Chronic effects of stretching on range of motion with consideration of potential moderating variables:A systematic review with meta-analysis

Background:It is well known that stretch training can induce prolonged increases in joint range of motion(ROM).However,to date more information is needed regarding which training variables might have greater influence on improvements in flexibility.Thus,the purpose of this metaanalysis was to investigate the effects of stretch training on ROM in healthy participants by considering potential moderating variables,such as stretching technique,intensity,duration,frequency,and muscles stretched,as well as sex-specific,age-specific,and/or trained state-specific adaptations to stretch training.Methods:We searched through PubMed,Scopus,Web of Science,and SportDiscus to find eligible studies and,finally,assessed the results from 77 studies and 186 effect sizes by applying a random-effect meta-analysis.Moreover,by applying a mixed-effect model,we performed the respective subgroup analyses.To find potential relationships between stretch duration or age and effect sizes,we performed a meta-regression.Results:We found a significant overall effect,indicating that stretch training can increase ROM with a moderate effect compared to the controls(effect size=-1.002;Z=-12.074;95%confidence interval:-1.165 to-0.840;p<0.001;I^(2)=74.97).Subgroup analysis showed a significant difference between the stretching techniques(p=0.01)indicating that proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation and static stretching produced greater ROM than did ballistic/dynamic stretching.Moreover,there was a significant effect between the sexes(p=0.04),indicating that females showed higher gains in ROM compared to males.However,further moderating analysis showed no significant relation or difference.Conclusion:When the goal is to maximize ROM in the long term,proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation or static stretching,rather than ballistic/dynamic stretching,should be applied.Something to consider in future research as well as sports practice is that neither volume,intensity,nor frequency of stretching were found to play a significant role in ROM yields.

Static Stretching Combined with Conscious Slower Breathing May Increase Parasympathetic Activity and Reduce Stress in Adult Women

Background: Women are thought to be more susceptible to stress than men in a stressful society, and reducing stress is crucial for women to maintain their health. Static stretching (SST) is applied in various fields to not only increase muscle flexibility but also reduce stress. Additionally, conscious slower breathing (CSB) predominates parasympathetic activity, causing a relaxing effect. These results indicate that combining SST and CSB may be more useful in reducing stress. However, to the best of our knowledge, the effect of this combination remains unclear. Objective: This study aimed to elucidate the effects of the combination of SST and CSB on autonomic activity and stress in adult women. Methods: Eleven healthy Japanese adult female participants performed SST with nonconscious natural breathing for 20 min. The same participants performed SST in combination with CSB (2 s inspiratory and 4 s expiratory) for 20 min on another day. Salivary cortisol and chromogranin A levels were measured before and after stretching as stress markers of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and sympathetic nervous system. The coefficient of variation of the R-R interval (CVR-R) and high-frequency component (HF), which reflect parasympathetic nerve activity, and heart rate and low-frequency component (LF)/HF ratio, which reflect sympathetic nerve activity, were measured before, during, and after stretching. Results: SST decreased cortisol levels but with no significant changes in chromogranin A, heart rate, CVR-R, HF, or LF/HF ratio. The combination of SST and CSB increased CVR-R and HF levels in addition to decreasing cortisol levels but with no significant changes in chromogranin A, heart rate, or LF/HF levels. Conclusion: These results indicate that the combination of SST and CSB may increase parasympathetic activity and reduce stress. However, future randomized controlled trials with larger sample sizes should support this conclusion.

Revisiting the stretch-induced force deficit:A systematic review with multilevel meta-analysis of acute effects

Background:When recommending avoidance of static stretching prior to athletic performance,authors and practitioners commonly refer to available systematic reviews.However,effect sizes(ES)in previous reviews were extracted in major part from studies lacking control conditions and/or prepost testing designs.Also,currently available reviews conducted calculations without accounting for multiple study outcomes,with ES:0.03 to 0.10,which would commonly be classified as trivial.Methods:Since new meta-analytical software and controlled research articles have appeared since 2013,we revisited the available literatures and performed a multilevel meta-analysis using robust variance estimation of controlled prepost trials to provide updated evidence.Furthermore,previous research described reduced electromyography activity—also attributable to fatiguing training routines—as being responsible for decreased subsequent performance.The second part of this study opposed stretching and alternative interventions sufficient to induce general fatigue to examine whether static stretching induces higher performance losses compared to other exercise routines.Results:Including 83 studies with more than 400 ES from 2012 participants,our results indicate a significant,small ES for a static stretch-induced maximal strength loss(ES=0.21,p=0.003),with high magnitude ES(ES=0.84,p=0.004)for stretching durations≥60 s per bout when compared to passive controls.When opposed to active controls,the maximal strength loss ranges between ES:0.17 to0.28,p<0.001 and 0.040 with mostly no to small heterogeneity.However,stretching did not negatively influence athletic performance in general(when compared to both passive and active controls);in fact,a positive effect on subsequent jumping performance(ES=0.15,p=0.006)was found in adults.Conclusion:Regarding strength testing of isolated muscles(e.g.,leg extensions or calf raises),our results confirm previous findings.Nevertheless,since no(or even positive)effects could be found for athletic performance,our results do not support previous recommendations to exclude static stretching from warm-up routines prior to,for example,jumping or sprinting.

Impact of a Magnetic Dipole on Heat Transfer in Non-Conducting Magnetic Fluid Flow over a Stretching Cylinder

The thermal behavior of an electrically non-conducting magnetic liquid flowing over a stretching cylinder under the influence of a magnetic dipole is considered.The governing nonlinear differential equations are solved numerically using a finite element approach,which is properly validated through comparison with earlier results available in the literature.The results for the velocity and temperature fields are provided for different values of the Reynolds number,ferromagnetic response number,Prandtl number,and viscous dissipation parameter.The influence of some physical parameters on skin friction and heat transfer on the walls of the cylinder is also investigated.The applicability of this research to heat control in electronic devices is discussed to a certain extent.

Exact solutions for magnetohydrodynamic nanofluids flow and heat transfer over a permeable axisymmetric radially stretching/shrinking sheet

We report on the magnetohydrodynamic impact on the axisymmetric flow of Al_(2)O_(3)/Cu nanoparticles suspended in H_(2)O past a stretched/shrinked sheet.With the use of partial differential equations and the corresponding thermophysical characteristics of nanoparticles,the physical flow process is illustrated.The resultant nonlinear system of partial differential equations is converted into a system of ordinary differential equations using the suitable similarity transformations.The transformed differential equations are solved analytically.Impacts of the magnetic parameter,solid volume fraction and stretching/shrinking parameter on momentum and temperature distribution have been analyzed and interpreted graphically.The skin friction and Nusselt number were also evaluated.In addition,existence of dual solution was deduced for the shrinking sheet and unique solution for the stretching one.Further,Al_(2)O_(3)/H_(2)O nanofluid flow has better thermal conductivity on comparing with Cu/H_(2)O nanofluid.Furthermore,it was found that the first solutions of the stream are stable and physically realizable,whereas those of the second ones are unstable.

Chemically Radiative MHD Flow of a Micropolar Nanofluid over a Stretching/ Shrinking Sheet with a Heat Source or Sink

This study examines the behavior of a micropolar nanofluidflowing over a sheet in the presence of a transverse magneticfield and thermal effects.In addition,chemical(first-order homogeneous)reactions are taken into account.A similarity transformation is used to reduce the system of governing coupled non-linear partial differ-ential equations(PDEs),which account for the transport of mass,momentum,angular momentum,energy and species,to a set of non-linear ordinary differential equations(ODEs).The Runge-Kutta method along with shoot-ing method is used to solve them.The impact of several parameters is evaluated.It is shown that the micro-rota-tional velocity of thefluid rises with the micropolar factor.Moreover,the radiation parameter can have a remarkable influence on theflow and temperature profiles and on the angular momentum distribution.

A new model of flow over stretching(shrinking)and porous sheet with its numerical solutions

The viscous fluid flow and heat transfer over a stretching(shrinking)and porous sheets of nonuniform thickness are investigated in this paper.The modeled problem is presented by utilizing the stretching(shrinking)and porous velocities and variable thickness of the sheet and they are combined in a relation.Consequently,the new problem reproduces the different available forms of flow motion and heat transfer maintained over a stretching(shrinking)and porous sheet of variable thickness in one go.As a result,the governing equations are embedded in several parameters which can be transformed into classical cases of stretched(shrunk)flows over porous sheets.A set of general,unusual and new variables is formed to simplify the governing partial differential equations and boundary conditions.The final equations are compared with the classical models to get the validity of the current simulations and they are exactly matched with each other for different choices of parameters of the current problem when their values are properly adjusted and manipulated.Moreover,we have recovered the classical results for special and appropriate values of the parameters(δ_(1),δ_(2),δ_(3),c,and B).The individual and combined effects of all inputs from the boundary are seen on flow and heat transfer properties with the help of a numerical method and the results are compared with classical solutions in special cases.It is noteworthy that the problem describes and enhances the behavior of all field quantities in view of the governing parameters.Numerical result shows that the dual solutions can be found for different possible values of the shrinking parameter.A stability analysis is accomplished and apprehended in order to establish a criterion for the determinations of linearly stable and physically compatible solutions.The significant features and diversity of the modeled equations are scrutinized by recovering the previous problems of fluid flow and heat transfer from a uniformly heated sheet of variable(uniform)thickness with variable(uniform)stretching/shrinking and injection/suction velocities.

Mixed convectional and chemical reactive flow of nanofluid with slanted MHD on moving permeable stretching/shrinking sheet through nonlinear radiation,energy omission

Hybrid nanofluids are remarkable functioning liquids that are intended to reduce the energy loss while maximizing the heat transmission.In the involvement of suction and nonlinear thermal radiation effects,this study attempted to explore the energy transmission features of the inclined magnetohydrodynamic(MHD)stagnation flow of CNTs-hybrid nanofluid across the nonlinear permeable stretching or shrinking sheet.This work also included some noteworthy features like chemical reactions,variable molecular diffusivity,quadratic convection,viscous dissipation,velocity slip and heat omission assessment.Employing appropriate similarity components,the model equations were modified to ODEs and computed by using the HAM technique.The impact of various relevant flow characteristics on movement,heat and concentration profiles was investigated and plotted on a graph.Considering various model factors,the significance of drag friction,heat and mass transfer rate were also computed in tabular and graphical form.This leads to the conclusion that such factors have a considerable impact on the dynamics of fluid as well as other engineering measurements of interest.Furthermore,viscous forces are dominated by increasing the values ofλ_(p),δ_(m)andδ_(q),and as a result,F(ξ)accelerates while the opposite trend is observed for M andφ.The drag friction is boosted by the augmentation M,λ_(p)andφ,but the rate of heat transfer declined.According to our findings,hybrid nanoliquid effects dominate that of ordinary nanofluid in terms of F(ξ),Θ(ξ)andφ(ξ)profiles.The HAM and the numerical technique(shooting method)were found to be in good agreement.

Nonlinear coupling modeling and dynamics analysis of rotating flexible beams with stretching deformation effect

Dynamic coupling modeling and analysis of rotating beams based on the nonlinear Green-Lagrangian strain are introduced in this work.With the reservation of the axial nonlinear strain,there are more coupling terms for axial and transverse deformations.The discretized dynamic governing equations are obtained by using the finite element method and Lagrange’s equations of the second kind.Time responses are conducted to compare the proposed model with other previous models.The stretching deformation due to rotating motion is observed and calculated by special formulations under dynamic equilibrium.The stretching deformation and the change of the associated equilibrium position are taken into account to analyze the free vibration and frequency response of the rotating beams.Analytical and numerical comparisons show that the proposed model can provide reliable results,while the previous models may lead to imprecise results,especially in high-speed conditions.

Coherent Chemical Variation Trends of the 55-25 Ma Magmatic Rocks in SE Tibet:N-S Direction Lithospheric Stretching of Eurasia during Early Stage of India-Eurasia Collision

The progressive indentation of India into Eurasia generated an E-W-trending orthogonal collision belt and a N-S-trending oblique collision belt.Compiling available data reveals that~70%of the Cenozoic igneous rocks in eastern and southeastern Tibet are concentrated within an ENE-trending,~550-km long and~250-km wide magmatic zone(CMZ)that once separated the orthogonal and oblique collision belts.The Latitude 26°N Line is now its southern boundary.The onset timing of magmatism of the CMZ varies gradually from~55 Ma in the westernmost part to~27 Ma in the easternmost.Then the magmatism successively occurred and suddenly stopped at~25 Ma.The segmented and coherent chemical variation trends found suggest that the CMZ magmatic rocks were formed due to partial melting of the heterogeneous upper mantle and crusts of Eurasia.Subduction of Paleo-and Neotethyan oceanic plates generated this compositional and mineralogical heterogeneity.Combined with available geophysical data,the CMZ was diachronously formed in response to asthenosphere upwelling induced by NNW-SSE-direction lithosphere stretching.The difference in responses of the orthogonal and oblique collision belts to the indentation of the Indian continent has led to this lithosphere stretching.

Influence of Thermophoresis and Brownian Motion of Nanoparticles on Radiative Chemically-Reacting MHD Hiemenz Flow over a Nonlinear Stretching Sheet with Heat Generation

In this study,a radiative MHD stagnation point flow over a nonlinear stretching sheet incorporating thermophoresis and Brownian motion is considered.Using a similarity method to reshape the underlying Partial differential equations into a set of ordinary differential equations(ODEs),the implications of heat generation,and chemical reaction on the flow field are described in detail.Moreover a Homotopy analysis method(HAM)is used to interpret the related mechanisms.It is found that an increase in the magnetic and velocity exponent parameters can damp the fluid velocity,while thermophoresis and Brownian motion promote specific thermal effects.The results also demonstrate that as the Brownian motion parameter is increased,the concentration values become smaller.

The Effects of Thermal Radiation and Viscous Dissipation on the Stagnation Point Flow of a Micropolar Fluid over a Permeable Stretching Sheet in the Presence of Porous Dissipation

In this paper,the effects of thermal radiation and viscous dissipation on the stagnation–point flow of a micropolar fluid over a permeable stretching sheet with suction and injection are analyzed and discussed.A suitable similarity transformation is used to convert the governing nonlinear partial differential equations into a system of nonlinear ordinary differential equations,which are then solved numerically by a fourth–order Runge–Kutta method.It is found that the linear fluid velocity decreases with the enhancement of the porosity,boundary,and suction parameters.Conversely,it increases with the micropolar and injection parameters.The angular velocity grows with the boundary,porosity,and suction parameters,whereas it is reduced if the micropolar and injection parameters become larger.It is concluded that the thermal boundary layer extension increases with the injection parameter and decreases with the suction parameter.

层叠分段傅里叶变换的数字Stretch实现新方法

针对数字Stretch处理在大抽取倍数情况下硬件资源消耗大、难以工程实现的问题,提出了层叠分段快速傅里叶变换处理的数字Stretch实现算法,将数字混频后的数据序列通过层叠分段与重组,利用小点数的快速傅里叶变换运算实现数字Stretch处理。实测数据验证了算法的有效性。资源消耗分析表明,与常规的数据滤波抽取处理方法相比,该算法可有效减少数字Stretch处理的硬件资源消耗。

Impact of Melting Heat Transfer and Variable Characteristics on an MHD Non-Newtonian Shear-Thinning Fluid Flow with Gyrotactic Microorganisms over a Nonlinear Stretched Surface

The objective of this work is to examine how temperature-dependent thermal conductivity and concentration-dependent molecular diffusion affect Reiner-Philippoff nanofluid flow past a nonlinear stretching sheet. At the interface of the elongated surface zero-mass flux and melting heat condition are incorporated. The formulated mathematical problem is simplified by implementing suitable similarity transformations. For the numerical solution bvp4c is utilized. The parameters emerging in the model are discussed versus allied profiles through graphical illustrations. It is perceived that the velocity of the fluid decays on incrementing the Bingham number. The gyrotactic microorganism profile declines on amplifying the Peclet number. The validation of the proposed model is also added to this study. .

Significance of Nanoparticles Aggregation with Cattaneo-Christov Heat Flux on the Water and Ethylene Glycol Mixture Based MWCNTs-Nanofluid Flow over a Stretching Cylinder

This work aims to analyze the flow of electrically conducting MWCNTs-nanofluid over a stretching cylinder with the aggregation and non-aggregation effects of nanoparticles. The working fluid comprised a combination of water and ethylene glycol, with volumetric proportions of (50:50) considered. Convective boundary constraints and modified Fourier law are implemented in heat transmission assessment. The mathematical flow model is formulated in the form of PDEs and is transformed into ODEs via similarity transformation. Numerical outcomes will be obtained with the use of the bvp4c technique and will be displayed with the help of graphs and tables. The results show that the surface drag coefficient is enhanced in the case of aggregation of nanoparticles whereas heat transfer rate is enhanced in the non-aggregation effect of nanoparticles. Furthermore, the temperature distribution enhances the increasing values of particle volume fraction in the case of aggregation effects of nanoparticles whereas temperature distribution lowers in the case of non-aggregation effect of nanoparticles. .

Influences of double diffusion upon radiative flow of thin film Maxwell fluid through a stretching channel

This work explores the influence of double diffusion over thermally radiative flow of thin film hybrid nanofluid and irreversibility generation through a stretching channel.The nanoparticles of silver and alumina have mixed in the Maxwell fluid(base fluid).Magnetic field influence has been employed to channel in normal direction.Equations that are going to administer the fluid flow have been converted to dimension-free notations by using appropriate variables.Homotopy analysis method is used for the solution of the resultant equations.In this investigation it has pointed out that motion of fluid has declined with growth in magnetic effects,thin film thickness,and unsteadiness factor.Temperature of fluid has grown up with upsurge in Brownian motion,radiation factor,and thermophoresis effects,while it has declined with greater values of thermal Maxwell factor and thickness factor of the thin film.Concentration distribution has grown up with higher values of thermophoresis effects and has declined for augmentation in Brownian motion.

Stretchy Electronic Devices Assembled in a Lego-like Way

Stretchable electronics,which can function under mechanical deformations such as stretching,bending,or twisting,are comprised of various functional modules.However,the connections between these modules are often fragile,limiting the device’s overall robustness.

EPDM非线性力学行为及其拉伸速率特性研究

为研究三元乙丙(ethylene propylene diene monomer, EPDM)力学行为的拉伸速率依赖性,分别开展了拉伸速率为3、30、300、500 mm/min下EPDM的单轴拉伸实验,分析了EPDM非线性力学行为规律及其拉伸速率特性。基于分数阶Kelvin-Vogit模型、ZWT模型和OGDEN模型,对应变160%时不同拉伸速率的实验曲线进行了拟合,对比研究了模型的表征能力。结果表明,EPDM全程加载曲线呈典型“S”型,具有显著的非线性迟滞特性,且拉伸速率越大迟滞环面积越大,阻尼损耗能力越强;在应变大于68%阶段,EPDM力学行为的拉伸速率特性显著,并呈现硬化现象。分数阶Kelvin-Vogit模型和OGDEN模型适用于EPDM在低拉伸速率下、应变低于68%阶段黏弹性材料的力学行为的表征;ZWT模型适用于EPDM在高拉伸速率下应变高于100%阶段黏弹性材料的力学行为的表征,且ZWT模型在低拉伸速率下也具有较好的拟合效果。研究结果可为EPDM制品的性能评估及优化提供有益参考。

电针通过调节膀胱及尿道平滑肌中的血清素受体表达改善骶上脊髓损伤大鼠的排尿功能

目的观察电针治疗后骶上脊髓损伤(suprasacral cord injury,SSCI)大鼠的膀胱最大容量(maximum cystometric capacity,MCC)、漏尿点压力(leakage point pressure,LPP),结合分析逼尿肌、内尿道括约肌(internal urethral sphincter,IUS)中血清素(5-hydroxytryptamine,5-HT)不同亚型受体的表达,探讨电针治疗通过突触后5-HT受体调节逼尿肌-尿道括约肌协同失调(detrusor sphincter dyssynergia,DSD)大鼠排尿功能的效应机制。方法36只SD雌性大鼠,随机抽取12只作为空白组,剩余24只采用改良Hassan Shaker脊髓横断法在T10脊髓节段全横断制作SSCI大鼠模型,成模后随机分为模型组和电针组,每组12只。电针组取次髎、中极、三阴交穴予持续电针刺激40 min,1次/d,连续治疗7 d;空白组与模型组只捆绑不治疗。采用膀胱造瘘法进行尿流动力学检测;处死大鼠后取逼尿肌和近端尿道组织,采用Western blot法检测5-HT受体含量。结果模型组大鼠MCC、LPP显著高于空白组(P<0.01);电针组MCC显著低于模型组且高于空白组(P<0.01),LPP显著低于模型组(P<0.01)。与空白组比较,5-HT1A受体在模型组大鼠逼尿肌中表达显著降低(P<0.01),IUS中显著增高(P<0.01);电针组大鼠逼尿肌中5-HT1A受体显著高于模型组(P<0.01),IUS中5-HT1A受体低于模型组(P<0.05),但仍显著高于空白组(P<0.01)。模型组大鼠逼尿肌中5-HT2B受体表达高于空白组(P<0.05);电针组大鼠逼尿肌中5-HT2B受体表达低于模型组和空白组(P<0.05)。与空白组比较,5-HT7受体在模型组大鼠逼尿肌中表达显著降低(P<0.01),IUS中表达显著增高(P<0.01);电针组大鼠逼尿肌和IUS中5-HT7受体的表达均低于模型组(P<0.05)。结论电针刺激SSCI后DSD大鼠次髎、三阴交、中极穴引起膀胱及尿道平滑肌中5-HT受体表达变化,5-HT1A和5-HT2B受体可能通过Ca^(2+)流入使平滑肌产生相性和/或强直性收缩,5-HT7受体可能通过环磷酸腺苷(cyclic adenosine monophosphate,cAMP)途径影响大电导Ca^(2+)激活K^(+)(big-conductance Ca^(2+)-activated K^(+),BK)通道活性介导平滑肌松弛,电针治疗由此抑制逼尿肌过度活动、增加其收缩能力并协调尿道阻力以改善SSCI后DSD大鼠下尿路功能。

不同缺陷类型双层石墨烯旋转摩擦特性

采用分子动力学模拟方法,构建双层石墨烯旋转摩擦的原子模型,研究缺陷类型、浓度、尺寸效应、石墨烯堆叠方式等因素对其层间旋转摩擦特性的影响,并探讨应变工程的减摩效应.实验结果表明,缺陷类型和堆叠方式对石墨烯旋转摩擦特性的影响较为显著,缺陷类型的影响程度最高.当对底层石墨烯引入拉伸应变后,其旋转摩擦阻力发生衰减,且单空位缺陷与无缺陷模型的力矩递减趋势最为相似.对比研究底层石墨烯的压缩应变,发现其在一定范围内使得层间摩擦增大.本研究有助于缺陷石墨烯层间旋转摩擦特性理论的进一步完善.