源下储上、源上成藏”为主要成藏模式。多期叠置裂谷盆地的源内成藏组合、强反转盆地的源内岩性油藏及页岩油是中西非裂谷系盆地未来勘探的重要领域。

氦气资源的盖层特征探究--以塔里木盆地为例

良好的盖层封盖条件是氦气资源得到保护的关键,在氦气资源潜力评估中有着重要的意义。目前对于氦气资源盖层特征的研究仍处于空白阶段,笔者等对盖层的封盖机理及宏观-微观特征与氦气封盖效果之间的关系进行了探究,认为氦气在地层中保存的封盖机理主要包括物性、压力、浓度三重封闭。盖层对于氦气的封盖效果受一系列微观特征(孔隙度、渗透率、突破压力、中值半径)与宏观特征(岩性、厚度、成岩作用、连续性、构造作用)影响,含氦气藏载体气类型的不同也会使盖层对于氦气的封闭能力产生差异。基于笔者等归纳出的盖层特征与氦气封盖效果的关系,对塔里木盆地内具有一定的生氦潜力的和田河区块、雅克拉区块、古城区块的氦气资源盖层条件进行评估,评估结果对应实际勘探中含氦气藏的分布情况。综合分析塔里木盆地含氦气藏盖层特征,发现常规评价油气藏封盖条件的方法并不完全适用于氦气资源盖层条件的评估,精准化分析含氦气藏盖层条件的方法仍需进一步探索。

软岩中TBM停机状态下岩机相互作用规律研究

在软岩环境下使用TBM施工时,遇卡机等事故处理和设备检修更换常需TBM停机,预留变形量和停机时间是TBM安全运行的关键。依托白龙江引水工程六盘山泥岩隧洞,根据实际地质条件、隧道结构和TBM施工流程,采用数值计算的方法研究了TBM停机状态下围岩的变形特征及其与护盾的相互作用,并分析了合理的预留变形量和停机时间。结果表明:①该工程砂质泥岩为极软岩,流变性显著且服从Cvisc和Burgers模型,预留足够的变形量和快速掘进可保证TBM安全通过;②在停机期间,围岩变形具有显著时空效应,变形先快后慢,垂直位移大于水平位移,护盾后部围岩位移大于前部;③岩机相互作用的时空效应表现为,自下而上、由后至前,相继经历无接触-局部接触-完全接触-强烈挤压的过程;④预留变形为10 cm时的TBM安全停机时间不宜超过7 d。研究成果对认识软岩中TBM停机期间岩机相互作用具有理论参考意义。

基于分数阶理论的软泥岩一维次固结蠕变模型

工程中因岩石蠕变而诱发的灾害屡见不鲜,其中的软岩蠕变在实际工程中也较为常见。为探讨软岩蠕变特性,并准确预测软岩蠕变变形,本研究首先对宁夏固原市隆德县的软泥岩进行了一维次固结蠕变试验,分析了一维次固结蠕变试验下软泥岩的蠕变特性;然后引入了分数阶理论的概念,推演能够描述非线性蠕变特征的分数阶Burgers模型本构方程;最后利用Matlab中lsqcurvefit算法对软泥岩一维次固结蠕变试验数据进行数值求解,分析了分数阶阶数对软泥岩一维次固结蠕变曲线的影响。蠕变试验表明:软泥岩蠕变机制符合固结蠕变中瞬时变形、固结变形、稳定变形三阶段,并呈明显的非线性特征,且原状、重塑试样在固结过程中均产生了较大程度的次固结蠕变,最大变形量可占总变形量的59%。数值模拟结果表明:分数阶Burgers模型能够更好地描述次固结蠕变的非线性特征;模型分数阶阶数γ有较强的敏感性,能够反映拟合曲线的弹性阶段及之后的非线性黏弹性阶段,而分数阶阶数β敏感性较差,仅能对黏弹性阶段的蠕变趋势做出细微反应。

含水层地下储氢圈闭盖层密封性评价——以Y含水圈闭为例

结合国内外含水层储气库建设中影响盖层密封性的关键指标,构建含水层地下储氢圈闭盖层密封性评价体系,分析得出适合中国含水层盖层密封性评价方法——层次分析法,并运用层次分析法和多因子综合评价法相结合的方法定性分析了华东某油气区内的Y含水圈闭盖层静态密封能力。结果表明:(1)盖层静态密封性评价体系中直接盖层厚度、岩石脆性等传统评价因素占比较高,其次为地层水的酸碱性、矿物类型等特殊因素。(2)基于层次分析法和多因子综合评价法分析可知,Y含水圈闭的盖层在静态条件下具备一定的封气能力,能够在一定程度上封隔储集层中的氢气,避免氢气逸散。研究表明,该评价体系可为初步评价含水层地下储氢盖层密封性提供一定的指导与理论依据。

深部向斜构造区煤泥岩巷道围岩变形特征与控制技术

针对深部向斜构造区煤泥岩大巷围岩控制难题,以水峪煤业采区运输巷为研究对象,采用现场调研、数值模拟和理论分析方法,分析了深部煤泥岩巷道围岩位移和应力分布特征,研究了适用于深部煤泥岩巷道围岩的内外承载体环形协同控制技术主要结构和原理,构建了约束混凝土支架和围岩耦合模型,分析了内外承载结构体作用下深部煤泥岩巷道围岩位移和塑性区分布特征,并在现场进行了工业性试验,应用效果良好,对类似大巷围岩稳定性控制提供一定参考。