Analysis of stability of coal pillars with multi-coal seam strip mining

Strip mining is one of the efficient measures to control surface subsidence and mining damage. However, the researches on the laws of the geological mining factors to upper and lower pillar's stability are still deficient in multi-coal seam strip mining at present. Based on the three dimension fast Lagrangian analysis of continua (short for FLAC3D) numerical simulation software, the laws of the stress increasing coefficient on the coal pillar and its stability were systematically studied for different depths, different mining widths, different interlayer spacings, different mining thicknesses, different properties of interstratified rock and the spacial relations of the upper and lower pillars in vertical alignment in multi-coal seam strip mining. The function relation between the stress increasing coefficient of upper and lower pillars with the mining depth, mining widths, interlayer spacing, mining thickness, property of interstratified rock and the spatial relationship were obtained.

Law of surface movement for multi-coal seam strip mining

It is an important part of green mining to control the disasters of coal mining which have caused irreversible damages to buildings and ecological environment. Strip mining is one of the efficient measures to control surface subsidence and mining damage. However, the research on the laws of the surface subsidence are still deficient in multi-coal seam strip mining at present. Based on the Fast Lagrangian Analysis of Continua(short for FLAC3D) numerical simulation software, the laws of the surface subsidence and horizontal movement were systematically studied for different depths, different mining widths, different distances between seams, different mining thickness, different parameters between seams and the special relations of the upper pillar and the lower pillar in the vertical direction in multi-seam strip mining. The function relation between the maximum subsidence and the maximum horizontal movement with the depth, the mining width, the seam distance, mining thickness, different parameters between seams and the partial offset are summarized respectively. Finally the formula integrating the surface maximum subsidence value and the maximum horizontal movement was deduced. The results can be used for reference theory and measure in forecasting the surface displacement in multi-coal seam strip mining.

Hydraulic support crushed mechanism for the shallow seam mining face under the roadway pillars of room mining goaf

While the fully-mechanized longwall mining technology was employed in a shallow seam under a room mining goaf and overlained by thin bedrock and thick loose sands, the roadway pillars in the abandoned room mining goaf were in a stress-concentrated state, which may cause abnormal roof weighting, violent ground pressure behaviours, even roof fall and hydraulic support crushed(HSC) accidents. In this case,longwall mining safety and efficiency were seriously challenged. Based on the HSC accidents occurred during the longwall mining of 3-1-2 seam, which locates under the intersection zone of roadway pillars in the room mining goaf of 3-1-1 seam, this paper employed ground rock mechanics to analyse the overlying strata structure movement rules and presented the main influence factors and determination methods for the hydraulic support working resistance. The FLAC3 D software was used to simulate the overlying strata stress and plastic zone distribution characteristics. Field observation was implemented to contrastively analyse the hydraulic support working resistance distribution rules under the roadway pillars in strike direction, normal room mining goaf, roadway pillars in dip direction and intersection zone of roadway pillars. The results indicate that the key strata break along with rotations and reactions of the coal pillars deliver a larger concentrated load to the hydraulic support under intersection zone of roadway pillars than other conditions. The ‘‘overburden strata-key strata-roadway pillars-immediate roof" integrated load has exceeded the yield load that leads to HSC accidents. Findings in HSC mechanism provide a reasonable basis for shallow seam mining, and have important significance for the implementation of safe and efficient mining.

Research of the electrical anisotropic characteristics of water-conducting fractured zones in coal seams

Water flooding disasters are one of the five natural coal-mining disasters that threaten the lives of coal miners. The main causes of this flooding are water-conducting fractured zones within coal seams. However, when resistivity methods are used to detect water-conducting fractured zones in coal seams, incorrect conclusions can be drawn because of electrical anisotropy within the water-conducting fractured zones. We present, in this paper, a new geo-electrical model based on the geology of water-conducting fractured zones in coal seams. Factors that influence electrical anisotropy were analyzed, including formation water resistivity, porosity, fracture density, and fracture surface roughness, pressure, and dip angle. Numerical simulation was used to evaluate the proposed electrical method. The results demonstrate a closed relationship between the shape of apparent resistivity and the strike and dip of a fracture. Hence, the findings of this paper provide a practical resistivity method for coal-mining production.

Test and application of hydraulic expansion bolts in a roadway under goaf with ultra-close separation

The roof of a roadway under goal with ultra-close separation consists of thin rock strata and rocks caving in upper goal. Influenced by the mining of the upper coal seam, the roof is loose and broken, and its integ- rity is poor. Resin anchored bolts cannot provide an effective anchoring force in such roof conditions. By conducting free expansion tests and field pull-out tests on a hydraulic expansion bolt, this study has ana- lyzed the influencing factors and laws of radial expansion and anchoring force changes in the rod body. This has revealed the anchoring mechanism of such bolts, and has obtained reasonable water injection pressures and suitable drilling diameters （which are 20-25 MPa and 32-35 mm respectively） for the hydraulic expansion bolt （cR28 mm） used in these tests. Based on pull-out tests at different interlayer spacing, the applicability of hydraulic expansion bolts had been verified for controlling the roof of road- ways under goal with ultra-close distance. Combined with the deformation and failure characteristics of the test roadway roof, this paper proposes a united roof-control technology based on the use of hydraulic expansion bolts and advancing intubation for the roof. Engineering practice indicated that the roof of the test roadway did not generate leaking and caving phenomenon, and the amount of roof deformation was controlled to within 150 mm. Maintenance of the roadway roof has been improved significantly, which ensures safe mining in coal seams with ultra-close separation.

An improved rotated staggered grid fi nite difference scheme in coal seam

A coal seam is thin compared to the wavelength of seismic waves and usually shows strong anisotropy.It may form special geological formations,such as goafs and collapses,in coal mines.The existence of these formations may lead to instability in numerical simulations of the goaf area in a coal seam.The calculation speed of simulations is always a factor that restricts the development of simulation techniques.To improve the accuracy and effi ciency of seismic numerical simulations of goaf areas,an improved vacuum method has been incorporated into a rotated staggered grid scheme and calculations implemented by combining parallel computing and task parallelism.This ensures that the proposed numerical simulation method can be utilized in a geological model with large differences in elastic parameters among layers and improve the performance of a parallel application by enabling the full use of processor resources to expedite the calculations.We set up anisotropic coal seam models and then analyze numerically the characteristics of synthetic seismograms and snapshots of diff erent goaf areas with or without collapse.The results show that the proposed method can accurately simulate the goaf area and the calculation method can run with a high speed and parallel efficiency.The research will further advance the technology of anisotropic seismic exploration in coal fi elds,provide data for seismic inversion and build a theoretical support for coal mine disaster prediction.

特厚煤层小煤柱沿空掘巷支护技术研究

小煤柱沿空掘巷过程中易出现巷道围岩变形大、局部鼓出等现象,针对这一问题,采用理论分析、数值模拟、工程类比的方法,对巷道基本顶破断方式进行了判断,并采用数值模拟分析不同宽度下煤柱的应力及位移变化规律,初步确定了煤柱留设宽度为8 m;对比邻近矿井的沿空掘巷案例,采用工程类比法最终确定了煤柱宽度,并对巷道支护方案进行设计,现场应用效果良好。

近距离煤层联采巷道交错布置及支护技术研究

为解决近距离煤层联合开采时采出率低、安全性差等问题,探究巷道交错布置方式及下煤层巷道支护技术在近距离煤层联合开采中的应用,以山西晋保煤矿12#、13#煤层地质条件为研究背景,采用理论分析与FLAC3D数值模拟的研究方法,研究了巷道采用交错布置时下煤层巷道的围岩变形与矿压变化,得到巷道交错式布置时上下煤层巷道的水平错距应大于7.98 m。通过数值模拟分析矿方原始支护方案与新支护方案下煤层巷道顶板的垂直位移变化规律,确定对下煤层巷道进行锚网索联合支护的分区支护方案。结合现场实测结果表明:下煤层巷道围岩变形处于可控范围内,交错式巷道布置方式以及巷道分区支护方案较为合理,能够保证工作面的安全生产,可以为类似地质条件下近距离煤层的开挖提供借鉴。

平顶山矿区多煤层卸压立体抽采模式与工程示范

平顶山矿区多煤层发育、含气层段多,仅靠井下进行瓦斯治理工程量大、难度高。为了开辟平顶山矿区瓦斯抽采新模式,达到“采一层抽多层”的目的,采用气测录井与含气量测试相结合的方法精准判识了煤系主要含气层段和含气量;采用体积法评价了东部5对矿井采动区和采空区的煤系气资源量。基于“O”形圈理论和“防-抗-让”思想,分别优化设计了采动井、采空井的井位、层位和井身结构,构建了采动区、采空区多煤层卸压立体抽采模式并进行了工程示范。结果表明:(1)二_(1)煤层顶板200 m范围内存在四煤组、三煤组、二_(1)煤层顶板60 m范围内的砂岩/泥质砂岩互层段等3处主要含气段。平顶山矿区东部5对矿井的采动区和采空区资源量分别为26.36×10~8 m^(3)和20.00×10~8 m^(3)。(2)采动井最佳井位为0.17~0.28倍采长,且靠近回风巷条带区域;走向上,采动井的间距一般为80~100 m。创建了“大口径、避开岩体变形强烈区、P110梯型扣套管”的采动直井稳孔技术体系和“下行水平轨迹+提高套管强度”的采动L型水平井稳产技术体系,保证了产气通道的畅通性。采空井一般布置在距离回风巷30~50 m的区域,完钻位置一般为二_(1)煤层顶板40~60 m的范围;筛管布置在四煤段顶板至裂隙带底部。(3)建立了“地面采动直井/定向井-采动L型水平井-采空井”联作的卸压立体抽采模式,实现了多气源立体抽采。截至2024年4月30日,累计抽采纯量达5258.8万m^(3),总利用量达到3735.4万m^(3),率先在河南省实现了煤系气产业化开发,示范和引领带动作用显著。

近距离煤层垂向采空区高静储瞬态充水模式与解危技术

榆神府矿区侏罗纪煤田垂向层序上赋存多个煤层,当下层煤开采时,面临上部近距离采空区积水威胁,基于垂向采空区充水模式的综合解危技术是下层煤安全回采的关键。通过分析煤层顶板岩性组合、含隔水层以及导水裂缝带发育高度特征,形成了近距离煤层垂向采空区高静储瞬态充水模式,认为基岩风化带水、火烧区水、第四系萨拉乌苏组松散层潜水以及大气降水是浅层采空区的直接或间接补给水源,在上部煤层采空区中形成较高水位的静储量;近距离煤层下层煤开采时,导水裂缝带沟通上部采空区,高静储积水以瞬间溃入形式进入下层煤回采工作面。针对高静储采空区积水威胁,提出了“近距离煤层充水模型建立—采空区积水范围探测与积水量预计—垂向采空区积水解危—疏控效果评价”4阶段解危模式,形成了解危成功的判别标准,即当钻孔疏放量等于动态补给量时,可认定采空区静储量积水已基本疏放完毕,采空区积水威胁解除。该成果在神木惠宝煤矿成功应用,对类似条件下的矿井具有借鉴意义。

管道作用下急倾斜煤层稳定性分析

近地表荷载与急倾斜煤层老采空区的“活化”有着紧密的关联,采空区覆岩中裂隙带底部的岩块在荷载作用下极易发生回转失稳和滑落失稳,这些岩块对采空区的稳定性起到至关重要的作用,被称为关键岩块,当荷载作用使得关键岩块失稳时,采空区将发生“活化”。基于采空区覆岩“砌体梁”结构力学模型对关键岩块进行力学分析,构建荷载作用下采空区上覆岩土体失稳判断依据,进而对荷载作用下急倾斜煤层上覆岩体稳定性进行定量分析,研究发现:当作用于土体截面处最大摩擦力大于该土体所受最大剪切力时,该块体不会发生滑落失稳;只有关键岩块与岩块之间的平均挤压应力小于岩块在边角处的挤压强度,关键岩块才不会发生回转失稳。将推导结果应用于广东省某急倾斜煤矿,计算结果表明:在茶山煤矿4煤和6煤采空区上方铺设输气管道并不会引起采空区的“活化”;荷载作用下的关键岩块力学分析在急倾斜煤层上覆岩体稳定性中应用效果较好,对实际工程有一定指导作用。

高瓦斯矿井综合瓦斯抽采技术实施应用

为解决山西安泽玉华煤矿采煤工作面风排瓦斯量大的问题,实施应用了本煤层瓦斯抽采、采空区瓦斯抽采以及高位定向长钻孔裂隙带瓦斯抽采等综合瓦斯抽采技术,大大提高了瓦斯抽采效果,彻底解决了采煤工作面回风流瓦斯浓度偏高的问题,为矿井安全生产提供了安全保障,为高瓦斯矿井瓦斯治理提供了有益借鉴。

下峪口煤矿23306下工作面回采巷道合理错距研究

近距离煤层采空区下回采巷道合理错距的确定对巷道安全高效掘进意义重大。以下峪口煤矿为工程背景,采用理论分析及现场试验的方法,对23306下进顺采空区下回采巷道合理错距进行研究。得出下峪口煤矿23306下进风顺槽合理留设错距为22 m,根据23306下进顺错距留设情况提出支护方案并根据巷道顶底板及两帮位移变化情况进行监测验证,监测发现巷道各测点顶底板及两帮的移近量均小于450 mm,大多时间内两帮的移近量小于350 mm,煤柱帮的深基点和浅基点的位移变化量基本一致,且随着巷道的掘进,未出现较大变形,说明采用22 m错距可实现围岩变形稳定,研究可为类似条件巷道安全高效生产提供经验和参考。

深部特厚煤层综放沿空掘巷煤柱优化及巷道支护

为研究深部大采高综放工作面窄煤柱沿空掘巷巷道矿压控制问题,以国能宁煤集团枣泉煤矿2^(-2)特厚煤层130203大采高综放工作面回风巷道为背景,基于实用矿山压力理论,建立了巷道围岩内、外应力场动态结构力学模型,运用理论计算和数值计算针对不同尺寸煤柱煤体应力对比分析,将原留设15 m护巷煤柱缩小至5 m进行了煤柱优化。结果表明:在稳定的内应力场掘巷有利于巷道的稳定性,避免了顶板事故及冲击地压相关灾害的发生,现场5 m小煤柱护巷工程应用中,130203回风巷道小煤柱侧变形量为1050 mm,实体煤帮变形量为400 mm,两帮呈现不对称性变形,底板局部底鼓量为1400 mm;深部特厚煤层综放开采沿空掘巷采用5 m小煤柱护巷方案设计正确,极大改善了巷道围岩的应力环境,整体设计满足生产要求,现场应用良好。130203工作面小煤柱沿空掘巷技术成功应用,为矿井开采提供了可靠的科学依据。

厚煤层大断面沿空巷道变形破坏机理及控制技术

针对沿空巷道受多次采动叠加影响极易发生变形失稳破坏的难题,以某矿1505W工作面厚煤层综放开采工作面为研究背景,综合采用理论分析、现场实测、数值模拟等多种研究方法探讨分析了沿空巷道围岩失稳破坏机制,并提出了围岩“浅部、深部、表层”控制方案。现场试验结果表明,提出的控制方案能够使巷道浅、深部围岩形成统一的整体,有效抑制了沿空巷道围岩变形,提高了巷道的稳定性。

不规则采空区下特厚煤层综放面注浆扩散规律及加固技术

为了解决不规则采空区下特厚煤层综放强采动过程中矿压与围岩控制难题,以山西宁武榆树坡煤矿5106综放面为工程背景,通过现场监测的手段研究了不规则采空区下特厚煤层综放面矿压显现特征,并在此基础上采用数值模拟的方法分析了不同裂隙特征参数的浆液羽状扩散规律,揭示了三角锯齿形动态循环脉冲注浆增注机理,形成了三角锯齿形动态循环脉冲注浆加固技术,制定了围岩注浆加固技术实施方案,并进行了工程应用。研究结果表明:回采期间工作面支架阻力整体呈现出“两端小、中间大”的趋势,不同推进距离工作面方向支架工作阻力分布特征存在明显差异;注浆扩散形状受裂隙分布的影响,随裂隙数量的增加,注浆扩散形状从初始的圆形转变为裂隙引导的不规则羽状;实施脉冲注浆加固技术后,实测发现脉冲注浆扩散速率提升了约25%,综放面煤体裂隙被充分充填,围岩加固效果显著,实施效果良好。

极近距离煤层采空区下沿空留巷技术研究

为了解决极近距离煤层采空区下多次回采影响的沿空留巷围岩严重变形难题,以山东新查庄矿业有限责任公司(以下简称“新查庄煤矿”)91006综采工作面为工程背景,研究分析了采空区下沿空留巷覆岩顶板结构特征及运动规律,通过建立顶板位态力学结构模型,确定了采空区下沿空留巷巷旁支护阻力计算方法,计算出巷旁支护阻力为3432 kN,提出了“水力压裂超前断顶+巷旁钢管混凝土墩柱高强支护”为主体的巷旁复合支护体系。利用超前断顶卸压技术将巷旁顶板由传递岩梁结构向短悬臂梁结构转变,大大降低巷旁支护阻力,与钢管混凝土墩柱的高强巷旁支护相结合,特别适用于采空区下的沿空留巷工程。通过在新查庄煤矿91006综采工作面试验应用表明,留巷取得了较好的效果,巷道表面整体变形量较小,满足工作面回采期间的要求。

急倾斜煤层采空区输气管道变形模拟

为了探究急倾斜煤层开采形成的采空区对其上覆输气管道安全运行的影响,基于快速拉格朗日法对某煤层采空区进行数值模拟,探究了实际煤矿采空区的地质沉降和管道位移特征,研究了不同倾角、不同开采深度的急倾斜煤层对上覆输气管道变形的影响。结果表明:煤矿区5个急倾斜煤层在开采100 m后,在煤层坡面上方形成最大深度1.54 m的塌陷,塌陷区内的土壤和岩石主要向煤层方向水平移动和垂直向下移动;靠近煤层采空区的管道,垂直方向位移大于水平方向位移,而远离煤层采空区管道,则水平位移较大;随着急倾斜煤层倾角减小和开采深度增大,管道向下的沉降量增大,并且发生最大沉降的位置逐渐向煤层方向靠近。

特厚煤层综放临空巷道冲击地压综合防治技术应用

在特厚煤层开采过程中,由于临空巷道受相邻上一个工作面采空区顶板活动以及现采工作面回采影响,在回采过程中,由于临空侧向静载荷和回采期间超前动载荷相互叠加,导致临空巷道围岩应力随之上升,巷道冲击风险也随之增加。以小庄煤矿40205回采工作面为背景,采用理论分析、现场实测、数据统计等方法,研究分析了临空巷道工作面回采过程中产生冲击的主控因素并制定出了相应的防冲卸压技术方案;现场实施后,通过微震、应力监测方法进行了效果检验。结果表明:特厚煤层临空巷道回采过程中,通过现场防冲卸压技术方案的优化后,微震能量数据主要以102J/d为主,临空侧巷道两帮收敛量降低了96%,工作面超前100~150 m内,应力值降低至7.3 MPa,同时,通过采用“锚索+双网+大托盘”联合支护,提高了巷道的支护能力,工作面回采期间冲击地压防治效果显著,为后期临空巷道回采积累了经验。

西南地区急倾斜薄煤层充水采空区地面注浆堵水工艺研究及应用

针对金沙水电站蓄水区南岸的相关煤矿采空区的治理,选择帷幕注浆堵水为治理方案。通过钻孔将水泥浆充填采空区及其上部裂隙,切断金沙江与矿井之间的径流通道,其中帷幕孔注浆采用水泥-水玻璃双液浆注浆工艺,一般注浆孔采用水泥浆单液注浆工艺。室内凝结时间检测试验的结果中,水泥浆的终凝时间随着水灰比的增大而逐渐从500 s以上下降到20 s左右,根据试验结果确定了合适的水泥浆配比。注浆堵水质量检测得到4组水泥芯体的采空区无侧限抗压强度均值分别为1.21、1.21、1.36、1.29 MPa,注浆段波速值为365~384m/s。抗压强度大于1 MPa,横波波速大于350 m/s,表明注浆堵水工艺实施后的质量评价结果整体满足要求,具有可行性与实用性。