In today’s information technology(IT)world,the multi-hop wireless sensor networks(MHWSNs)are considered the building block for the Internet of Things(IoT)enabled communication systems for controlling everyday tasks o...In today’s information technology(IT)world,the multi-hop wireless sensor networks(MHWSNs)are considered the building block for the Internet of Things(IoT)enabled communication systems for controlling everyday tasks of organizations and industry to provide quality of service(QoS)in a stipulated time slot to end-user over the Internet.Smart city(SC)is an example of one such application which can automate a group of civil services like automatic control of traffic lights,weather prediction,surveillance,etc.,in our daily life.These IoT-based networks with multi-hop communication and multiple sink nodes provide efficient communication in terms of performance parameters such as throughput,energy efficiency,and end-to-end delay,wherein low latency is considered a challenging issue in next-generation networks(NGN).This paper introduces a single and parallels stable server queuing model with amulti-class of packets and native and coded packet flowto illustrate the simple chain topology and complexmultiway relay(MWR)node with specific neighbor topology.Further,for improving data transmission capacity inMHWSNs,an analytical framework for packet transmission using network coding at the MWR node in the network layer with opportunistic listening is performed by considering bi-directional network flow at the MWR node.Finally,the accuracy of the proposed multi-server multi-class queuing model is evaluated with and without network coding at the network layer by transmitting data packets.The results of the proposed analytical framework are validated and proved effective by comparing these analytical results to simulation results.展开更多
Based on field research data on farmers in 30 counties(districts)of six cities in Shandong Province,this study systematically examines the methods of disposal of livestock and poultry waste and the factors that influe...Based on field research data on farmers in 30 counties(districts)of six cities in Shandong Province,this study systematically examines the methods of disposal of livestock and poultry waste and the factors that influence them,that is,the determinants of farmers’waste disposal behaviors,using the UTAUT theoretical framework and a disordered multi-class logit model.The results show that,first,economic performance expectancy,subjective norms,farming population,and poultry and livestock breeding numbers have significant effects on the four waste recycling methods considered:direct return,compost fermentation,biogas fermentation,and fresh-packed sale.Second,annual family income has a positive effect on the direct return method.Third,compost fermentation is positively affected by farmers'knowledge,distance from sources of water,and farming scale,and negatively affected by gender and marital status.Fourth,biogas fermentation is negatively affected by the age of farmers and positively affected by the farming income ratio and environmental convenience.Finally,the most important factors affecting the four methods are subjective norms,farming scale,economic performance expectancy,and farming population.Therefore,this study proposes that policies to promote resource utilization of livestock and poultry waste must prioritize raising awareness among the farmers of the advantages of resource disposal of waste;provide reasonable subsidies for waste recycling and enhance policy applicability,pertinence,and motivation;strengthen the promotion of waste recycling technology and improve the practicality of lectures or training content;and improve relevant laws and regulations and enhance authority and usability.展开更多
This paper proposes an improved multi-class dynamic network traffic flow propagation model with a consideration of physical queues. Each link is divided into two areas: Free flow area and queue area. The vehicles of t...This paper proposes an improved multi-class dynamic network traffic flow propagation model with a consideration of physical queues. Each link is divided into two areas: Free flow area and queue area. The vehicles of the same class are assumed to satisfy the first-in-first-out(FIFO) principle on the whole link, and the vehicles of the different classes also follow FIFO in the queue area but not in the free flow area. To characterize this phenomenon by numerical methods, the improved model is directly formulated in discrete time space. Numerical examples are developed to illustrate the unrealistic flows of the existing model and the performance of the improved model. This analysis can more realistically capture the traffic flow propagation, such as interactions between multi-class traffic flows, and the dynamic traffic interactions across multiple links.展开更多
文摘In today’s information technology(IT)world,the multi-hop wireless sensor networks(MHWSNs)are considered the building block for the Internet of Things(IoT)enabled communication systems for controlling everyday tasks of organizations and industry to provide quality of service(QoS)in a stipulated time slot to end-user over the Internet.Smart city(SC)is an example of one such application which can automate a group of civil services like automatic control of traffic lights,weather prediction,surveillance,etc.,in our daily life.These IoT-based networks with multi-hop communication and multiple sink nodes provide efficient communication in terms of performance parameters such as throughput,energy efficiency,and end-to-end delay,wherein low latency is considered a challenging issue in next-generation networks(NGN).This paper introduces a single and parallels stable server queuing model with amulti-class of packets and native and coded packet flowto illustrate the simple chain topology and complexmultiway relay(MWR)node with specific neighbor topology.Further,for improving data transmission capacity inMHWSNs,an analytical framework for packet transmission using network coding at the MWR node in the network layer with opportunistic listening is performed by considering bi-directional network flow at the MWR node.Finally,the accuracy of the proposed multi-server multi-class queuing model is evaluated with and without network coding at the network layer by transmitting data packets.The results of the proposed analytical framework are validated and proved effective by comparing these analytical results to simulation results.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China“Behavioral Experiment and Policy Research of Pig Farmers when Diseased Dead Pigs Entering the Market”[Gant number 71540008]the Key Projects of National Natural Science Foundation of China“Experimental Assessment of Agricultural Producer Safety Production Policy and Its Combined Design:Taking the Treatment of Diseased Dead Pigs as an Example”[Grant number 71673115]+3 种基金the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities“Food Safety Risk Management Logic and Realistic Path Based on Big Data”[Grant number.JUSRP1808ZD]the National College Student Innovation Training Program[grant number.201810295025]the National Key R&D Program Funding Project[Grant number.2018YFC1603303]the National Key R&D Program Funding Project[Grant number.2018YFC1604000].
文摘Based on field research data on farmers in 30 counties(districts)of six cities in Shandong Province,this study systematically examines the methods of disposal of livestock and poultry waste and the factors that influence them,that is,the determinants of farmers’waste disposal behaviors,using the UTAUT theoretical framework and a disordered multi-class logit model.The results show that,first,economic performance expectancy,subjective norms,farming population,and poultry and livestock breeding numbers have significant effects on the four waste recycling methods considered:direct return,compost fermentation,biogas fermentation,and fresh-packed sale.Second,annual family income has a positive effect on the direct return method.Third,compost fermentation is positively affected by farmers'knowledge,distance from sources of water,and farming scale,and negatively affected by gender and marital status.Fourth,biogas fermentation is negatively affected by the age of farmers and positively affected by the farming income ratio and environmental convenience.Finally,the most important factors affecting the four methods are subjective norms,farming scale,economic performance expectancy,and farming population.Therefore,this study proposes that policies to promote resource utilization of livestock and poultry waste must prioritize raising awareness among the farmers of the advantages of resource disposal of waste;provide reasonable subsidies for waste recycling and enhance policy applicability,pertinence,and motivation;strengthen the promotion of waste recycling technology and improve the practicality of lectures or training content;and improve relevant laws and regulations and enhance authority and usability.
基金jointly supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 71571150 and 71361006)the Humanities and Social Science Foundation of The Ministry of Education (Grant No. 14YJA630026)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (Grant No. 26815WCX03)
文摘This paper proposes an improved multi-class dynamic network traffic flow propagation model with a consideration of physical queues. Each link is divided into two areas: Free flow area and queue area. The vehicles of the same class are assumed to satisfy the first-in-first-out(FIFO) principle on the whole link, and the vehicles of the different classes also follow FIFO in the queue area but not in the free flow area. To characterize this phenomenon by numerical methods, the improved model is directly formulated in discrete time space. Numerical examples are developed to illustrate the unrealistic flows of the existing model and the performance of the improved model. This analysis can more realistically capture the traffic flow propagation, such as interactions between multi-class traffic flows, and the dynamic traffic interactions across multiple links.
