Direct Yaw Moment Control for Distributed Drive Electric Vehicle Handling Performance Improvement

For a distributed drive electric vehicle（DDEV） driven by four in-wheel motors, advanced vehicle dynamic control methods can be realized easily because motors can be controlled independently, quickly and precisely. And direct yaw-moment control（DYC） has been widely studied and applied to vehicle stability control. Good vehicle handling performance： quick yaw rate transient response, small overshoot, high steady yaw rate gain, etc, is required by drivers under normal conditions, which is less concerned, however. Based on the hierarchical control methodology, a novel control system using direct yaw moment control for improving handling performance of a distributed drive electric vehicle especially under normal driving conditions has been proposed. The upper-loop control system consists of two parts： a state feedback controller, which aims to realize the ideal transient response of yaw rate, with a vehicle sideslip angle observer; and a steering wheel angle feedforward controller designed to achieve a desired yaw rate steady gain. Under the restriction of the effect of poles and zeros in the closed-loop transfer function on the system response and the capacity of in-wheel motors, the integrated time and absolute error（ITAE） function is utilized as the cost function in the optimal control to calculate the ideal eigen frequency and damper coefficient of the system and obtain optimal feedback matrix and feedforward matrix. Simulations and experiments with a DDEV under multiple maneuvers are carried out and show the effectiveness of the proposed method： yaw rate rising time is reduced, steady yaw rate gain is increased, vehicle steering characteristic is close to neutral steer and drivers burdens are also reduced. The control system improves vehicle handling performance under normal conditions in both transient and steady response. State feedback control instead of model following control is introduced in the control system so that the sense of control intervention to drivers is relieved.

Research on Direct Yaw Moment Control Strategy of Distributed-Drive Electric Vehicle Based on Joint Observer

Combined with the characteristics of the distributed-drive electric vehicle and direct yaw moment control,a double-layer structure direct yaw moment controller is designed.The upper additional yaw moment controller is constructed based on model predictive control.Aiming at minimizing the utilization rate of tire adhesion and constrained by the working characteristics of motor system and brake system,a quadratic programming active set was designed to optimize the distribution of additional yaw moments.The road surface adhesion coefficient has a great impact on the reliability of direct yaw moment control,for which joint observer of vehicle state parameters and road surface parameters is designed by using unscented Kalman filter algorithm,which correlates vehicle state observer and road surface parameter observer to form closed-loop feedback correction.The results show that compared to the“feedforward+feedback”control,the vehicle’s error of yaw rate and sideslip angle by the model predictive control is smaller,which can improve the vehicle stability effectively.In addition,according to the results of the docking road simulation test,the joint observer of vehicle state and road surface parameters can improve the adaptability of the vehicle stability controller to the road conditions with variable adhesion coefficients.

Landscape ecological risk assessment and its driving factors in the Weihe River basin,China

Weihe River basin is of great significance to analyze the changes of land use pattern and landscape ecological risk and to improve the ecological basis of regional development.Based on land use data of the Weihe River basin in 2000,2010,and 2020,with the support of Aeronautical Reconnaissance Coverage Geographic Information System(ArcGIS),GeoDa,and other technologies,this study analyzed the spatial-temporal characteristics and driving factors of land use pattern and landscape ecological risk.Results showed that land use structure of the Weihe River basin has changed significantly,with the decrease of cropland and the increase of forest land and construction land.In the past 20 a,cropland has decreased by 7347.70 km2,and cropland was mainly converted into forest land,grassland,and construction land.The fragmentation and dispersion of ecological landscape pattern in the Weihe River basin were improved,and land use pattern became more concentrated.Meanwhile,landscape ecological risk of the Weihe River basin has been improved.Severe landscape ecological risk area decreased by 19,177.87 km2,high landscape ecological risk area decreased by 3904.35 km2,and moderate and low landscape ecological risk areas continued to increase.It is worth noting that landscape ecological risks in the upper reaches of the Weihe River basin are still relatively serious,especially in the contiguous areas of high ecological risk,such as Tianshui,Pingliang,Dingxi areas and some areas of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region.Landscape ecological risk showed obvious spatial dependence,and high ecological risk area was concentrated.Among the driving factors,population density,precipitation,normalized difference vegetation index(NDVI),and their interactions are the most important factors affecting the landscape ecological risk of the Weihe River basin.The findings significantly contribute to our understanding of the ecological dynamics in the Weihe River basin,providing crucial insights for sustainable management in the region.

Effects of drive current rise-time and initial load density distribution on Z-pinch characteristics

A two-dimensional, three-temperature radiation magneto-hydrodynamics model is applied to the investigation of evolutional trends in x-ray radiation power, energy, peak plasma temperature and density as functions of drive current rise-time and initial load density distribution by using the typical experimental parameters of tungsten wire-array Z- pinch on the Qiangguang-I generator. The numerical results show that as the drive current rise-time is shortened, x-ray radiation peak power, energy, peak plasma density and peak ion temperature increase approximately linearly, but among them the x-ray radiation peak power increases more quickly. As the initial plasma density distribution in the radial direction becomes gradually flattened, the peak radiation power and the peak ion-temperature almost exponentially increase, while the radiation energy and the peak plasma density change only a little. The main effect of shortening drive current rise-time is to enhance compression of plasma, and the effect of flattening initial load density distribution in the radial direction is to raise the plasma temperature. Both of the approaches elevate the x-ray peak radiation power

Distribution Orientation and Driving Mechanism of Geographical Pattern Change of China′s Banking Industry

By analyzing the relationship among government, market driving forces, distribution orientation of banking industry, service opportunity equality and spatial patterns, this paper proposes that it is distribution orientation that lead to the formation and evolution of spatial pattern of banking industry. The difference of the distribution orientation leads to the separation of the spatial pattern of banking industry, and the change of the distribution orientation leads to the change of spatial pattern. The degree of spatial pattern change is subject to the degree of change of distribution orientation, and the scale of bank resources in the regions, which supports the distribution orientation variation. Based on these theoretical frameworks, some indicators were designed to analyze the pattern change of China′s banking industry and its effects since 1995 under the change of the distribution orientation. This paper finds that the orientation of economic benefit maximization driven by market causes the banking industry to concentrate in economically developed regions.The government, which does not follow the orientation of economic benefit maximization, plays a role of stabilizer. Since the bank branches in the regions with the greatest change in bank branch distribution are too few, and regions with the greatest change in bank loan allocation are the regions with lots of loans, the pattern change of the banking industry in physical form is not as notable as that in economic form.

Characteristics and driving factors of abandoned cultivated land in the hilly regions of southern China:A case study in Longnan,Jiangxi Province

The abandonment of cultivated land in southern China was gradually obvious.This research aims to provide a reference for solving the abandonment of cultivated land in hilly regions and promote rural development in China.We examined Longnan county located in the hilly regions of southern China as an example,where abandoned cultivated land is very common.We analyzed its land use data with a field survey to identify the abandoned cultivated land and geospatial characteristics.From the two aspects of social and natural factors,we analyzed the factors driving cultivated land abandonment with the help of Geodetector.The results showed that in 2019,the total area of the abandoned cultivated land in Longnan county was 4,962.35 hm^(2),covering 39.51% of this region.Among the topographic factors,the abandonment rate is positively correlated with elevation and slope gradient,but not with slope direction.Among the land parcel conditions,the abandonment rate is positively correlated with the access to road network and cultivation distance from settlement.At the county level,the abandonment of cultivated land in study area was affected by multiple factors,among which,the direct factor was the reduction in the labor force,such as the decrease of farming laborers and the increase of female population,which made farming unsustainable.Changes in production factors also promoted transformations in farmers’motivation to engage in production,such as the decrease of grain crops and the increase of cash crops,which was the indirect factor affecting cultivated land abandonment.The development of the rural nonagricultural industry affected farmers’enthusiasm,such as the decrease of farming households,which was the fundamental factor leading to cultivated land abandonment in this area.

LOAD DISTRIBUTION ON DRUMS OF DOUBLE DRIVE BELT CONVEYOR

The double drum drive is widely used on the mine belt conveyor, which are divided the rigid connected double drums and separately driving double drums according to connected method of two drums. Because of the change of real work condition, the load distribution is changed on the two drive drums, which may produce a slippage between a drum and belt. Slippage may intensify the wear of the drum, and sometimes causing the fire of the belt. This restricts the development toward narrow belt, high velocity and large power of belt conveyor. In this paper, the factors affecting the load distribution of two drums of double drum belt conveyor are systematically analyzed and some computing formulas derived, by these formulas, the actual lcad distribution on the two drums of rigid connected or separately driving belt conveyor can be separately calculated.These formulas also can be as the theory base for adjusting the driving force of two drums.

分布式驱动车辆操纵稳定性控制综述

为研究分布式驱动车辆的驱动控制问题,从转向控制、独立驱动控制及2个系统联合控制等3个角度入手,分析了分布式驱动车辆操纵稳定性控制策略的研究进展。首先,基于转向控制技术对影响操纵稳定性的方面进行分类;其次,分析了分层式与集中式控制结构的特点;然后,分析了基于控制结构的操纵稳定性研究;最后,结合分布式驱动车辆操稳性改善的研究现状和技术进展,展望了未来的发展趋势。

分布式电动车转向横向稳定性力矩适应性分配策略

为了提高分布式驱动电动汽车转向行驶的横向稳定性,基于Matlab/Simulink和CarSim建立了分布式驱动电动汽车二自由度动力模型,并设计了车辆的横向稳定性控制策略。控制系统由上下两部分组成:上层力矩计算控制器,主要基于PID控制策略计算车辆所需的附加横摆力矩;下层力矩分配控制器,根据车辆转向行驶时所需附加横摆力矩的大小,在差动驱动、差动制动、摩擦制动3种力矩分配方式中选取相适应的分配方式将力矩合理分配到各个轮毂电机上。研究结果表明:所设计的横向稳定性控制系统最大能够使车辆横摆角速度减小58%,并且可以良好地追踪理想质心侧偏角,且波动减少,有效提高了车辆转向行驶时的横向稳定性。在差动驱动分配方式控制下车辆对追踪期望速度具有良好的效果;车辆所需附加横摆力矩较大时,下层力矩分配控制器采用差动制动、摩擦制动分配方式将牺牲对期望速度的追踪。

煤巷掘进过程中煤岩破裂微震事件研究

目的为了监测和预警煤矿掘进巷道前方可能发生的危险,方法利用微震监测技术实时监测,利用监测系统捕获到的数据信息研究掘进影响下微震事件的空间分布规律、发生时间、频次和能量关键点,然后利用短时傅里叶变换和S变换方法分析典型煤岩破裂微震信号的时频特征。结果结果表明:(1)微震事件主要分布在沿掘进巷道前方50~100 m区域,大多为中低能量微震事件,仅在掘进工作面前方出现少量强度较大的煤岩破裂事件,且震级多为-2~0;(2)掘进速度和发生微震事件的数量及能量大小成正相关,同时掘进速度也影响着煤岩动力灾害的发生;(3)巷道掘进会造成煤岩体失稳,其中岩体破裂信号频率高,为0~2000 Hz,比重值大,主频约700 Hz;煤岩破裂微震事件信号频率为90~1000 Hz,主频约250 Hz;岩体破裂后,支撑力下降,压力转移给煤体,导致煤体破裂,煤体破裂微震事件信号频率为90~1000 Hz,主频约350 Hz。结论微震事件能够综合反映煤岩体受力破坏程度,判别掘进过程中煤岩破裂类型,为矿井生产中煤岩动力灾害的预警提供理论基础。

一种基于EKF的DDEV主动容错控制方法

分布式驱动电动汽车(DDEV)的行驶稳定性和动力性受电机故障的影响会变差,而驱动系统的容错控制则能够有效改善车辆的行驶稳定性和动力性。为此,针对分布式驱动电动汽车驱动电机,提出了一种主动容错控制方法。首先在Simulink中搭建了包含七个自由度的车辆动力学模型,接着搭建了基于扩展卡尔曼滤波(EKF)的故障观测器,为后文建立的主动容错方法提供故障信息。然后基于滑模控制,搭建了主动容错控制模型,根据故障信息对驱动力矩进行重新分配。最后搭建了Carsim/Simulink联合仿真平台,结果表明,提出的主动容错控制方法能够有效改善车辆在故障状态下的行驶稳定性和动力性。

计及驾驶风格的氢燃料电池有轨电车自适应能量管理策略

半独立路权运行模式下,氢燃料电池混合动力有轨电车驾驶员的驾驶风格影响锂电池荷电状态,从而对整车运行经济性有较大影响。提出一种结合驾驶员驾驶风格的自适应能量管理策略,以提高能量管理策略对工况和驾驶风格的适应性。首先,考虑不同的道路工况对驾驶员驾驶风格的影响,通过K-均值聚类算法对行驶工况进行识别,将行驶工况分为低速、中速、高速3类;引入冲击度和加速度标准差构建基于模糊逻辑的算法,对驾驶风格进行识别,将驾驶风格分为迟钝型、标准型、激进型3类。其次,建立系统瞬时氢耗量最优的目标函数,在满足约束条件的前提下,引入锂电池荷电状态等效因子修正系数,针对不同驾驶风格调整传统等效氢耗最小策略中相应的等效因子,以实现等效因子随驾驶风格的改变实时变化。最后,将该策略与传统等效氢耗最小策略、庞特里亚金极小值策略进行仿真对比分析,结果表明:该策略能实现3个动力源功率分配最优;锂电池和超级电容荷电状态波动曲线相较于其他2种策略最为平滑;在续驶里程结束时混合动力系统氢耗量为1.39 kg,具有最为优越的燃油经济性;母线电压最大偏移率最小;能使3个动力源平稳出力,具有较强的系统稳定性。研究结果为进一步提高有轨电车实际运行中对驾驶风格的适应性提供参考。

造纸机分布传动可编程控制器PCC系统的应用

PCC可编程控制器以其强大的数据处理能力、高运算速度和可靠网络连接等优势,在在造纸工业中得到广泛应用,充分发挥其优势有助于推进造纸机的智能化发展、提升造纸机的技术水平。对此,简述了PCC系统控制原理,设计了以PCC B&R 2005为主控制器、操作面板为人机界面、PROFIBUS现场总线为通信方式的造纸机分布传动控制系统,对系统中主要硬件选型与配置、系统通信方式、下位机软件设计等进行了详细说明,并基于组态王与PCC进行造纸机分布传动上位机监控界面的设计,以期提高造纸机分布传动控制系统的控制精度、实时性和稳定性。

四轮独立电驱动越野车驱动力优化控制

为了充分利用四轮独立电驱动越野车各轮转矩独立可控的优势,提高越野车的牵引力和越野能力,提出了一种驱动转矩协调控制策略.根据越野车前后轴载荷预分配驱动电动机转矩,利用基于车轮滑转率-路面附着系数的极值寻求算法实现路面最优滑转率估计.采用比例-积分-微分(proportional-integral-differential, PID)控制-滑模控制(sliding mode control, SMC)和基于状态的驱动力再分配方法实现各轮驱动转矩的协调分配,抑制越野车在恶劣路面条件下的车轮打滑.通过CarSim/MATLAB联合仿真以及硬件在环(hardware-in-the-loop, HIL)测试,进行了爬陡坡、单一附着路面、对开路面及连续起伏路面工况的试验验证.结果表明:提出的控制策略能根据实际工况分配驱动轮的转矩,降低驱动轮滑转率,实现整车驱动力的优化.

多轴分布式电驱动车辆电液复合制动控制研究

针对多轴分布式电机驱动车辆电液复合制动中易出现的车辆制动抖动问题,提出了一种建压阶段电机制动力修正策略和一种基于前馈-反馈的协调控制策略,分别在建压阶段和其他阶段通过协调复合制动力来解决制动抖动的问题。针对防抱死控制系统与电机制动系统共同作用时的制动矛盾,提出了一种基于PID控制的ABS控制策略,主要通过改变电机制动力来解决制动矛盾的问题。通过TruckSim、Matlab/Simulink及AMESim联合仿真验证,制动冲击度在建压阶段下降了20.66%,在电机退出阶段下降了92.59%,驾驶感觉得到明显改善。而ABS控制策略也可在保证理想滑移率的同时完成制动能量回收;结合整车制动试验,表明协调控制策略在保证制动效果良好的同时实现了制动能量回收,效果显著。

考虑风险时空分布特征的跟驰工况行车风险预测

行车风险预测对提升智能汽车行车安全性至关重要,为此本文提出了一种跟驰工况下的行车风险预测模型(car-following risk prediction model, CRPM)。跟驰中车辆的减速能够反映驾驶人的认知风险,故根据车辆纵向加速度标注跟驰风险等级,并构建基于各向异性行车风险场的风险时空分布特征以用作CRPM的输入。CRPM通过卷积神经网络提取风险的空间分布特性,利用双向长短期记忆网络和注意力机制处理风险的时序依赖关系,最终输出跟驰风险等级。CRPM在航拍数据集AD4CHE上进行训练和测试。结果表明,CRPM具有良好的预测精度和提前预测时间,预测准确率达99.67%,在风险发生前2 s预测准确率为96.73%。

点云空间与反射强度融合的非结构化道路可行驶区域检测

可行驶区域检测旨在检测和提取智能车辆在道路上可行进的区域,目前主流的检测方法主要基于三维激光雷达的空间特征实现,难以处理路面边缘无清晰空间特征的非结构化道路.为此,本文提出了一种基于点云空间和反射强度融合的非结构化道路可行驶区域检测方法.首先,通过融合反射强度因子改进了基于空间特征的柱坐标系检测模型;然后,使用强度和降维空间检测对检测精度较低的环形检测模型进行优化,并将其与柱坐标系检测模型联合使用以提高方法检测准确率;最后,在自录实际道路数据集上进行对比实验.实验结果表明本文方法显著提高了非结构化道路可行驶区域检测的成功率与精确率,在结构化道路上也具有良好效果.

1980-2020年贵州省草地空间分布格局演变及驱动力分析

草地在喀斯特地区石漠化治理和畜牧业发展中发挥重要作用,探明草地空间分布格局演变特征及其驱动力,对维护区域草地生态功能,实现可持续发展具有重要意义。本研究基于土地利用数据集,分析贵州省1980-2020年草地空间转移特征,将景观格局与空间自相关相结合,深入识别草地空间分布格局演化规律及有效管理区域,并利用地理探测器量化草地空间分布格局演变的驱动力。结果表明:1)40年来,贵州省草地面积变化可划分为增长期(1980-2000年)、衰退期(2000-2015年)、恢复期(2015-2020年)3个阶段,草地面积总体上减少了176.88 km^(2)。发生变化区域集中在西部与南部地区,以草地和林地、耕地之间的转移为主,草地总体空间分布格局表现出“西部与南部高,东部与北部低”的特征;2)草地整体景观破碎程度增加,聚合度降低,形状趋于复杂,区县尺度的草地斑块更破碎和分散,但形状更规则;3)草地全局空间自相关程度减弱,局部自相关存在高-高聚集和低-高聚集的空间聚类现象,且集中分布在西部与南部地区;4)草地空间分布格局主要受自然因素的影响,海拔是主导因子,解释力最高,为42.9%。双因子的交互作用可增强对草地空间分布格局的解释力,海拔与牧业产值、年平均气温、人口密度、GDP均存在较强的交互作用,在海拔主导的草地总体分布格局下,区域间社会经济因素的不同和变化显著影响草地空间分布格局的演变,同时地区政策起重要导向作用。

基于NSGA-Ⅱ算法的分布式驱动电动汽车制动转矩分配控制策略研究

针对分布式驱动电动汽车制动安全性和制动能量回收兼顾的问题,研究了基于NSGA-Ⅱ多目标优化算法的车辆制动转矩分配控制策略。建立基于模糊控制的优化集筛选模块,根据车速以及需求制动转矩从Pareto前沿优化集中确定最优转矩分配系数。以某款乘用车为研究对象,基于MATLAB/Simulink和VPAT搭建制动转矩分配控制策略模型进行仿真,并搭建硬件在环仿真平台,对算法的实时性和有效性进行了验证。结果表明:WLTC工况下,基于NSGA-Ⅱ的制动转矩分配的控制策略制动转矩分配系数更加接近理想Ⅰ曲线对应的分配系数,电机制动高效区工作点提高了9.51百分点,再生制动能量回收率提升4.71百分点。

电机效率最优的双电机汽车驱动扭矩分配控制策略

为提高前后轴分布式双电机电驱动汽车(DDEV)行驶中的经济效能,以某款双电机汽车作为研究对象,以前后电机效率最优为目标,提出了一种驱动扭矩分配策略,针对2电机工作时的协调控制进行研究。在Cruise软件中建立DDEV整车模型,与Simulink软件中搭建的策略模型进行联合仿真,在NEDC和WLTC循环工况下进行仿真测试。仿真结果表明,与前后电机驱动扭矩平分策略相比,使用文中提出的驱动扭矩分配策略的双电机汽车在2种循环工况下的电能消耗分别降低6.7%和4.5%,2电机在高效区间工作的占比分别提升12.4%和47.3%,整车电机在2种循环工况下的平均效率相应提升14.2%和17.8%,验证所提策略对提高车辆经济性能的有效性。