Numerical simulation of the gas-solid two-phase flow inside the multi-channel nozzle for the surface nanocrystallization induced by the ultrasonic particulate peening

Using a gas-solid two-phase model(a discrete phase model),the authors investigated the flow field inside the multi-channel nozzle for surface nanocrystallization(SNC)induced by the ultrasonic particulate peening(USPP).By computation,the velocity fields of both the gas and the solid phases were simulated and the track of the solid phase was analyzed in detail.It can be found that the velocities of the two phases are able to reach an ultrasonic level;meanwhile,the dispersion width of the solid phase at the nozzle exit is less than that of the gas phase.When particle diameters are less than 5 μm,there is a decreasing trend in the dispersion width of the solid phase with an increase in particle diameters.The trend becomes stable as the particle diameters are greater than 5 μm;in the meantime,the distribution of solid particles is near the axis of the jet flow.The optimal standoff distance between the nozzle and the substrate in the process of USPP is about 120 mm.Simulation results can help improve the design of mass-production-oriented multi-channel nozzles for SNC induced by USPP.

The Influences of the Nozzle Throat Length and the Orifice Grooving Degree on Internal Flow Field for a Multi-Entry Fan Nozzle Based on FLUENT

Spray nozzle is a key component in equipment for plant protection and water-saving irrigation. The fan nozzle is a kind of spray nozzle, which is widely used in agriculture and forestry for irrigation and control of diseases, insects, and weeds. In consideration of the increasing velocity of the flow field, when the hydraulic pressure remains unchanged and the flow path becomes narrow, and because the increase of the velocity of spray drops can increase the penetrability of spray drops into the plant canopy, a kind of new fan nozzle with multi entries and simple inner structure was designed and the influences of its structure parameters on the inner flow field were analyzed using FLUENT software. The experimental results showed that the influence of the throat length on the inner flow field of the nozzle was insignificant, while the orifice grooving degree had a significant effect on inner flow field of the nozzle. The larger the grooving degree was, the smaller the pressure and velocity of internal flow field of the nozzle. The nozzle throat length had little influence on the velocity change of internal flow field. Positive correlation was shown between throat length and flow field velocity.

Multi-Schlieren CT Measurements of Supersonic Microjets from Circular and Square Micro Nozzles

Instantaneous three-dimensional (3D) density distributions of a shock-cell structure of perfectly and imperfectly expanded supersonic microjets escaping into an ambient space are measured. For the 3D observation of supersonic microjets, non-scanning 3D computerized tomography (CT) technique using a 20-directional quantitative schlieren optical system with flashlight source is employed for simultaneous schlieren photography. The 3D density distributions data of the microjets are obtained by 3D-CT reconstruction of the projection’s images using maximum likelihood-expectation maximization. Axisymmetric convergent-divergent (Laval) circular and square micro nozzles with operating nozzle pressure ratio 5.0, 4.5, 4.0, 3.67, and 3.5 have been studied. This study examines perfectly expanded, overexpanded, and underexpanded supersonic microjets issued from micro nozzles with fully expanded jet Mach numbers Mj ranging from 1.47 - 1.71, where the design Mach number is Md = 1.5. A complex phenomenon for free square microjets called axis switching is clearly observed with two types “upright” and “diagonal” of “cross-shaped”. The initial axis-switching is 45° within the first shock-cell range. In addition, from the symmetry and diagonal views of square microjets for the first shock-cells, two different patterns of shock waves are viewed. The shock-cell spacing and supersonic core length for all nozzle pressure ratios are investigated and reported.

Cold-state Experimental Study on Flow Characteristics of Multi-nozzle in Natural Gas Reburning Burner

Based on the prototypes of a 130 t/h boiler, constant proportional cold-state test bench is established, flow characteristics of multi-nozzle in natural gas reburning burner and its influence on the covering effect for the upflow in the furnace are researched. Numerical simulations of this process are also made with standard ?turbulence model. The results show that air flow fullness in furnace is better in the case of the reburning zone with 8 nozzles compared to 4 nozzles and also coverage effect of the reburning flow for the updraft gas in the furnace is better. In the condition each nozzle airflow velocity is constant, the effect of reburning flow on coverage of up-secondary air is best when the incident angle for four corners is 14.17?, while Center of the furnace wall is 84.57. And while the best incident angle is invariable, the effect of reburning flow on coverage of up-secondary air is best when the speed of reburning gas in the corners of furnace is 51 m/s, the same to the center of the furnace wall’s.

Damage Mechanism of High Chrome Bricks for Opposed Multi Nozzle Gasifier and Their Improvement

To reveal the damage mechanism of high chrome bricks for opposed multi nozzle gasifier with expanded diameter,the chemical composition and the morphology of a used high chrome brick were researched using XRF,SEM and EDS,and the properties of the high chrome bricks were improved by adding ultra fine alumina,alumina-chrome-iron oxide synthetic material with spinel structure,and chromium metal.The results show that(1)the high chrome brick is seriously damaged by the chemical dissolution of chrome as well as the chemical reactions at the slag/brick interface,the slag penetration and the structural spalling;(2)FeO in the slag reacts with Cr_(2)O_(3)in the brick to form a FeCr_(2)O_(4)layer on the particle surface thus leading to spalling;CaO reacts with SiO_(2)and Al2O3 in the brick forming a metamorphic layer of low melting point materials;due to the different thermal expansion coefficients of the metamorphic layer and the original brick,cracks appear and continue to expand and deepen under multiple temperature and pressure fluctuations thus leading to spalling of brick layer;(3)the improved brick has decreased apparent porosity,increased bulk density and compressive strength,and better thermal shock resistance compared with the original brick;after one cycle of on-site application,the furnace lining surface is smooth and flat with little damage,indicating that the improved high chrome bricks basically meet the working condition requirements of the opposed multi nozzle gasifier with expanded diameter,however,the final effects need to be evaluated in detail after the whole furnace service.

Effect of Al_2O_3-ZrO_2 Composite Powder on Thermal Shock Resistance of ZrO_2 Sizing Nozzles

ZrO2 sizing nozzles with a basic Jormulation were prepared using 45% （by mass, the same hereinafter ） （ Mg, Y） - PSZ aggregate, 55% （ Mg, Y） - PSZ fines and 5% PVA binder. Al2O3 - ZrO2 composite powders （ 3%, 6%, 9% and 12% ） prepared by sol - gel method were added to replace the equal amount of （ Mg, Y） - PSZfines. Effects of Al2O3 - ZrO2 composite powders on physical properties, phase composition and microstructure of the ZrO2 sizing nozzles were studied. The results show that： the performances of the modified sizing nozzles with 3% Al2O3 - ZrO2 composite powder are better than those of the nobles without composite powder used in current production process, and the thermal shock resistance of the ,former nozzles is six times of that of the latter one.

Multi-features Based Approach for Moving Shadow Detection

In the video-based surveillance application, moving shadows can affect the correct localization and detection of moving objects. This paper aims to present a method for shadow detection and suppression used for moving visual object detection. The major novelty of the shadow suppression is the integration of several features including photometric invariant color feature, motion edge feature, and spatial feature etc. By modifying process for false shadow detected, the averaging detection rate of moving object reaches above 90% in the test of Hall-Monitor sequence.

The Large Sky Area Multi-Object Fiber Spectroscopic Telescope (LAMOST)

The Large Sky Area Multi-Object Fiber Spectroscopic Telescope (LAMOST, also called the Guo Shou Jing Telescope) is a special reflecting Schmidt telescope. LAMOST’s special design allows both a large aperture (effective aperture of 3.6 m–4.9 m) and a wide field of view (FOV) (5°). It has an innovative active reflecting Schmidt configuration which continuously changes the mirror’s surface that adjusts during the observation process and combines thin deformable mirror active optics with segmented active optics. Its primary mirror (6.67m×6.05 m) and active Schmidt mirror (5.74m×4.40 m) are both segmented, and composed of 37 and 24 hexagonal sub-mirrors respectively. By using a parallel controllable fiber positioning technique, the focal surface of 1.75 m in diameter can accommodate 4000 optical fibers. Also, LAMOST has 16 spectrographs with 32 CCD cameras. LAMOST will be the telescope with the highest rate of spectral acquisition. As a national large scientific project, the LAMOST project was formally proposed in 1996, and approved by the Chinese government in 1997. The construction started in 2001, was completed in 2008 and passed the official acceptance in June 2009. The LAMOST pilot survey was started in October 2011 and the spectroscopic survey will launch in September 2012. Up to now, LAMOST has released more than 480 000 spectra of objects. LAMOST will make an important contribution to the study of the large-scale structure of the Universe, structure and evolution of the Galaxy, and cross-identification of multiwaveband properties in celestial objects.

A Comparative Study of Acute Hemodynamic Effects of Multi -site Cardiac Pacing in patients with cardiac function NYHA class ⅠtoⅡ without bundle branch block

Objective To compare the acute hemodynamic effects of five different pacing modes in patients with cardiac function NYHA class Ⅰ to Ⅱ without bundle branch block (BBB). Methods This study included 12 patients (SSS 7, Ⅲ°AVB 5) undergoing pacemaker implantation. Right ventricular apex (RVA), right ventricular outflow tract (RVOT), right ventricular bifocal (RV-Bi), left ventricular base (LVB) and bi -ventricular (Bi-Ⅴ) pacing at 60 -80 ppm were done in VVI mode prior to implantation of DDD pacemaker. The cardiac index (CI), mean pulmonary artery pressure (mPAP) and pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (PCWP) were measured with Swan - Ganz thermodilution catheter after 5 minutes of each pacing mode. Results (1) Comparing to pacing at RVA (CI: 2. 41± 0. 38 L/min per m2, PCWP: 16. 7 ±3.3 mmHg), the CI increased and the PCWP decreased significantly in pacing at RVOT(CI: 2. 63 ± 0.46, PCWP: 13. 8±2. 3), LVB(CI: 2. 78±0.52, PCWP: 14. 4±3.1), RV-Bi(CI: 2. 83±0.57, PCWP: 12. 8± 2. 5) and Bi -Ⅴ pacing (CI: 2. 94± 0.60, PCWP: 12. 7±2. 5), P < 0. 01, respectively. (2) The CI of RV-Bi and Bi-Ⅴ pacing was higher than that of RVOT and LVB pacing, the PCWP was lower, P < 0. 05, respectively. (3) There was no significant difference between RV - Bi pacing and Bi-Ⅴ pacing in CI and PCWP. Conclusion There is no significant difference between RV - Bi pacing and Bi -V pacing in the acute hemodynamic effects; however,dual - site pacing is much better than single site pacing in that aspect for patients with cardiac function NYHA class Ⅰ to Ⅱ without BBB. Among single site pacing, the RVOT and LVB pacing is better than RVA pacing in cardiac function.

Research on A Master - slave Multi - microcomputers Control System for Hollow Spindle Fancy Yarn Spinning Machine

In this paper, a successfully studied and developed master - slave muld - microcomputers control system based on PC - BUS for hollow spindle fancy yarn spinning machine, mainly Its overall scheme, software and hardware construction, is introduced. Spinning experiments show that the system achieves satisfactory result. This system can solve the diftkultles of mechatronical fusion between domestic hollow splndk fancy yarn spuming muchine and its microcomputer control technology.

On the Representation of Multi-layer Woven Structure

A quantitative method is developed to identify the structures of multi-layer woven fabric in this study. Six structural parameters are selected to represent the fabric structure. With some design criteria for the reinforcement of textile composites, the relationships among the structural parameters are derived for different binding patterns of the fabric structure. The conditions, which meet the requirements of structural cell stability,are also discussed.

Computer-aided Pattern Design of Multi-bar Warp Knitted Fabrics

To meet the development trend of multi-bar warp knit-ting machine towards high-speed,advanced technologyand computer control and the requirements of variousproducts with small quantity,there are many researcheson the computer-aided pattern design of multi-barwarp knitted fabrics.In terms of the special propertiesof the computer-aided pattern design of multi-barwarp knitted fabrics,the Object Oriented Program(OOP)programming-Object Windows class Library(OWL)programming is selected.According to thecharacters of the OWL programming,various functionsare defined.Pattern design and technical parameters canbe output,which offers a great convenience for the fac-tory.

MODS： A Novel Metaheuristic of Deterministic Swapping for the Multi-Objective Optimization of Combinatorials Problems

This paper states a new metaheuristic based on Deterministic Finite Automata （DFA） for the multi - objective optimization of combinatorial problems. First, a new DFA named Multi - Objective Deterministic Finite Automata （MDFA） is defined. MDFA allows the representation of the feasible solutions space of combinatorial problems. Second, it is defined and implemented a metaheuritic based on MDFA theory. It is named Metaheuristic of Deterministic Swapping （MODS）. MODS is a local search strategy that works using a MDFA. Due to this, MODS never take into account unfeasible solutions. Hence, it is not necessary to verify the problem constraints for a new solution found. Lastly, MODS is tested using well know instances of the Bi-Objective Traveling Salesman Problem （TSP） from TSPLIB. Its results were compared with eight Ant Colony inspired algorithms and two Genetic algorithms taken from the specialized literature. The comparison was made using metrics such as Spacing, Generational Distance, Inverse Generational Distance and No-Dominated Generation Vectors. In every case, the MODS results on the metrics were always better and in some of those cases, the superiority was 100%.

CMC S弯喷管材料-结构多尺度优化设计研究

S弯喷管作为大尺寸薄壁结构,在多场耦合作用下有着复杂的整体和局部刚度特性。本文针对S弯喷管变形特征,提出一种基于陶瓷基复合材料(CMC)的S弯喷管连续筋条加强结构,可以有效抑制S弯喷管的整体变形和局部变形。与GH4169合金相比,CMC材料可以降低S弯喷管45.31%的变形量,同时减重62.77%,在此基础上,采用连续筋条加强结构可以进一步降低CMC S弯喷管43.15%的变形量。基于代理模型和差分进化算法,以CMC材料筋条加强S弯喷管的结构质量为目标,以CMC材料细观编织结构中的经/纬纱比例以及喷管宏观结构中的分区域壁厚和加强筋尺寸为优化变量,开展了材料-结构多尺度优化,在相同的刚度指标要求下进一步优化减重26.21%。

Effect of Swirl Preset Vorticity on Combustion Performance of Lobe Nozzle Combustor Chamber

To improve the combustor performance of multi-point injection combustion,lobe nozzle design was applied to the aero-engine model combustor,by presetting the swirl through a certain twisted angle of the edge of the lobe outlet.Numerical simulation in combination with modelling test is used in this paper.The effects of swirl vorticity presetting onto the vortex structure,the characteristics of combustion temperature field,the combustor exit temperature field quality,the combustion efficiency,and the NOx emissions of multi-point injection combustion chamber are investigated.Compared with the conventional vortex flow at the lobe outlet edge,the results of numerical simulation and water modelling test of the swirl vorticity presetting show that the swirl presetting can efficiently enhance the range and intensity of the lobe-induced vorticities.Besides,it can improve the uniformity of the combustion temperature in the combustor chamber,together with the reduced emissions of the pollutant NOx.Moreover,compared with the conventional lobe nozzle chamber,the swirl vortex presetting can effectively improve its combustion performance.The flow simulation test results demonstrate the fluid vortex structure in the combustion chamber and validate the simulation results.

一种新型多喷嘴汽-液喷射器的性能

目前汽-液喷射技术中关于湿蒸汽的研究较少,然而在实际工业中,相当一部分低压蒸汽是具有一定干度的湿蒸汽。为此,设计了以湿蒸汽为工作蒸汽的实验台,并采用一种多喷嘴结构的汽-液喷射器作为实验元件,分析了蒸汽压力、蒸汽干度及喷射器背压对其性能的影响。实验结果表明:蒸汽干度使蒸汽质量流量随蒸汽压力变化的曲线平移。喷射系数随蒸汽干度的增大而增大。蒸汽压力较低时,喷射系数和过冷水流量随蒸汽压力的升高而增大,随着蒸汽压力的升高,当汽羽的长度大于喷射器的喉嘴距时,过冷水发生壅塞,喷射系数开始减小,而过冷水流量的减小延迟。总体上,喷射系数随背压的升高而减小,在背压不同的范围内,喷射系数下降的速度有所不同。

多喷嘴汽-液两相喷射性能的实验研究

提出了一种多喷嘴结构的汽-液两相喷射器,该装置由7个蒸汽喷嘴、吸入室、7个混合室和扩散室组成.通过实验研究了不同蒸汽干度下多喷嘴汽-液两相喷射器的工作特性.结果表明:由于汽羽的特性和蒸汽喷嘴与混合室的距离对喷射性能的共同影响,喷射器存在一个最佳蒸汽压力,且其数值随低温水温度的升高而减小;蒸汽干度未明显影响低温水质量流量的分布规律;喷射系数随蒸汽干度的增大而增大,随低温水温度的升高而减小.

多喷嘴汽-液两相喷射器的工作特性研究

对以湿蒸汽为工作流体的多喷嘴汽–液喷射器机制进行研究,利用质量、能量及动量守恒方程建立了喷射器工作特性一维理论模型。模型求解过程中,采用两相临界流均相平衡模型计算单喷射蒸汽喷嘴的临界流速,并利用多喷射速度系数对其修正,得到多喷射蒸汽喷嘴的出口速度;综合考虑Cattadori的壁面力和Howard的喉部压损理论对流动的影响来确定混合室阻力。为验证模型的正确性,设计以湿蒸汽为工作蒸汽的实验台,并采用多喷嘴喷射器作为实验元件。研究结果表明:容积喷射系数随压力比的增大而减小,且增大喷射器的截面比可使容积喷射系数增加,但缩小了喷射器的工作范围;容积喷射系数随蒸汽干度的增大和过冷水温度的升高而减小。理论计算结果与实验值基本相符。

煤气化-无烟燃烧锅炉抑制NO_x排放的试验研究

煤气化 无烟燃烧锅炉作为一种新型锅炉,采用"多孔分层错列射流式"二次风,将空气分级燃烧及低氧燃烧技术有机地结合在一起.通过"0.1t/h煤无烟燃烧热态试验台"上的研究表明,该锅炉有效地抑制了NOx的排放,同传统燃烧方式相比可降低30%以上,满足现行国家环保标准中对燃油、燃气锅炉的排放要求,即低于400mg/m3.

喷动-流化床整体式多喷嘴效应CFD模拟

建立一种整体式多喷嘴喷动-流化床结构,采用双流体模型(CFD)对其内气-固两相流动进行数值模拟,在传统柱锥型喷动床锥体对称的两侧开若干缝隙,形成辅助多喷嘴喷动床,使其产生喷动-流化床的效果。通过CFD数值模拟获得多喷嘴喷动-流化床内颗粒体积分数、颗粒速度及空隙率等,并将模拟结果与单喷嘴喷动床进行对比,数值模拟证明了整体式多喷嘴喷动-流化床结构的可行性。与常规喷动床相比,整体式多喷嘴喷动-流化床能够有效增强喷动床内气-固两相流动,并且加强了单喷嘴喷动床环隙区底部颗粒运动死区的流动,同时省略了旁路供气辅助设备。