Gamma Approximation Based Multi-Antenna Covert Communication Detection

Covert communication technology makes wireless communication more secure,but it also provides more opportunities for illegal users to transmit harmful information.In order to detect the illegal covert communication of the lawbreakers in real time for subsequent processing,this paper proposes a Gamma approximation-based detection method for multi-antenna covert communication systems.Specifically,the Gamma approximation property is used to calculate the miss detection rate and false alarm rate of the monitor firstly.Then the optimization problem to minimize the sum of the missed detection rate and the false alarm rate is proposed.The optimal detection threshold and the minimum error detection probability are solved according to the properties of the Lambert W function.Finally,simulation results are given to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.

Cooperative Covert Communication in Multi-Antenna Broadcast Channels

With the gradual popularization of 5G communications,the application of multi-antenna broadcasting technology has become widespread.Therefore,this study aims to investigate the wireless covert communication in the two-user cooperative multi-antenna broadcast channel.We focus on the issue that the deteriorated reliability and undetectability are mainly affected by the transmission power.To tackle this issue,we design a scheme based on beamforming to increase the reliability and undetectability of wireless covert communication in the multi-antenna broadcast channel.We first modeled and analyzed the cooperative multi-antenna broadcasting system,and put forward the target question.Then we use the SCA(successive convex approximation)algorithm to transform the target problem into a series of convex subproblems.Then the convex problems are solved and the covert channel capacity is calculated.In order to verify the effectiveness of the scheme,we conducted simulation verification.The simulation results show that the proposed beamforming scheme can effectively improve the reliability and undetectability of covert communication in multi-antenna broadcast channels.

Multi-Antenna Jammer Assisted Covert Communications in Data Collected IoT with NOMA

In this paper,we investigate covert communications in data collected IoT with NOMA,where the paired sensor nodes S_(m) and S_(n) transmit covert messages to a legitimate receiver(Bob)in the presence of a Warden(Willie).To confuse the detection at Willie,an extra multi-antenna friendly jammer(Jammer)has been employed to transmit artificial noise(AN)with random power.Based on the CSI of Willie is available or not at Jammer,three AN transmission schemes,including null-space artificial noise(NAN),transmit antenna selection(TAS),and zeroforcing beamforming(ZFB),are proposed.Furthermore,the closed-form expressions of expected minimum detection error probability(EMDEP)and joint connection outage probability(JCOP)are derived to measure covertness and reliability,respectively.Finally,the maximum effective covert rate(ECR)is obtained with a given covertness constraint.The numerical results show that ZFB scheme has the best maximum ECR in the case of the number of antennas satisfies N>2,and the same maximum ECR can be achieved in ZFB and NAN schemes with N=2.Moreover,TAS scheme also can improve the maximum ECR compared with the benchmark scheme(i.e.,signal-antenna jammer).In addition,a proper NOMA node pairing can further improve the maximum ECR.

Group-Based Successive Interference Cancellation for Multi-Antenna NOMA System with Error Propagation

Non-orthogonal multiple access(NOMA)is viewed as a key technique to improve the spectrum efficiency and solve the issue of massive connectivity.However,for power domain NOMA,the required overall transmit power should be increased rapidly with the increasing number of users in order to ensure that the signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio reaches a predefined threshold.In addition,since the successive interference cancellation(SIC)is adopted,the error propagation would become more serious as the order of SIC increases.Aiming at minimizing the total transmit power and satisfying each user’s service requirement,this paper proposes a novel framework with group-based SIC for the deep integration between power domain NOMA and multi-antenna technology.Based on the proposed framework,a joint optimization of power control and equalizer design is investigated to minimize transmit power consumption for uplink multi-antenna NOMA system with error propagations.Based on the relationship between the equalizer and the transmit power coefficients,the original problem is transformed to a transmit power optimization problem,which is further addressed by a parallel iteration algorithm.It is shown by simulations that,in terms of the total power consumption,the proposed scheme outperforms the conventional OMA and the existing cluster-based NOMA schemes.

Spectrum and energy efficient multi-antenna spectrum sensing for green UAV communication

Unmanned Aerial Vehicle(UAV)communication is a promising technology that provides swift and flexible ondemand wireless connectivity for devices without infrastructure support.With recent developments in UAVs,spectrum and energy efficient green UAV communication has become crucial.To deal with this issue,Spectrum Sharing Policy(SSP)is introduced to support green UAV communication.Spectrum sensing in SSP must be carefully formulated to control interference to the primary users and ground communications.In this paper,we propose spectrum sensing for opportunistic spectrum access in green UAV communication to improve the spectrum utilization efficiency.Different from most existing works,we focus on the problem of spectrum sensing of randomly arriving primary signals in the presence of non-Gaussian noise/interference.We propose a novel and improved p-norm-based spectrum sensing scheme to improve the spectrum utilization efficiency in green UAV communication.Firstly,we construct the p-norm decision statistic based on the assumption that the random arrivals of signals follow a Poisson process.Then,we analyze and derive the approximate analytical expressions of the false-alarm and detection probabilities by utilizing the central limit theorem.Simulation results illustrate the validity and superiority of the proposed scheme when the primary signals are corrupted by additive non-Gaussian noise and arrive randomly during spectrum sensing in the green UAV communication.

Frame length optimization for multi-antenna downlink systems based on delay-bound violation probability constraints

A flame length optimization scheme is proposed for multi-antenna downlink systems to guarantee diverse delay- bound violation probability constraints. Due to the difficulties of extracting the quality of service （QoS） metrics from the conventional physical-layer channel models, the link-layer models named effective bandwidth and effective capacity are applied to statistically characterize the source traffic patterns and the queuing service dynamics. With these link-layer models, the source traffic process and the channel service process are mapped to certain QoS parameters. The packet delay-bound violation probability constraints are converted into minimum data rate constraints and the optimization problem is thus formulated into simultaneous inequalities. With the assumption of ergodic block-fading channels, the optimal frame lengths of single-user and multiuser systems are calculated respectively by numerical iterative methods. Theoretical analyses and simulation results show that the given delay-bound violation probability constraints are well satisfied with the optimal frame length.

A Study on The Multi-Antenna Geometrical Depolarization Channel Modeling

The traditional geometrical depolarization model that single transmitter to single receiver provides a simple method of polarization channel modeling. It can obtain the geometrical depolarization effect of each path if known the antenna configuration, the polarization field radiation pattern and the spatial distribution of scatters. With the development of communication technology, information transmission spectrum is more and more scarce. The original model provides only a single channel polarization state, so the information will be limited that the polarization state carries in the polarization modulation. The research is so significance that how to carries polarization modulation information by using multi-antenna polarization state. However, the present study shows that have no depolarization effect model for multi-antenna systems. In this paper, we propose a multi-antenna geometrical depolarization model. On the basis of a single antenna to calculate the depolarization effect of the model, and through simulation to analysis the main factors that influence the depolarization effect. This article provides a multi-antenna geometrical depolarization channel modeling that can applied to large-scale array antenna, and to some extent increase the speed of information transmission.

Zero-forcing beamforming with receiver antenna selection in downlink multi-antenna multi-user system

A study on the zero-forcing beamforming （ZFBF） scheme with antenna selection at user terminals in downlink multi-antenna multi-user systems is presented. Simulation results show that the proposed ZFBF scheme with receiver antenna selection （ZFBF-AS） achieves considerable throughput improvement over the ZFBF scheme with single receiver antenna. The results also show that, with multi-user diversity, the ZFBF-AS scheme approaches the throughput performance of the ZFBF scheme using all receiver antennas （ZFBF-WO-AS） when the base station adopts semi-orthogonal user selection （SUS） algorithm, and achieves larger throughput when the base station adopts the Round-robin scheduling algorithm. Compared with ZFBF-WO-AS, the proposed ZFBF-AS scheme can reduce the cost of user equipments and the channel state information requirement at the transmitter （CSIT） as well as the multiuser scheduling complexity at the transmitter.

On selecting transmission mode for D2D transmitter in underlay cellular network with a multi-antenna base station

The Device-to-Device(D2D)communication underlaying cellular networks is considered in this study.The D2D transmitter in the D2D mode can directly transmit messages to a receiver,but it may interfere with the transmission of another cellular user who shares the same uplink channel.The transmitter can also operate in a cellular mode in which no interference to another cellular user occurs.We propose a mode selection scheme that aims to minimize the transmission power of the D2D transmitter subject to constraints on the minimum required data rate and maximum interference to other cellular users.The proposed scheme is based on bounds for transmission power and is less complex than the optimal scheme.Furthermore,it requires only a few statistics and does not need a fading channel distribution.The performance of the scheme is close to optimum when the number of Base Station(BS)antennas is large,and the mean absolute deviation of the fading terms is small.We verify this with numerical results of the Rician and Rayleigh fading channels by assuming that the BS antennas are independent.The simulation results for the two correlated BS antennas are presented herein.

Design of multi-antenna relaying for OFDM in impulsive noise environment

A low-complexity multi-antenna relaying scheme is proposed for Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) in the presence of Class-A Impulsive Noise (IN). One way and two way relaying are considered. The signal is transmitted and received by two terminal nodes, each with a single antenna in two time phases. In the proposed design, the processing at the relay consists of Maximal-Ratio Combining (MRC) or Power-based Selection Combining (PSC) for receive combining, Amplify and Forward (AF) for power scaling, and Space Time Block Coding (STBC) for transmit diversity. Channel State Information (CSI), Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT), and Inverse Discrete Fourier Transform (IDFT) are not needed. The Selective Mapping (SLM) technique is used at the transmitter to reduce the Peak-to-Average Power Ratio (PAPR) of the OFDM signal. Then, at the receiver, the clipping technique is used to reduce the impulses that result from the impulsive noise. The proposed system reduces the complexity of the conventional system, which uses multi-relay with a single antenna. Simulation results show that the Bit Error Rate (BER) of the proposed scheme outperforms that of the conventional scheme due to the diversity inherent in the proposed scheme.

Energy Efficiency Analysis of Multi-Antenna Cellular Networks with Strategic Sleep Relay

Energy efficiency(EE) of cellular networks has attracted considerable attention recently. However, EE of relay-assisted cellular networks where the macro base stations(MBSs) are equipped with the multi-antenna has not been thoroughly addressed. This paper considered the downlink transmission of multi-antenna relay-assisted cellular networks, meanwhile, a strategic sleep scheme was used in relay stations(RSs), which dynamically adjusted the RS working mode according to whether the number of users serviced by the relay exceeds a given threshold. A geometric model was built to derive the coverage probability and mean achievable rate from the MBSs to user(UE), the MBS to RS, the RS to UE links and analyze the system EE. It is shown that the energy efficiency of cellular network with strategic sleep RS is slightly higher than that of cellular network with non-sleeping strategy. Furthermore, the MBS equipped with multi-antenna has better impact on energy efficiency and spectral efficiency than the MBS with single antenna.

Adaptive Rate Control for Multi-Antenna Multicast in OFDM Systems

We propose two rate control schemes for multi-antenna multicast in OFDM systems, which aim to maximize the minimum average rate over all users in a multicast group. In our system, we do not require all multicast users to successfully recover the signals received on each subcarrier. In contrast, we allow certain loss for multicast users, such that the multicast transmission rate can be increased. We assume that the loss-repairing can be completed at upper protocol layers via advanced fountain codes. Following this principle, we formulate the rate control problem via beamforming in multi-antenna multicast to optimize the minimum achievable rate for all multicast users. While the computation complexity to solve for the optimal beamformer is prohibitively high, we propose a suboptimal iterative rate control scheme. Moreover, we modify the above optimization problem by selecting a ?xed proportion of users on each subcarrier. The beamformer searching process will then be performed only based on the selected users on each subcarrier, such that the complexity can be further reduced. We also solve this new problem with a low complexity approach. Theoretical analyses and simulation results show that our proposed two rate control schemes can have higher minimum average rate than the baseline scheme without rate control, while achieving low complexity.

An SNR-Adaptive Relaying Algorithm for Multi-Antenna Cooperative Networks

Multiple-input multiple-output(MIMO) and cooperative communications have been attracted great attention for the improvements of communication capacity, power consumption, and transmission coverage. The conventional fixed relaying protocols, amplify-and-forward(AF) and decode-and-forward(DF), have their own advantages and disadvantages, i.e. AF performs better than DF for low signal-to-noise ratio(SNR) region, while the reverse is true for high SNR region. Therefore, this paper proposes an SNR-adaptive forward(SAF) relaying scheme obtaining the advantages of both AF and DF. Furthermore, the proposed SAF does not need to switch between AF and DF when SNR changes. The main idea is to adaptively derive the soft information at the cooperative relay nodes based on the information of the received signal and the SNR. Besides, based on the theoretical analysis and the simulation results, it is affirmed that the proposed SAF achieves superior performance than both AF and DF for all SNRs. Moreover, the performance gain would be improved with the increasing number of parallel cooperative relay nodes.

Quad-channel broadband compact multi-antenna GNSS down-converter for high-reliability navigation

A high-reliability broadband high-linearity down-converter for multi-antenna global navigation satellite system(GNSS)receiver is presented in this paper.Based on direction-of-arrival estimation,the multi-antenna GNSS receiver can separate the GNSS signals from the interfering signals and suppress harmful broadband radio frequency interferences.To drive the off-chip 50Ω2 resistive load and meet the stringent requirements of linearity,a quad-channel down-converter with a broadband common-gate low-noise transcon-ductance amplifier,current-driven passive mixer and novel bridge mode transimpedance driving amplifier have been proposed to contruct the multi-antenna recelver.The operating frequency of this down-converter is from 1.15 to 1.65 GHz,covering all bands for global positioning system(GPS),Beidou navigation satellite system(BDS),global navigation satellite system(GLONASS)and Galileo.The measured results show that the proposed quad-channel down-converter achieves+38 dBm output 3rd order intercept point(OIP3)and+17 dBm OP1dB(output-referred 1 dB compression point),9.5 dB to 12.9 dB noise figure(NF)across the variable gain of 10 dB to 27 dB and approximately 47 dB channel isolation.

智能反射面辅助的多天线通信系统鲁棒安全资源分配算法

为了解决蜂窝通信系统中因窃听者、障碍物阻挡和信道不确定性导致安全性低和传输质量差的问题,该文提出一种智能反射面(IRS)辅助的多天线通信系统鲁棒安全资源分配算法。首先,考虑合法用户的安全速率约束、最大发射功率约束和IRS相移约束,基于有界信道不确定性,建立了一个联合优化基站主动波束、IRS被动波束的鲁棒资源分配问题。然后,利用S-程序、连续凸近似、交替优化和罚函数等方法对含参数摄动的原非凸问题进行转换,得到可直接求解的确定性凸优化问题。最后,提出一种基于迭代的鲁棒能效最大化算法。仿真结果表明,该文算法具有较好的能效和较强的鲁棒性。

无线光通信一对多发射天线研究进展

无线光通信是一种新兴的通信技术,具有高速、大容量和安全性好等优势。然而,传统的无线光通信系统存在着单对单通信模式限制,无法满足多用户同时通信的需求。无线光通信中光学天线起着发射和接收耦合光信号的作用,一对多点发射天线可以拓展无线光通信的应用。对国内外一点对多点光学天线的发展进行总结,介绍了一对多光学天线的基本原理。对目前现有的几种一对多光学天线设计方案进行讨论。最后对该领域的发展趋势和未来发展方向进行展望。

面向6G通信感知一体化的固定与可移动天线技术

多天线技术通过在收发端部署天线阵列,从而提供额外的空间自由度(degrees of freedom,DoFs),大幅提升了无线通信的可靠性与有效性。与此同时,多天线技术应用于雷达感知领域,实现了空间角度分辨能力并提升了感知自由度,大幅增强了无线感知性能。然而,无线通信与雷达感知领域在过去数十年里独立发展。因此,尽管多天线技术在这两个领域分别取得了巨大的进步,但并没有通过发挥它们的协同作用来实现深度融合。随着感知与通信的融合被确定为第六代(the sixth-generation,6G)移动通信网络的典型应用场景之一,多天线技术的发展面临新的机遇以填补上述空白。为此,本文围绕未来天线阵列规模持续扩张、阵列架构更加多样、阵列形态更为灵活等发展趋势,对面向6G通信感知一体化的多天线技术进行综述。首先介绍未来多天线的不同架构类型,包括以传统紧凑式阵列和新兴稀疏阵列为代表的集中式阵列架构、以无蜂窝大规模MIMO(multiple-input multiple-output)为代表的分布式天线架构,以及三维连续空间阵元位置与朝向灵活可调的可移动天线/流体天线。然后,本文将介绍基于上述天线架构的远场/近场信道建模,并进行通信与感知性能分析。最后总结不同天线架构的特点,并展望解决因天线阵列规模的持续扩展及阵列形态的灵活多变引起的信道状态信息获取困难的新思路。

基于多时间特征融合网络的ADS-B实采信号分离

不同于以往单天线广播式自动相关监视(Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast,ADS-B)信号分离中利用仿真的ADS-B信号制作数据集,将单天线接收的真实飞机发射的ADS-B原始信号通过调整信号起始时间以及功率并人为增加噪声来制作数据集。为了提高信号分离的时域波形精度,提出一种多分辨率多时间特征融合重采样(Multi-Temporal fusion Resampling of Multi-Resolution Features,MTRM-RF)网络,通过卷积将信号转化成不同采样率的信号并分别使用多层堆叠逐渐膨胀的一维卷积提取不同时间间隔的特征,以获得更多的时间信息。对多种基于深度学习的语音分离网络进行比较发现,MTRM-RF网络能够有效地融合ADS-B信号的不同采样率、不同时间间隔采样点的特征进行训练。并且随着训练集数据量的增加,分离信号的平均解码正确率达到88.39%,证明该网络可有效分离单天线实采的ADS-B交织信号。

Ka频段卫通收发共口径多波束相控阵封装天线设计

为满足卫星通信中双频共口径、高集成、多波束等要求,提出了一种基于封装天线(Antenna in Package, AIP)架构的Ka频段收发共口径多波束相控阵天线。天线以双频堆叠微带单元的形式实现了收发共口径,并通过天线集成滤波器保证了收发通道的隔离度优于44 dB。在±60°范围内,64元接收阵增益优于17.4 dB,128元发射阵增益优于20.2 dB,具有良好的波束扫描性能。为获得收发多波束一片式集成,在收发(Transmitter/Receiver, T/R)组件中使用晶圆级三维系统集成封装(Three Dimensions System in Package, 3D-SIP)并结合微凸点的制备技术,保证了系统级芯片(System-on-Chip, SOC)的高密度二次集成。高低频混压技术同样被应用于阵面、收发网络、控制供电链路的多层板集成。所提多波束的相控阵天线新架构具有高密度集成TR组件、多波束一体化、高效散热等特点,在卫星通信和数据链等方面具有广阔的应用前景。

多天线无线充电器的安全布置研究

多天线无线充电器的安全布置问题(SPINNER)涉及给定一组无线可充电设备和一组无线充电器,每个充电器都配备了多根有向天线,需确定其功率水平和策略(包括充电器的位置和天线方向),以最大化整体充电效用,并确保目标区域内任意位置均满足电磁辐射安全约束。文中考虑了两种场景,分别是具有给定位置集的多天线无线充电器的安全布置(SPINNER-G)和具有任意点的多天线无线充电器的安全布置(SPINNER-A)。首先,采用分段常数函数近似非线性充电功率函数,并将二维区域划分为有限数量的子区域,使得无限的电磁辐射安全约束减少为有限个。然后,针对SPINNER-G,提出了一种最大覆盖集提取方法,以限制无线充电器的方向。针对SPINNER-A,构造了最大相交情况,以限制充电器的位置和方向。文中提出了两种基于线性规划的贪心方案,分别求解SPINNER-G和SPINNER-A,近似比均为1/2-ε。仿真结果表明,所提算法在充电效用方面相比3种对比算法至少提高了54.2%。