Study on Liquefying Simulation Test of Retaining Structure Ground of Kobe Port

In order to clarify the deformation and failure mechanism of retaining structure ground under liquefying, a series of shaking table tests was performed. The test results suggest that the strength decrease and local liquefaction of subsoil are the leading factors in the deformation and failure of retaining structures. The movement of the ground mainly manifests the lateral displacement under liquefaction. At the backfill layer, liquefaction will be rapidly reached in far field whereas the excess pore pressure is slowly increased nearby the wall under shaking.

Rapid excavation with a newly developed retaining system: Spiral assembly steel structure

The spiral assembly steel structure, a newly developed retaining wall for the rapid excavation of small-sized foundation pits in unsaturated soil, is presented. This new type of retaining structure is prefabricated in the factory and is assembled on site in the excavation of a pit. This retaining structure is composed of several prefabricated steel structural units, in which the adjacent steel structural units are joined with connectors. Each steel structural unit has one steel pipe in the radial direction and is welded to a single piece of steel plate. After full installation in situ, the retaining structure becomes a cylindrical steel structure. With the protection afforded by this new type of retaining structure, excavation work can be completed within 24 h to a depth up to 5 m. In order to verify the reliability and effectiveness of this new retaining structure, field construction tests were conducted in Beijing, China. The test construction was monitored. The monitoring program included measuring stress in the structure, lateral earth pressure, and lateral deformation of the surrounding soil. The monitoring data from the field test were compared with the theoretical results. The results show that the proposed new structure is reliable and effective.

A Slip-Force Device for Maintaining Constant Lateral Pressure on Retaining Structures in Expansive Soils

Expansive soils can pose tough issues to civil engineering applications. In a typical year, expansive soils can cause a greater financial loss than earthquakes, floods, hurricanes and tornadoes combined. Various means have been studied to tackle problems associated with expansive soils. The majority of the methods are based on treatment of the soils. While the methods may be effective in some cases, their limitations are also obvious: The treatment normally involves complex processes and may not be eco-friendly in the long run. In many cases, the effectiveness of the treatment is uncertain. A retaining system that maintains a constant lateral pressure is proposed, which consists of three components: the retaining sheet, the slip-force device and the bracing column. The retaining sheet bears the pressure exerted by expansive backfills and is not embedded into the soils. Placed between the retaining sheet and bracing column, the slip-force device permits displacement of the retaining sheet but keeps the force on the sheet and the bracing column constant. The governing equation of the motion of the piston in the slip-force device is derived and a numerical simulation of a practical case is conducted based on the derived governing equation. Numerical results show that as the expansive soil swell, the spring force will increase and the piston will move accordingly. When the pressure of the oil in chamber reaches the open threshold of the unidirectional relief valve, the valve will open and the spring force and the oil pressure in the chamber will keep constant. The results also show that some parameters, such as damping ratio, have very slight influences on the device behavior, say 2 × 10-6 or even 4.8 × 10-9. Theoretical and numerical studies prove the effectiveness of the proposed retaining system.

An Overview of Recently Developed Coupled Simulation Optimization Approaches for Reliability Based Minimum Cost Design of Water Retaining Structures

This paper reviews several recently-developed techniques for the minimum-cost optimal design of water-retaining structures (WRSs), which integrate the effects of seepage. These include the incorporation of uncertainty in heterogeneous soil parameter estimates and quantification of reliability. This review is limited to methods based on coupled simulation-optimization (S-O) models. In this context, the design of WRSs is mainly affected by hydraulic design variables such as seepage quantities, which are difficult to determine from closed-form solutions or approximation theories. An S-O model is built by integrating numerical seepage modeling responses to an optimization algorithm based on efficient surrogate models. The surrogate models (meta-models) are trained on simulated data obtained from finite element numerical code solutions. The proposed methodology is applied using several machine learning techniques and optimization solvers to optimize the design of WRS by incorporating different design variables and boundary conditions. Additionally, the effects of several scenarios of flow domain hydraulic conductivity are integrated into the S-O model. Also, reliability based optimum design concepts are incorporated in the S-O model to quantify uncertainty in seepage quantities due to uncertainty in hydraulic conductivity estimates. We can conclude that the S-O model can efficiently optimize WRS designs. The ANN, SVM, and GPR machine learning technique-based surrogate models are efficiently and expeditiously incorporated into the S-O models to imitate the numerical responses of simulations of various problems.

Effects of Nano-carbon Humic Acid Water-retaining Fertilizer on Citrus Growth and the Soil Bacterial Community in Citrus Field

[Objective] In order to reveal the effects of reducing the amount of novel nano-carbon humic acid water-retaining fertilizer(CSF) on soil microbial community structure and citrus growth. [Method]In this study,conventional fertilization was as the control(KC1) in Wanzhou citrus orchard of Three Gorges Reservoir area. CSF reductions by 0%(KC2),10%(KC3),20%(KC4),30%(KC5) and 40%(KC6) were used to analyze the changes of soil bacterial community structure,citrus yield and quality. [Result]The results showed that the observed species,Shannon index,Chao1 index and PD_whole_tree of KC6 were higher than those of KC1,and were the same as KC2. The abundance of Xanthomonadaceae was the highest in KC5. Compared with KC1,the Xanthomonadaceae in KC3,KC4 and KC6 was significantly decreased,and the levels of Nitrosomonadaceae and Pseudomonasaceae were higher than that of KC1 after the treatment of KC6. Sphingomonas in different reduction treatments was lower than that of KC1,but Burkholderia and Pseudomonas were significantly higher than those of KC1. It was found that the similarity among treatments was small after bacterial community similarity clustering analysis,and citrus yield increased somewhat after CSF fertilization reduction.When CSF fertilization reduced by 30%,citrus yield increased by 4. 50%. When CSF fertilization reduced by 40%,citrus yield decreased by4. 14%. After CSF fertilization,citrus quality did not change significantly in CSF conventional fertilization and reduction of 10% and 40%,while significantly decreased in 20% and 30% of fertilization reduction. [Conclusion] CSF fertilization reduction changed the diversity of soil bacterial community structure and the yield and quality of citrus.

Electron theory study on the effect of Mn on as-cast structure of Fe-C-Cr-Mn cast irons

The valence electron structure of alloying austenite of 3C-15Cr high chromium white cast iron with different Mn contents from 1% to 6% is analyzed by BLD method and EET. Results show that the addition of Mn has major influence on the valence electron structure of the alloying austenite, especially on that of Fe-C, Fe-C-Cr and Fe-C-Cr-Mn unit cells of it. The effect becomes weak when Mn content is over 4%. Based on the effect of nA, FcD, the weighting of each unit cell and the degree of undercooling on phase transition of the austenite, we can calculate the retained austenite content of as-cast structure of the high chromium white cast iron. The calculation results coincide well with those of the experiment. The phase transition characters of the austenite in high chromium white cast iron can be forecasted through valence electron structure analysis of alloying austenite by BLD method and EET on the basis of Fe-C-Cr equilibrium phase diagram.

基于遗传算法的空箱式挡土墙多目标优化设计

为高效、准确、自动化地实现空箱结构的优化设计,以空箱式挡土墙为研究对象,基于Python语言和ABAQUS软件进行参数化建模,实现了结构建模及有限元计算分析全套流程的自动化。结合某水闸工程中的一座空箱式挡土墙结构,以多个强度和稳定性指标的最优化和混凝土体积的最小化为目标,以规范要求的指标阈值、几何尺寸和体积限制为约束条件,采用非支配排序遗传算法(NSGA-Ⅱ算法)进行空箱式挡土墙多目标优化设计。为进一步提高计算效率,基于人工神经网络算法建立了代理模型,实现了与实际有限元模型的高度近似。结果表明,依据所提出的优化设计方法进行空箱式挡土墙多目标优化设计,可以在有效控制强度和稳定性的前提下尽可能地缩减混凝土用量,具有显著的经济效益。

基于力学模型构建的留巷切顶高度确定与围岩控制技术

以顺和煤矿2401运输巷道沿空留巷为工程背景,分析巷道围岩结构特征,基于巷道局部空间结构稳定性,分别构建了沿空留巷未切顶与切顶力学结构模型,并以巷道不同切顶高度进行物理相似模拟试验。结果表明:巷旁采空区切落的矸石增加对关键块的支撑力,同时弱化关键块对直接顶悬壁端部挤压,巷旁支护阻力减少35.78%;随着切顶高度增加,巷道顶板采空区侧端部悬臂由F型缓慢过渡到大I型,同时大保护结构具有向上平移趋势,相比于未切顶1巷,4 cm切顶2巷、8 cm切顶3巷与16 cm切顶4巷叠加应力峰值分别下降9.38%,28.13%,25.00%。结合巷道顶板岩性,最终确定切顶高度为8.2 m,留巷段采用三列单体液压支柱作巷旁支护,长短锚索超前补强,巷道围岩稳定,较好满足使用要求。

弹性环梁支撑下圆形深基坑支护结构变形解析解

将环梁和支护结构分别视为弹性圆环和弹性圆柱薄壳,基于环梁和圆柱壳的变形协调,得到了具有任意数目弹性环梁支撑圆形深基坑支护结构变形的解析解.在验证解析解合理性和可靠性的基础上,针对某一实际圆形基坑工程,比较了在刚性和弹性环梁支撑下支护结构变形和内力的差异,并分析了支护结构底部边界条件、环梁弹性模量、尺寸和数量以及位置等参数对支护结构变形和内力分布的影响.研究结果表明:相对于刚性环梁支撑,弹性环梁支撑处内力变化较小,环梁弹性模量和尺寸的改变只对基坑挖掘面以上支护结构变形和内力影响显著,而对挖掘面以下的支护结构变形和内力几乎没有影响.该研究成果为圆形基坑支护结构设计提供了理论依据和指导.

砂质泥岩巷道顶板定向爆破不耦合装药系数优化与应用

聚能爆破技术在沿空留巷工程项目中有着重要的作用,装药结构问题一直是目前讨论的热点及难点。对于目前沿空留巷顶板超前预裂装药长度尚没有明确的指标情况下,以孟津煤矿二_2-11031工作面轨道顺槽为研究背景,提出了等长装药顶板预裂技术,为明确最优装药结构,本文通过LS-DYNA数值模拟软件建立了三维定向聚能爆破模型,改变轴向药柱的长度,以裂纹扩展长度和应力衰减速率为分析指标,通过数值模拟可知,轴向不耦合系数在1.25~1.7之间径向切缝距离约为40 cm,轴向切缝距离约为80 cm,相比轴向不耦合系数在2~3之间,切缝距离分别提高了25%和12.5%;轴向不耦合系数在1.25~3之间,应力衰减速度均小于1,能量利用最为合理;将轴向不耦合系数α=1.25~2的装药结构在孟津煤矿二_2-11031工作面轨道顺槽进行顶板定向爆破实验,对预裂爆破后的两炮孔中线进行钻孔窥视,观察到4种爆破方案,两炮孔之间沿切缝方向裂纹均已经完全贯通,裂纹光滑平整,现场应用效果良好,结合经济性、安全性两方面考虑,不耦合系数α=1.7为最优;研究结果表明等长装药结构可以代替传统的三段式装药结构。研究结果可以为今后类似的项目提供参考。

基于三维激光扫描的高陡边坡勘查与支护设计

以广东清远银湖城复杂高陡边坡为依托,采用三维激光扫描技术,查明边坡的空间展布形态、优势结构面的空间分布特征,为边坡设计提供依据。基于三维激光扫描调查和边坡稳定性评价结果,对挖方土岩组合高边坡,上部土体采用“放坡+锚杆格构梁”,中下部岩体采用“削坡+马道挡石墙”的治理措施;对填方边坡,采用“强夯加固+扶壁式或重力式挡墙直立式支挡+坡率加筋土+坡面浆砌石格构梁防护相结合”的治理措施。生态修复效果良好,经济效益显著。

盾构始发与接收对工作井围护结构的影响研究

[目的]一般情况下,盾构机均在盾构工作井主体结构施工完成后才进行始发或接收,由于诸多因素的限制,往往需要考虑盾构工作井主体结构尚未施工时进行盾构始发或接收的情况,因此需研究盾构始发与接收对盾构工作井围护结构的影响。[方法]以成都地铁某标准地下三层岛式车站为例,研究盾构工作井在未施作主体内衬结构状态下实现盾构始发与接收时的围护结构受力及变形情况,并分析了盾构始发与接收对围护结构稳定性的影响。[结果及结论]研究结果表明:无内衬状态工作井盾构始发与接收时,围护结构桩体水平位移最大值及弯矩最大值均发生在盾构工作井端墙中跨第4道钢支撑处,围护结构剪力最大值发生在盾构工作井端墙中跨底板处;当盾构工作井未施作主体内衬结构时,围护结构桩体变形及受力均有所增大,但其位移及力学指标均满足规范要求;围护结构在剪力及弯矩作用下能够满足承载能力及强度要求;无内衬状态下的工作井盾构始发与接收可提高施工效率,有效节省工期,节约工程成本。

软土地层基坑群模型试验相似材料研制及应用

针对基坑群连续开挖存在的耦合效应问题,首先确定相似材料配比方案,通过正交试验得出合理的配比材料,进而设计基坑群模型试验来研究两侧基坑叠加作用影响下车站基坑的围护结构和土体表层变形.研究结果表明:满足该软土地层相似常数的土层材料配比为(石英砂∶滑石粉∶双飞粉∶膨润土∶水=0.27∶0.27∶0.232∶0.058∶0.17);基坑群开挖时由于相邻墙体引起的墙后土拱效应叠加导致坑间土体水平应力降低,围护结构受力和变形量减小,坑间土体沉降量增大;基坑间距是支护结构变形的主要影响因素,两侧基坑间距位于1H~2H之间(H为基坑深度),接近1倍开挖深度一侧的叠加影响大于接近2倍开挖深度一侧.

铁路泡沫轻质土路基挡护结构的优化设计研究

泡沫轻质土在施工场地受限的路基帮宽工程中发挥了独特优势,为进一步优化铁路泡沫轻质土路基挡护结构,在商合杭(商丘—合肥—杭州)铁路肥东站开展工程现场试验,获得了挡护结构的受力特征与变化情况。结果表明:泡沫轻质土浇筑完成后具有良好的自立性及强度,挡护结构所受侧向压力显著降低,挡护结构承受的侧向土压力仅2~5 kPa,土压力系数逐渐减小趋近于0.1,因此泡沫轻质土路基挡护结构主要作用是防止泡沫轻质土的劣化、保护轻质土性能,兼作施工模板,可以根据泡沫轻质土填筑固化前的侧压力和风荷载进行结构优化设计。

地铁深基坑围护结构渗漏病害规律分析

为掌握深基坑围护结构渗漏病害规律,本文阐述了杭州地铁工程概况和工程地质背景,基于2015—2021年渗漏病害资料开展统计研究,分析渗漏与地质、地理、结构和变形等因素的关系。结果表明:(1)工程地质层③、⑥在渗漏病害发育的地层岩性中占据主要地位,孔隙潜水则是渗漏的主要地下水来源。(2)补给基坑渗漏的邻近河流侧向比降分为少发(i≥0.117),多发(0.022≤i<0.117)和易发(0.006≤i<0.022);5 d累积降雨量分为低雨强(0~25.4 mm/5d)、中雨强(25.4~67.1 mm/5d)和高雨强(67.1~82.3 mm/5d),并分别能够诱发Ⅰ~Ⅱ、Ⅲ和Ⅳ级渗漏。(3)深基坑围护结构转角接缝是渗漏易发部位,5 d累积降雨量较小的Ⅳ级病害站次围护结构多具有严重缺陷。(4)渗漏分布在开挖面以上5 m范围内,最浅临界埋深与开挖深度、最浅临界开挖深度与基坑设计深度均呈指数关系;渗漏位于最大侧向变形以上6.0 m、以下2.5 m范围内,二者深度整体呈线性正相关;渗漏深度与最大侧向变形/变形深度关系呈分区线性负相关,不同分区拟合直线斜率相近。讨论渗漏病害发育规律的机制,选取典型工程实例判别渗漏风险,验证规律分析的可靠性,研究结果可为富水砂层深基坑工程渗漏预防提供参考。

不对称深基坑变形性状现场监测分析

目前城市地下已预埋大量变形敏感结构,基坑设计准则从稳定控制转为变形控制。基坑的变形性状与其三维构型密切相关,现有研究常假设基坑是对称结构,而实际工程中基坑常因具有附属结构而表现出非对称性。目前仍缺乏关于非对称基坑三维变形性状的深入认识,相关现场数据也少有报道。为研究软土地区两侧支护形式不同的非对称基坑开挖过程中的变形规律,现场实测了绍兴市轨道交通1号线非对称狭长深基坑在开挖过程中的墙体变形和坑外地表沉降。分析发现:(1)基坑附属结构的存在使得围护结构的侧向位移及地表沉降与未加强侧变形差距达20%;(2)基坑墙体测斜、坑外地表沉降沿狭长基坑方向的分布与附属结构关联不大,近似遵循互补误差函数(erfc);(3)软土地基中设附属结构可以显著控制基坑变形。本项目监测分析可为软土地区不对称深基坑设计与施工提供借鉴。

NaHCO_(3)和KHCO_(3)复合保水剂对凡纳滨对虾虾肉保水效果的影响

【目的】探究复合添加NaHCO_(3)、KHCO_(3)两种无磷保水剂的添加量和浸泡时间对凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)虾肉保水能力的影响。【方法】通过不同添加质量分数(0.5%、1.0%、1.5%、2.0%、2.5%、3.0%)的NaHCO_(3)和KHCO_(3)两种保水剂及浸泡时间单因素实验,分析NaHCO_(3)和KHCO_(3)对凡纳滨对虾虾肉pH、浸泡增重率、蒸煮损失率等指标的变化;并对NaHCO_(3)和KHCO_(3)联合使用时的添加质量分数和作用时间进行响应面优化,确定最佳添加量及浸泡时间;以电位、水分分布、微观结构等指标分析不同保水剂对虾肉蛋白的内在影响。【结果】单因素实验结果表明,添加NaHCO_(3)和KHCO_(3)能有效提升虾肉保水效果,且均在添加质量分数为2.0%时保水效果最佳。浸泡6~15 h间,虾肉pH和浸泡增重率变化较小。响应面优化结果表明,NaHCO_(3)和KHCO_(3)添加量存在交互影响,复合添加1.5%NaHCO_(3)和1.5%KHCO_(3),浸泡9 h后虾肉有较高的浸泡增重率(22.65%)和适宜的pH(8.06)。保水剂对蛋白的影响表明,复合保水剂添加主要通过促进虾肉蛋白的电位增加、自由水增加、分子解离及凝胶结构的形成来提高虾肉的保水能力,其保水能力强于添加质量分数0.5%复合磷酸盐组。【结论】联合添加使用质量分数1.5%NaHCO_(3)与质量分数1.5%KHCO_(3)并浸泡9 h处理,可增加虾肉肌原纤维蛋白分子电位、增强虾肉蛋白凝胶网络结构、改变虾肉内部水分分布,对提升虾肉保水能力有明显作用。

盾构井基坑围护结构数值模拟与现场变形监测分析研究

以徐州市某始发盾构井基坑为研究对象,制订了基坑围护结构水平变形监测方案,重点分析了基坑开挖过程中围护结构水平变形与开挖深度的动态规律。通过有限元数值模型对基坑开挖过程施工进行动态模拟分析,并将数值模拟的理论值与现场监测结果进行对比分析,结果表明:有限元计算结果与现场监测结果比较一致,证明计算模型是合理的;基坑开挖深度与桩身水平变形值近似呈线性变化;桩身水平位移最大值在土层坑底上1~2m处;预应力及岩层可有效限制桩身水平位移。

组合扶壁式挡土墙结构设计及稳定性分析

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