Design of Offshore Wind Power Foundation with Multi-bucket

Three- and four-bucket offshore wind power foundations with a new form of force-transferring structure are proposed in this paper, and the integrated finite element model of foundation-soil-transition structure is established by using ABAQUS. The carrying capacity of the proposed foundations is studied under vertical load, horizontal load and bending moment. It can be seen that the vertical bearing capacity of multi-bucket foundation can be roughly estimated by the vertical bearing capacity of single-bucket; the horizontal bearing capacity of the three-bucket foundation scheme is controlled by displacement, while that of the four-bucket foundation scheme is controlled by the internal forces of soils. Moreover, the carrying capacity is provided by the overall structure formed by multi-bucket before soil failure. Compared with the conventional single-bucket foundation, there are mainly tension and pressure that are applied to the multi-bucket foundation, so that the carrying capacity of the foundation can be fully utilized. The probability of soil failure can be well reduced with the proposed multi-bucket foundation, and the stress transmission of force-transferring structure is more consistent through steel beams with variable cross-section.

Lateral Bearing Capacity of Multi-Bucket Foundation in Soft Ground

The bucket foundation is a new type of foundation for offshore application to intermediate-depth waters. It has advantages over conventional ones. However, there is no consensus in the analysis and design of this type of foundation. In this paper, the lateral bearing capacity and the failure mechanism of multi-bucket foundations are studied with different connection stiffness and bucket spacing by use of a three-dimensional finite element method. Based on the numerical analysis results, a limit analysis method of plasticity for evaluating the lateral bearing capacity of large-spacing multi- bucket foundation with rigid connection in soft ground is proposed. This method provides a simple procedure that gives results comparable to those from the finite element analyses.

Shaking Table Tests of Four-Bucket Jacket Foundation for Offshore Wind Turbines

As the offshore wind turbine foundation,the four-bucket jacket foundation has a large stiffness and the structure is difficult to be damaged under seismic load.Nevertheless,the saturated subsoil of the four-bucket jacket foundation tends to be liquefied under earthquake,which greatly affects the safety of offshore wind turbine.Therefore,the seismic performance of four-bucket jacket foundation is mainly reflected in the anti-liquefaction capacity of foundation soil.In this paper,the liquefaction resistance of sandy soil of four-bucket jacket foundation for offshore wind turbine is studied.The liquefaction and dynamic response of sandy soil foundation of four-bucket jacket foundation under seismic load are obtained by carrying out the shaking table test,and the influence mechanism of four-bucket jacket foundation on the liquefaction resistance of sandy soil foundation is analyzed.

Experimental Study on Tilt Adjustment Technique of Tripod Bucket Jacket Foundation for Offshore Wind Turbine in Sand

For the tripod bucket jacket foundations used in offshore wind turbines, the probable critical tilt angles should be avoidedduring tilt adjustment operation. Thus, these critical values must be identified by engineers, and remedial techniques mustbe established prior to the occurrence of the problem. Model tests were carried out for typical tilting conditions of tripodbucket foundations, which were allowed to tilt freely at various penetration depths without interruption by manualoperation. After the foundation ceased its tilting, some measures, such as water pumping, water injection, air injection, or acombination of the above methods, were enabled for adjustment. The research results showed two critical values in thetilting state of the tripod bucket jacket foundation, namely the terminal and allowable angles. In the installation condition,the terminal angle was negatively correlated with the initial penetration depth, but the opposite was observed with theremoval condition. The allowable angle was less than or equal to the terminal angle. The allowable angle in the installationwas related to the terminal angle. The critical angles all varied linearly with the initial penetration depth. When tiltingduring installation, adjustment measures can be used in the order of high drum pumping, low drum water injection, highdrum pumping and low drum water injection, air injection, and exhaust. When tilting during removal, the sequential use oflow drum water injection, air, and exhaust was applied. For buckets that were sensitive to angle changes, adjustmentmeasures of the “point injection” mode can be selected.

Shaking Table Tests and Seismic Response of Three-Bucket Jacket Foundations for Offshore Wind Turbines

The seismic response characteristics of three-bucket jacket foundations for offshore wind turbines(OWTs)and the liquefaction of the surrounding soil are particularly important for the development and application of this type of structure for offshore use.Using the shaking table test and three-dimensional finite element analysis,different magnitudes of simulated earthquake waves were used as inputs to the shaking table to model seismic excitations.The resulting changes in the excess pore water pressure and acceleration response of the soil under horizontal earthquake are compared in this paper.Calculations of the anti-liquefaction shear stress and equivalent shearing stress during the earthquake,determination of the areas prone to liquefaction,and identification of the effect of the three-bucket jacket foundation on the soil liquefaction resistance were conducted by developing a soil-structure finite element model.The development law of the soil’s amplification effect on seismic acceleration and the seismic response of the foundation soil under various magnitude earthquake waves were also discussed.Results indicate that liquefying the soil inside the bucket of the foundation is more difficult than that outside the bucket during the excitation of seismic waves due to the large upper load and the restraint of the surrounding hoop.This finding confirms the advantages of the three-bucket jacket foundations in improving the liquefaction resistance of the soil inside the bucket.However,the confinement has a barely noticeable impact on the nearby soil outside the skirt.The phenomenon of soil liquefaction at the bottom of the skirt occurred earlier than that in other positions during the seismic excitation,and the excess pore water pressure slowly dissipated.The acceleration amplification coefficient of the sand outside the bucket increases with depth,but that of the sand inside the bucket is substantially inhibited in the height range of the bucket foundation.This result proves the inhibition effects of the three-bucket jacket foundations on the seismic responses of soils.The liquefied soil layer has a significant effect in absorbing a certain amount of seismic wave energy and reducing the amplification effect.The numerical simulation results are consistent with the phenomenon and data measured during the shaking table test.The current study also verifies the feasibility of the excess pore water pressure ratio and the anti-liquefaction shear stress method for judging soil liquefaction.

Hydrodynamic Characteristics of Three-Bucket Jacket Foundation for Offshore Wind Turbines During the Lowering Process

The three-bucket jacket foundation is a new type of foundation for offshore wind turbine that has the advantages of fast construction speed and suitability for deep water. The study of the hoisting and launching process is of great significance to ensure construction safety in actual projects. In this paper, a new launching technology is proposed that is based on the foundation of the three-bucket jacket for offshore wind turbine. A complete time domain simulation of the launching process of three-bucket jacket foundation is carried out by a theoretical analysis combined with hydrodynamic software Moses. At the same time, the effects of different initial air storage and sea conditions on the motion response of the structure and the hoisting cable tension are studied. The results show that the motion response of the structure is the highest when it is lowered to 1.5 times the bucket height. The natural period of each degree of freedom of the structure increases with the increase of the lowering depth. The structural motion response and the hoisting cable tension vary greatly in the early phases of Stages Ⅰ and Ⅲ, smaller in Stage Ⅱ, and gradually stabilize in the middle and late phases of Stage Ⅲ.

Penetration Tests of Multi-Bucket Foundation in Sand for Offshore Wind Turbines

Suction foundations are generally installed with negative pressures to overcome the resistance of soils and complete the penetration,but excessive negative pressures are also avoided to cause seepage damages.In this paper,the model test method was used to analyze the movement characteristics of multi-bucket foundations in the process of sinking in sand,and the common calculation methods of sinking resistances are verified.The critical negative pressure corresponding to the seepage failure of foundation was determined under the action of increasing negative pressure step by step and the characteristics of soil failure were studied.The calculation formula of critical suction in sand was verified in application,and according to the test results,the value of seepage coefficient was modified,which provides an example for the study of suction foundation in sand soils.

考虑溜桩效应的海上风电导管架基础稳定性分析

导管架桩基沉桩及打桩过程中遇到软弱土层会发生溜桩现象,导致桩周土体重塑,侧摩阻力降低,从而影响桩基稳定性。因此,开展考虑溜桩效应的导管架基础承载特性研究对于海上风电工程安全至关重要。以东海某风电场为工程背景,采用理论计算和数值模拟相结合的方法,分析溜桩效应对导管架基础承载特性的影响规律,得到以下结论:沉桩过程中发生溜桩,深度为19.6 m;打桩过程中发生溜桩,深度为19.0 m;溜桩对上拔桩和下压桩的承载特性影响差别不大;侧摩阻力折减系数对导管架桩基挠度影响显著,最大增幅达到309.1%;对导管架桩基弯矩影响相对较小,最大增幅为57.6%。

Reliability-Based Design for Jacket Platform Under Extreme Loads

In this paper, reliability analysis for the offshore jacket platform with the interaction of structure- pile- soil under extreme environmental loads is carried out. The inherent uncertainties of the environmental load, foundation soil, platform itself, and calculating models are evaluated. The action of extreme loads on the offshore platform is modeled as a function of extreme wave height. The system capacity of the whole platform is determined by nonlinear pushover analysis, and the relevant probability property is obtained by the simulation method. The reliability model for the whole jacket platform is described as the relationship between the load and resistance based on the offshore design codes. The reliability of whole platform is calculated by the analytical method and the importance sampling method on the basis of a case study for a tripod jacket platform.

Dynamic responses of K-type and inverted-K-type jacket support structures for offshore wind-turbines

The jacket structure has become more popular as the offshore wind-turbine support structure. K-type and inverted-K-type jacket support structures have superior potential due to their fewer joints and lower cost of manufacture and installation. A numerical study was presented on the dynamic responses of K-type and inverted-K-type jacket support structures subjected to different kinds of dynamic load. The results show that the inverted-K-type jacket structure has higher natural frequencies than the K-type. The wave force spectrum response shows that the maximum displacement of the K-type jacket structure is larger than that of the inverted-K-type. The time-history responses under wind and wave-current load indicate that the inverted-K-type jacket structure shows smaller displacement and stress compared with the K-type, and presents different stress concentration phenomena. The dynamic responses reveal that the inverted-K-type of jacket support structure has greater stiffness and superior mechanical properties, and thus is more applicable in the offshore area with relatively deep water.

剪切模式对砂-钢界面特性的影响

针对海上风机导管架基础在安装过程中发生的桩土界面单向剪切行为和服役过程中发生的持续循环剪切行为,分别采用常应力和等刚度边界条件对石英砂/钙质砂开展单向和循环剪切试验,研究不同剪切模式下界面强度发挥的细观作用。结果发现:随着单向剪切距离的增加,土样破碎带厚度逐渐增大,钢界面粗糙度下降;循环剪切幅值越大,颗粒排布重塑越充分,产生的法向位移越大。在大位移单向剪切和循环剪切过程中,破碎带的存在会改变土体的初始结构,使其具有强烈方向性。由于钙质砂的硬度较低,同等粒径下其形状相比石英砂颗粒更不规则,因此其在同等剪切距离下会产生更大的破碎量,引起较大体缩,而破碎后的石英砂棱角较多,在钢界面扰动下更易发生旋转,引起大位移单向剪切后的循环剪切过程中土样剪胀增加。

海上风电三筒导管架基础的湿拖耦合动力响应研究

[目的]为提高海上风电多筒导管架基础的湿拖运输安全性,需探究其湿拖运输过程的稳性和动态响应问题。[方法]基于海工分析软件MOSES构建水动力模型,对湿拖运输过程分别进行频域和时域分析,并定量分析波浪载荷、拖航方式等参数对三筒导管架基础拖航特性的影响。[结果]计算结果表明,三筒导管架具有良好的湿拖稳性,在吃水深度8~10 m范围内的正浮态均可满足完整稳性校核;三筒导管架基础的拖缆力、纵摇角、垂荡加速度、筒气压的幅值与波高呈正比关系,与吃水深度呈线性变化关系但影响较小;拖缆力和筒气压的幅值与波浪周期无明显关系,但波浪周期将影响该基础的纵摇和垂荡响应幅值;拖缆力与航速的平方近似呈正比关系;顺浪条件下三筒导管架基础的纵摇运动比逆浪条件更为剧烈。[结论]研究成果对于提高多筒导管架基础的湿拖运输安全性具有重要的指导意义。

深水海上风机吸力桶导管架基础承载特性

针对海洋深水环境,设计适应70 m水深的四桶导管架结构形式,并在此基础上设计相同高度和主腿斜度的三桶导管架基础。采用Abaqus有限元软件建立导管架结构-吸力桶-土体整体有限元模型,通过对比分析探究海上风电深水吸力桶导管架基础的承载力特性。研究发现:吸力桶与土体的位移一致性程度可反映基础水平极限承载力大小,四桶导管架基础的综合承载特性优于三桶导管架基础;加载高度对四桶导管架基础的水平承载特性有重要影响,基础水平承载力随着加载高度增加逐渐减小;加载方向对四桶导管架基础水平承载力影响较小。

复合加载模式下四筒导管架基础承载特性分析

针对海上风电四筒导管架基础在砂土中的复合承载特性,采用数值模拟的方法,计算5种不同荷载组合下的四筒导管架基础的极限承载力。为分析不同加载模式下筒基长径比和筒间距对基础极限承载力的影响,分别改变筒高和吸力筒圆心距离进行计算并绘制破坏包络线。结果表明,在竖向荷载作用下,基础的水平极限承载力先增大后减小;抗扭承载力随竖向荷载的增大而增大,随水平荷载的增大而减小;不同竖向荷载的作用下,水平和弯矩极限承载力基本呈线性相关。

海上风机基础定位吊装系统研发及应用

为了提升海上风机“先桩法”导管架基础的施工效率,减少安全事故发生的可能性,研发了海上风机基础定位吊装系统,该系统包含:形象进度模块、三维模型展示模块、视频监控模块、基础结构物监测模块,通过对导向平台及导管架(后统称为结构物)上传感器实时传输数据的相关理论计算及可视化,实现对风机基础吊装施工全过程的定位、监控,以指导施工过程有序、快速地进行。该系统成功运用于粤电阳江沙扒海上风电工程项目。吊装过程中结构物平台上的倾角角度始终在3°以内且最终达到稳定时小于0.2°,满足倾斜度0.5%以内的要求;GNSS定位数据异常值较少,不影响整体判断结构物的位置,且最终GNSS测值均趋于目标坐标。应用结果表明:在该系统辅助下,基础结构物吊装过程平稳且高效,能够实现基础结构物吊装厘米级定位精度。

分体式导管架灌浆连接段承载力数值分析

分体式导管架是一种降低深海风机导管架施工难度的新型结构形式。为了解分体式导管架结构灌浆连接段的受力情况,采用有限元方法对连接段隔离体进行数值模拟分析,研究剪力键高距比、灌浆层径厚比及横撑作用力大小对连接段承载力的影响,并分析灌浆料应力大小的分布规律。结果表明:灌浆段极限承载力随剪力键高距比减少而下降;灌浆段极限承载力随横撑作用力的增加而增加;灌浆段极限承载力不随着灌浆厚度的增加而单调增加,灌浆厚度存在最优值使承载力达到最大值。为分体式风机导管架连接段的优化设计提供参考。

海上工程吸力筒导管架基础沉贯理论与实证分析研究

为了验证美国石油学会(American Petroleum Institute,API)规范的理论计算分析结果同现场实证试验数据的一致性以及调平新技术的有效性,以大唐大连市庄河海上风电场址Ⅰ(100 MW)海上风电项目吸力式三筒导管架基础为研究对象,运用API规范的静力平衡法、屈曲分析、土塞理论,以及SACS与ANSYS有限元分析软件进行吸力筒导管架沉贯的土塞、沉贯可行性、贯入屈曲、竖向承载力及吊装适应能力的一系列力学分析,通过将吸力式三筒导管架沉贯过程实际监测的土塞高度、负压、承载力、屈曲变形数据同理论计算结果进行比对分析,验证了API规范的理论计算分析结果与现场实证试验数据之间具有良好的拟合度。而“水上星站差分定位+姿态监测及定向的测量+无线网桥通讯组合”和“吸力筒吸力贯入装备一体化系统智能控制系统”两种新技术的应用,成功达成了吸力筒导管架基础功能性的实现。本研究证明了API规范理论分析的准确性和新调平技术的有效性,同时本研究的创新吸力筒式基础可以大幅节约钢材,能显著降低海上风电项目投资成本,经济价值高,有望成为未来海上风电项目的主要基础型式之一。

大型海上风机导管架基础大直径钢管桩承载力与疲劳性能分析

导管架基础钢管桩是支撑上部风机、承受风浪流荷载的关键结构。以某深水区海上风电场大兆瓦风机为例,对不同桩径的导管架基础模型进行动力特性分析,提炼出了频率随桩径变化的发展规律;同时,结合SACS软件分别对主体结构、主体与桩连接段的受力性能进行敏感性分析,综合对比不同桩径导管架基础对嵌岩的影响程度;在此基础上,对桩顶连接段的过渡段开展疲劳性能研究,分别获取不同桩径下过渡段的应力集中系数,系统地评估不同桩径的导管架基础对疲劳损伤的影响;最终,形成一种适用于浅覆盖海域、大兆瓦海上风机的新型大直径避免嵌岩的导管架桩基础。研究结果表明:结构受力对桩径变化的敏感性由强至弱分别为:灌浆连接段强度>桩顶过渡段强度>导管架基础强度>桩顶过渡段疲劳性能>桩长>频率;在满足规范要求的前提下,该场址地区增大1.5 m桩径可减小桩长4 m,大幅降低了桩端打入岩层的概率。

考虑建设角度的植入式嵌岩导管架风机基础风振响应分析

基于广西防城港海上风电三桩导管架基础结构原型数据与地勘资料,采用ABAQUS建立相关有限元模型,选取3种建设角度施加风荷载,分析了结构整体的应力、位移响应情况。研究结果表明:不同建设角度下,结构最大应力均位于法兰连接段,且建设角度与主风向呈45°时最危险;建设角度与主风向平行时导管架应力较大,桩基础的应力较小且桩顶应力水平最大;嵌岩部分桩基础水平位移几乎可以忽略,导管架的2层横杆交界处水平合位移最大,水平方向位移最大值出现在法兰连接段顶部。工程建设中应该避免三桩导管架基础建设角度与主风向平行或垂直,45°方向建设相对更安全。

分体式吊装对导管架基础竖向承载特性影响的数值模拟

以庄河海域3000吨级海上升压站为例,基于Abaqus有限元软件建立海上升压站导管架基础模型,进行海上升压站上部组块分体式吊装对导管架基础竖向受荷特征影响规律的数值模拟研究。结果表明:采用分体式吊装方案后,升压站基础总沉降量比整体加载方案小,但基础沉降不均匀;升压站基础承受的竖向载荷与整体加载方案相比差别不大;升压站基础桩身变形略大于整体加载方案,相对容易导致桩周土体发生破坏。虽然分级加载方案与整体加载方案相比对导管架基础的承载特性有一定的不利影响,但考虑到施工成本,可采用分体吊装方式进行施工。研究成果可为海上风电类似工程提供参考。