Development of Morus alba Reinforced Poly-Lactic Acid with Elevated Mechanical and Thermal Properties

This research investigates the mechanical and thermal properties of Morus alba combined with polylactic acid in comparison with other natural fibers. The study uses three different fiber and PLA compositions - 20%, 30%, and 40% respectively - to produce composite materials. In addition, another composite with the same fiber volume is treated with a 4% NaOH solution to improve mechanical properties. The composites are processed by twin-screw extrusion, granulation, and injection molding. Tensile strength measurements of raw fibers and NaOH-treated fibers were carried out using a single-fiber tensile test with a gauge length of 40 mm. It was observed that the NaOH surface treatment increases the resistance against tensile loading and exhibited improved properties for raw fiber strands. The diameter of the fibers was measured using optical microscopy. During this research, flexural tests, impact tests, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and heat deflection temperature measurements (HDT) were conducted to evaluate the mechanical and thermal properties of the developed composite samples. The results indicate that the mechanical properties of NaOH-treated Morus alba-reinforced polylactic acid outperform both virgin PLA samples and untreated Morus alba samples.

Research and Prospect of Mulberry (Morus alba L.)

Mulberry(Morus alba L.)is not only rich in nutrients,but also has medicinal value.As a drug and food,it is widely planted all over the country,with considerable yield and economic value.In recent years,it has attracted many scholars and been widely reported,and in-depth research has already been conducted.Through reviewing the literatures on mulberry,this paper summarized the chemical composition,pharmacological effects and quality evaluation of mulberry,providing some reference for the further development and utilization of mulberry.

Evaluation of the Liver Cancer Prevention of Anthocyanin Extracts from Mulberry (<i>Morus alba</i>L.) Variety PR-01

This study aims to evaluate the preventive effects of anthocyanins extracts (MAEs) from mulberry variety PR-01 against N-nitrosodiethylamine (NDEA)-induced hepatocarcinogenesis in rats. It was found that 150 mg·kg-1 MAEs treatment significantly reduced the NDEA-induced hepatic nodules incidence and hepatocellular carcinoma incidence by 58.30% and 41.70% compared to the model group. Meanwhile, MAEs significantly restored the elevated the liver function enzymes, inhibited the tumor necrosis factor alpha and interleukin-6 levels, elevated the serum interleukin-10 and interferon-γ and increased hepatic glutathione-S-transferase and UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 2B1 enzyme activity. Moreover, 150 mg·kg-1 MAEs supplement enhanced glutathione content and the activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase activities but reduced the malondialdehyde and thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances content by 37.90% and 44.52%. Furthermore, MAEs pretreatment maintained nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1, heme oxygenase-1, and NAD(P)H: quinine oxidoreductase1 stimulation and inhibited the expression of TNF-α, nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB), and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), indicating that MAEs exhibit effectively prevention effects against liver cancer via decreased lipid peroxidation, induced Nrf2-mediated antioxidant enzymes and attenuating the inflammatory mediators COX-2 through NF-κB pathway. Thus, MAEs of mulberry variety PR-01 may be used as a good functional dietary supplement against liver cancer.

Efficient Regeneration System for Genetic Transformation of Mulberry (<i>Morus indica</i>L. Cultivar S-36) Using <i>in Vitro</i>Derived Shoot Meristems

Shoot meristems used for the study were exercised from the in vitro regenerated shoots cultured on MS medium supplemented with 0.5 mg/L of BAP for multiplication. The sensitivity of the in vitro regenerated was studied using shoot meristems of 0.5 cm. Shoot meristems were cultured on medium containing 10-100 mg/l kanamycin to determine the concentration that was lethal for multiple shoot induction and root induction. The response of shoot multiplication decreased (66.2%-6.2%) as the concentration of kanamycin increased (10.0-70.0 mg/L) with complete inhibition of shoot proliferation at 100 mg/L kanamycin. The rooting phase was very sensitive to kanamycin compared to shoot multiplication. The percentage of shoots that rooted decreased (53.8%-4.8%) with increase in the concentration of kanamycin (10.0-70.0 mg/l) on IBA and 2,4-D supplemented medium. For transformation studies, the shoot tips that were infected with Agrobacterium strain were placed on selection medium containing MS medium with 0.5 mg/L BAP and 100 mg/L kanamycin and scored for the putative transformed shoots. An average of 62.2% of shoot tips developed shoot buds from the base and the shoots reached a length of 0.5-1.0 cm at the end of 30 days of culture on the selective medium in comparison to control which showed no response. An average of 66.7% of the regenerated plants showed GUS expression on selection medium where 43.2% and 65% of GUS expression was recorded in the leaves and callus. Leaves and callus induced from the controls did not show GUS activity. Stable integration of nptII gene with the genomic DNA from these transformed plants was confirmed through PCR analysis. Our result presents an efficient regeneration system using in vitro derived shoot meristems for Agrobacterium mediated gene transfer.

我国桑属(Morus L.)药用植物资源化学研究进展

我国已有5000年栽桑养蚕的文明史,是世界桑资源分布中心。目前的桑园面积达800万hm2,2000万户农民从事栽桑养蚕,有利地促进了我国蚕丝产量占有国际70%～80%的份额。随着桑蚕产业的大力发展,近年来国内外科研工作者对桑资源研究取得了长足进展。基于中药资源化学研究思路与方法对桑资源性成分研究、动态评价以及桑资源的多途径、多层次开发利用研究等方面进行了较为系统归纳和总结,以期为桑资源产业链的发展提供依据与参考。

川桑(Morus notabilis)枝条的药用化学成分分离鉴定

桑树的枝条是传统的中药材,以我国特有野生桑种质资源川桑（Morus notabilis）的枝条为材料,提取分离药用化学成分。桑枝粉首先采用95%乙醇粗提、减压浓缩,然后分别用硅胶柱色谱、D101大孔吸附树脂柱色谱、反相C_（18）柱色谱、葡聚糖凝胶Sephadex LH-20柱色谱技术以及制备型HPLC色谱仪等,对提取物中的化合物进行富集和分离、纯化,共得到13种单体化合物。经波谱分析以及与已有研究文献的相关信息对比分析,鉴定13种化合物分别为川桑素A（1）、桑辛素I（2）、桑呋喃B（3）、桑酮T（4）、桑酮C（5）、桑酮U（6）、5,5＇-双丁氧基-2,2＇-双呋喃（7）、异香草醛（8）、丁香醛（9）、东莨菪素（10）、反式-3,5-二甲氧基-4-羟基肉桂醛（11）、对羟基-苯甲醛（12）、川桑素L（13）。编号为2~13的12种化合物系首次从川桑中分离的已知化合物,其中,化合物13（川桑素L）为一种新的天然化合物。

贵州地区桑属(Morus L．)植物的分布及区系特点

依据贵州省植物标本馆（HGAS）桑属植物标本及相关文献资料，对贵州地区桑属（Morus L．）植物分布及区系特点进行了分析。该地区桑属植物的9个桑种主要分布在海拔240—2400m的黔东北、黔东南、黔西南，其中：白桑（M．alba L．）分布广，分布地区海拔在1000m以下；长穗桑（W.wittiorum Hand-Mazz．）属孑遗分布，分布于沟谷且冬无严寒处；长果桑（W.laevigataWall．）与长穗桑为同一种系，分布同域，数量少，且有分化；鸡桑（M．australis Poir．）在高海拔寒湿区域形成群落，类型丰富，且仍在分化；蒙桑（W.mongolica Schneid．）及变种鬼桑（W.mongolica Schneid．vat．diabolica Koidz．）抗旱耐寒，分布少，被滇桑[M.yunnanensis（Koidz．）C，Y．Wu et Cao．]替代；华桑（W.cathayana Hemsl．）和山桑（W.bombycis Koidz．）的分布也少，山桑可分布于较高海拔；裂叶桑[W.trilobata（S．S．Chang）Cao．]新拟，仅在低海拔的凯里地区有分布。该地区桑属植物分布的区系特点是：种类丰富，多型性突出，起源古老，特有现象明显，与邻近省份桑属植物分布区系联系密切。认为该地区是研究桑属植物起源与演化的关键地区之一。

当年生桑树(Morus alba L.)果枝叶片特征与果实性状的相关性

为揭示叶果间的内在作用规律,以桑树(Morus alba L.)当年生果枝为研究对象,分析不同大小果枝上叶片特征和果实性状的差异及其二者间的相互关系。结果表明:随着果枝由小到大,果枝上的叶片数与总叶干重显著增加,而叶形指数却无显著变化;桑葚数与总桑葚干重也有显著增加,桑葚含水量无显著变化。桑葚数与叶片数、总叶干重、总叶面积及其平均桑葚干重显著正相关。研究结果证实了果实的性状与叶片特征之间存在极密切关系。当年生果枝上的桑葚数量多少取决于果枝上的叶片总数,平均桑葚的干重则与果枝上的平均叶面积显著相关。

A new alkylene dihydrofuran glycoside with antioxidation activity from the root bark of Morus alba L.

A new alkylene dihydrofuran glycoside（1） was isolated from the root bark ofMorus alba L.,along with moracin M-3′-O-β-D-glucopyranoside （2）,and moracin M-6,3′-di-O-β-D-glucopyranoside（3）.Compound 1 was identified as 2-methylene-3-methoxy-2, 5-dihydrofuran-4-O-β-D-glucopyranoside on the basis of chemical and spectroscopic data including 1D and 2D NMR spectral analysis.In addition,the antioxidant activity of 1 was evaluated using the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl（DPPH） and 2,2′-azinobis- 3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid（ABTS） assay.The IC_（50） values were 2.49 and 0.45 mg/mL,respectively.

A new prenylated arylbenzofuran derivative from Morus alba L.

2-[3,5-Di-O-β-D-glucosyl-4-(3-methylbut-2-enyl)phenyl]benzofuran-6-ol,a new prenylated arylbenzofuran derivative was isolated from Morus alba L.Its structure was elucidated by various spectroscopic methods including MS,~1H NMR,^(13)C NMR,DEPT,~1H-~1HCOSY,HMQC and HMBC.

桑树(Morus alba L.)原位修复某尾矿区重金属污染土壤

木本植物具有根系发达、生物量大、适应性强等特点,可广泛用于重金属污染土壤修复.本文通过5年的田间修复试验,研究了桑树(Morus alba L.)对污染土壤中重金属的累积和分布特征、土壤中重金属和营养元素有效性含量的变化,来探讨桑树修复某尾矿区污染土壤中Mn、Zn和Cd等重金属的效果.研究结果表明,桑树生物量大,可用于重金属污染土壤的生态修复与景观恢复.田间种植5年后,桑树整株干重每株可达4 kg.桑树对土壤中重金属具有一定的转运和累积能力,地上部分中Cd、Zn和Mn等重金属含量明显大于根部,尤其是叶片中重金属含量明显大于枝和主干中的含量.修复5年后,桑树地上部分Zn和Mn的累积总量可达3277.7 mg·100 m-2和2422.4 mg·100 m-2,且土壤中Mn和Zn含量分别从2192.5 mg·kg-1和103.2 mg·kg-1降低至1790.0 mg·kg-1和85.94 mg·kg-1,同时土壤有效态Mn和Zn分别显著(P<0.05)降低66.0%和28.6%.然而,桑树落叶中Cd、Zn和Mn含量分别可达0.36、64.5、189.2 mg·kg-1.因此,通过定期清除桑树落叶或刈割地上部分,可防止叶片中重金属对土壤造成二次污染,同时削减土壤中重金属含量.同时,经桑树修复5年后土壤中碱解氮、有效磷和速效钾含量均显著(P<0.05)降低,需定期补充相应氮、磷和钾肥来强化桑树修复尾矿区重金属污染土壤.

High Phenotypic Variation in Morus alba L. along an Altitudinal Gradient in the Indian Trans-Himalaya

Ten quantitative morphological characters were studied in 56 Morus alba L. trees representing three natural populations from the trans-Himalayan Ladakh region. The altitude of collection sites ranged from 2815 to 3177 m above the sea level(asl). Coefficient of variation(CV) showed high phenotypic variation in M. alba. Linear regression analysis revealed that leaf and fruit size decreases with an increase in altitude. High CV was observed for leaf length, leaf width, petiole length, leaf area, internodal distance, number of nodes, bud length, fruit length, fruit width and fruit weight. Similarly, a high phenotypic plasticity index was observed for bud length, leaf length, leaf width, petiole length, leaf area, inter-nodal distance, number of nodes, fruit length, fruit width and fruit weight. For every 100 m increase in altitude, leaf length, leaf width and leaf area decreased by 1 cm, 0.8 cm and 16.6 cm2, respectively. Analysis of covariance showed a predominant altitudinal effect on the morphological characters in comparison to the population effect. A small change in the altitude caused significant change in the plant morphological characteristics. The present investigation represents to our knowledge the first study addressing phenotypic variation in mulberryalong an altitudinal gradient.

黑桑(Morus nigra L.)的研究与利用进展

黑桑(Morus nigra L.)是桑属的一个种,具有悠久的栽培应用历史。黑桑不仅存在极为罕见的天然二十二倍体,而且其叶、茎、果中含有丰富的活性次生物质,具有抗氧化、抗炎、降血糖、美白等功能。本文系统总结关于黑桑的起源、分布、生物学特征、繁殖技术以及活性物质的功能和开发利用的研究进展,对上述研究中存在的一些争议进行了讨论,并提出今后对黑桑资源综合利用的主要研究方向和研究内容,以利于对黑桑种质资源的深入研究和更好地服务于我国黑桑的规模化栽培及资源的高效开发利用。

Correlation between Different Morus alba L. Leaf Nodes and the Change in Leaf Size or Mass

This paper aimed to explore the correlation between Morus alba L. leaf node and its size or mass change and provide a theoretical basis for the development of scientific Morus alba L. cultivation technology. During 2016-2017,the correlation between Morus alba L. leaf node and its size or mass change was investigated and researched. Results showed that through the correlation coefficient analysis,there was a weakly positive correlation between the leaf node and some indicators such as( leaf length ÷ leaf width) and petiole length,there was a weakly negative correlation between the leaf node and some indicators such as leaf width,( leaf length + leaf width),( leaf length × leaf width) and leaf mass,and there was a weakly negative correlation between the leaf node and the other indicators; there was a highly positive correlation between the leaf mass and some indicators such as Morus alba L. leaf length,leaf width,( leaf length + leaf width) and( leaf length × leaf width),there was a significantly positive correlation between the leaf mass and some indicators such as petiole transverse diameter in width and petiole mass,and there was a weakly positive correlation between the leaf mass and some indicators such as petiole transverse diameter in thickness. In terms of significant level of difference,it was found that there was no significant difference in the correlation coefficients between the leaf nodes on the Morus alba L. shoots and some indicators such as leaf length,leaf width,( leaf length + leaf width),( leaf length × leaf width) and leaf mass; there was an extremely significant difference in the correlation coefficients between the leaf mass and some indicators such as Morus alba L. leaf length,leaf width,( leaf length + leaf width),( leaf length × leaf width),petiole transverse diameter in width and petiole mass; there was no significant difference in the correlation coefficients between the leaf mass and the other indicators. The regression analysis was performed on the leaf node and leaf length,leaf width,( leaf length + leaf width),( leaf length × leaf width),( leaf length ÷ leaf width),petiole length,petiole diameter in width,petiole diameter in thickness,petiole mass and leaf mass. Significance F values were0. 4864,0. 1995,0. 2888,0. 3004,0. 2350,0. 2407,0. 8925,0. 5227,0. 7022 and 0. 2000,respectively,that is,there was an extremely significant difference between Morus alba L. leaf node and petiole diameter in width,there was a significant difference between Morus alba L.leaf node and petiole mass,and there was no significant difference between Morus alba L. leaf node and the other indicators. The comparative analysis of quadratic curve regression equation and linear regression equation was performed on some indicators such as leaf length,and it was found that the R value between the leaf node and petiole diameter in width was in line with the logarithmic curve regression equation,and the other R values of quadratic curve regression equation was larger than the other R values of linear regression equation,indicating that different Morus alba L. leaf nodes,leaf length,leaf mass and other indicators were in line with the quadratic curve regression equation. It was concluded that by investigating the leaf node on the Morus alba L. shoots and regression equation,we could predict the leaf size,leaf mass and other indicators,and we could take the leaf node on the Morus alba L. shoots as a main factor affecting the Morus alba L. leaf size and mass.

Selection and characterisation of lactic acid bacteria isolated from different origins for ensiling Robinia pseudoacacia and Morus alba L.leaves

The objective of this study was to isolate lactic acid bacteria（LAB） strains from different origins and to select the best strains for ensiling Robinia pseudoacacia（RB） and Morus alba L.（MB）leaves. The LAB strains were inoculated into the extracted liquid obtained from RB and MB leaves to evaluate the fermentation products. 11 LAB strains were selected for further experiments based on the highest products of lactic or acetic acid, including 1 strain of Weissella confusa, 2 of Lactobacillus reuteri and 8 of Lactobacillus plantarum.The API 50 CH fermentation experiment indicated that all of the selected 11 LAB strains utilised most of the carbohydrates. All the strains grew at temperatures between 10 and 45℃ and at a p H of 3.5 to 4.5; however, L. reuteri F7 and F8 tolerated a p H as low as 3.0. All 11 LAB strains showed antibacterial activity against Listeria monocytogens, Escherichia coil, Salmonella sp. and Acetobacter pasteurianus; however, after excluding the effect of organic acids, only F7 and F8 still exhibited antibacterial activity. The present study indicated that the selected 11 LAB strains could be used to prepare silages of RB and MB leaves, especially L. reuteri F7 and F8.

Characteristics of <i>Morus alba</i>L. Cultured by In-Room Hydroponics

Morus alba L., (cv Ichinose) was cultivated by in-room hydroponics. The flavor and texture of leaves were markedly improved enough to be edible. When the contents of 1-deoxynojirimycin (DNJ) and polyphenols were measured in the hydroponic cultivar, DNJ increased in the leaf compared to the field grown M. alba. However, polyphenols, in contrast, decreased compared to the field cultivar. HPLC profiling revealed marked difference in leaf components between hydroponic and field cultivars indicating relative contents of lipophilic polyphenols were increased. The polyphenols contents, especially, lipophilic polyphenols in the root were remarkably high compared to So-Haku-Hi (Sang Bai Pi in Chinese). The anti-obesity effect of the hydroponically grown Morus was further studied in rats by feeding high-fat, high-sucrose (HFHS) diet with and without supplementation of dried leaf and root powders for 15 weeks. As the result, both the leaf and root from the hydroponic cultivar showed potential anti-obesity and anti-hyperlipidemic functions through amelioration of insulin resistance. Differential effects of leaf and root powders indicated that besides DNJ, the lipophilic polyphenols may play a crucial role in the anti-diabetic function of hydroponically grown Morus alba L. The hydroponics will provide an alternate way to cultivate a novel resource of Morus for developing functional foods and medicines.

利用扦插和组织培养技术繁殖特异种质资源滇桑(Morus yunnanensis Koidz.)

滇桑(Morus yunnanensis Koidz.)属于桑树特异种质资源,是研究桑属植物进化的重要桑种。解决滇桑嫁接不亲和性而不易繁殖的技术难题,对促进滇桑的科学研究和开发利用有重要意义。以云南省屏边大围山国家自然保护区采集的滇桑冬芽及枝条为材料,利用扦插和植物组织培养技术进行无性繁殖试验,结果表明:滇桑的冬芽能够在添加3.0 mg/L 6-BA和0.5 mg/L GA3的MS培养基中萌发,其萌发的小芽在添加1.0 mg/L 6-BA和0.2 mg/L GA3的MS培养基中能正常生长并木质化,继续在添加0.5 mg/L IBA的1/2 MS培养基中培养生根后能够移栽成活,其萌发率、生根率和移栽成活率分别达到95%、55%、90%;扦插能够诱导含冬芽的滇桑枝条生根获得完整植株并移栽成活,但其扦插生根率较低,仅30%左右。试验结果提示,进一步优化组织培养和扦插条件,有望建立滇桑的无性繁殖技术体系。

桑树花青素合成相关基因MaLAR和MaUGAT的克隆与表达分析

无色花青素还原酶(leucoanthocyanidin reductase,LAR)是催化无色花青素转化为儿茶素的一个关键酶,是植物类黄酮生物合成路径中的一个下游酶,可抑制无色花青素在花青素合成酶(anthocyanidin synthase,ANS)的催化下转化为花青素;花青素⁃3⁃O⁃葡萄糖苷⁃2⁃O⁃葡萄糖醛酸转移酶(cyanidin⁃3⁃O⁃glucoside 2⁃O⁃glucuronosyltransferase,UGAT)是植物花青素生物合成路径中一个关键酶,其催化花青素⁃3⁃O⁃葡萄糖苷转化为花青素3⁃O⁃(2⁃O⁃β⁃D⁃葡萄糖醛酸基)⁃β⁃D⁃葡萄糖苷,使得无色花青素最终转化为稳定的花色苷物质而累积在果实中。通过与川桑(Morus notabilis)基因组数据库进行比对鉴定到了MaLAR和MaUGAT基因,并以粤椹大10与和田白桑的桑椹cDNA为模板克隆了MaLAR和MaUGAT基因。聚类分析结果表明粤椹大10 MaLAR与甜樱桃(Prunus avium)亲缘关系较近,和田白桑MaLAR与川桑亲缘关系较近;粤椹大10 MaUGAT与和田白桑MaUGAT均与川桑亲缘关系较近,均属于蔷薇目。实时荧光定量PCR检测表明MaLAR在和田白桑桑椹S1—S3阶段的表达水平均高于粤椹大10;而MaUGAT则在粤椹大10桑椹S2—S3阶段中表达水平显著高于和田白桑。研究表明MaLAR在桑树花青素合成途径中可能起负调控作用,而MaUGAT在桑树花青素合成途径中可能起正调控作用。

Plants regenerated from mesophyll protoplasts of white mulberry

Morus alba(white mulberry) mesophyll protoplasts were isolated from leaves of 30-45 day old sterile shoots,with protoplast yields of 2.5 x 107 g-1/F.W. after purification. The protoplasts were cultured in a modified K8P liquid medium containing 0.2 mg/L 2,4-D(2,4- Dichlorophe-noxy acetic acid), 1 mg/L NAA(Naphthyl acetic acid) and 0.5 mg/L BA(6-benzylaminopurine). A low plating density (5 x 104/ml) proved to be favourable to the division of protoplast-derived cells. The first divisioll occurred 4 days after culture, and the division frequency reached 24% at 10 days. A number of cell colonies and microcalli formed in 6 weeks. The microcalli were transferred onto MSB medium with 0.5 mg/L NAA and 0.5 mg/L BA for further proliferation. Shoot formation was initiated when the calli of 3-4 mm in size were transferred onto MSB differentiation medium with 0.1 mg/L NAA and 1 mg/L BA. The frequency of shoot formation was 35%. The shoots of 4-5 cm in height were excised from the callus and rooted on half strength MS medium with 0.5 mg/L IBA and 0.1 mg/L BA. After transplantation into pots, the regenerated plants grew vigorously in the phytotron.

Mulberry fruit as an antioxidant component in muesli

The aim of the study was to develop the technology of muesli via analyzing the addition of white mulberry fruit. The first step involved the selection of ingredients from bioactive compounds. Next, the technology of production was developed. Then, the antioxidant activity of new muesli with potentially pro-health model systems was estimated. Muesli was characterized in terms of its basic nutritional value, and antioxidant potential. The ability to inactivate DPPH and ABTS radicals was estimated. In addition, the amount of fat in muesli was calculated. As part of this calculation, fatty acid composition and content of primary and secondary oxidation products were ascertained. The last stage of the project included sensory analysis of the resultant products. Our studies showed that the new product-muesli had high nutritional value, high antioxidant potential and a positive fatty acid composition. And sensory analysis showed that the product was attractive.