Data-Driven Model for Risk Assessment of Cable Fire in Utility Tunnels Using Evidential Reasoning Approach

Cable fire is one of the most important events for operation and maintenance(O&M)safety in underground utility tunnels(UUTs).Since there are limited studies about cable fire risk assessment,a comprehensive assessment model is proposed to evaluate the cable fire risk in different UUT sections and improve O&M efficiency.Considering the uncertainties in the risk assessment,an evidential reasoning(ER)approach is used to combine quantitative sensor data and qualitative expert judgments.Meanwhile,a data transformation technique is contributed to transform continuous data into a five-grade distributed assessment.Then,a case study demonstrates how the model and the ER approach are established.The results show that in Shenzhen,China,the cable fire risk in District 8,B Road is the lowest,while more resources should be paid in District 3,C Road and District 25,C Road,which are selected as comparative roads.Based on the model,a data-driven O&M process is proposed to improve the O&M effectiveness,compared with traditional methods.This study contributes an effective ER-based cable fire evaluation model to improve the O&M efficiency of cable fire in UUTs.

Study on Gas Explosion Characteristics in Urban Utility Tunnels

In order to study the effects of three factors,namely,premixed gas concentration,number of pressure relief ports and number of obstacles,on the overpressure characteristics of gas explosion and flame structure of gas chambers in utility tunnels,in this paper,a small and narrow experimental platform for gas explosion was constructed to study the evolution mechanism and law of the kinetic characteristics and flame behavior of gas explosion in utility tunnels,with a view to revealing the special influencing mechanism of the overpressure characteristics and flame behavior of gas explosion in utility tunnels.The results show that in the methane concentration of 9.5%when the explosion overpressure reaches its peak,and at the same time by the utility tunnel long and narrow restricted space,the explosion generated by the precursor shock wave along with the flame compression wave were superimposed on both ends of the pipeline back and forth for many times so that the overpressure waveforms are cyclic oscillatory trend,increasing the explosion hazards;compared with the closed conditions,the relief port on the overpressure characteristics of the significant impact of the maximum decrease of 57.7%,when the frequency of overpressure oscillation is reduced,the gas explosion generated by the overpressure damage is reduced;the presence of obstacles significantly affects the flow field,accelerates the flame propagation and leads to greater overpressure peaks and overpressure oscillations.The conclusions of the study can provide a basis for the safety of natural gas in utility tunnels.

Seismic response of underground utility tunnels: shaking table testing and FEM analysis

Underground utility tunnels are widely used in urban areas throughout the world for lifeline networks due to their easy maintenance and environmental protection capabilities. However, knowledge about their seismic performance is still quite limited and seismic design procedures are not included in current design codes. This paper describes a series of shaking table tests the authors performed on a scaled utility tunnel model to explore its performance under earthquake excitation. Details of the experimental setup are first presented focusing on aspects such as the design of the soil container, scaled structural model, sensor array arrangement and test procedure. The main observations from the test program, including structural response, soil response, soil-structure interaction and earth pressure, are summarized and discussed. Further, a finite element model （FEM） of the test utility tunnel is established where the nonlinear soil properties are modeled by the Drucker- Prager constitutive model; the master-slave surface mechanism is employed to simulate the soil-structure dynamic interaction; and the confining effect of the laminar shear box to soil is considered by proper boundary modeling. The results from the numerical model are compared with experiment measurements in terms of displacement, acceleration and amplification factor of the structural model and the soil. The comparison shows that the numerical results match the experimental measurements quite well. The validated numerical model can be adopted for further analysis.

Dynamic response of utility tunnel during the passage of Rayleigh waves

The modeling methodologies and calculation of dynamic response of underground structure under Rayleigh waves is investigated in this paper. First the free field responses under Rayleigh waves are analyzed and the numerical results agree well with the theoretical results. Then, the approximate Rayleigh waves are put forward based on the preliminary re- search, and Rayleigh wave field is obtained through fast Fourier transform technique. Taking a utility tunnel as an example, its dynamic responses under Rayleigh waves is calculated by ABAQUS. The results demonstrate that bending deformation is the main component of structural deformation and the deformation at the top of the structure is about twice as much as that at bottom of the structure. The effect of soil-structure interface and the buried depth of underground structure are also investi- gated via parameter analysis. For the shallow buffed underground structures, Rayleigh waves can be the key factor to control the responses and damage of the structure.

Large scale shaking table model test and analysis on seismic response of utility tunnel in non-homogeneous soil

Underground utility tunnels are the most fundamental and reliable lifeline network in urban cities,and are widely constructed throughout the world.In urban areas,most utility tunnels usually encounter the non-homogeneity of subsoil condition due to various construction effects.Studies have shown that the damage mechanism of shallow underground structures mainly depends on the inhomogeneity of the subsoil conditions.This would become a considerable factor for the stability of the underground utility tunnel structures.However,this type of research still needs to establish the vulnerable seismic design.In this study,a series of shaking table tests were conducted on non-homogenous soils to investigate the performance of seismic interaction between utility tunnels,surrounding soils and interior pipelines.The dynamic responses measured from the test account for the boundary condition of non-homogeneous soils,the internal forces,displacement of tunnel joints,the dynamic characteristics on interior pipelines and the reasonable spring stiffness with damping in the seismically isolated gas pipeline model inside the tunnel.The vulnerability of underground utility tunnel in non-homogeneous soil zone and the mechanism of the stability of interior facilities are the main topics discussed in this paper.

Blast resistance evaluation of urban utility tunnel reinforced with BFRP bars

To improve corrosion-resistance of shallow-buried concrete urban utility tunnels(UUTs),basalt fiber reinforced polymer(BFRP)bars are applied to reinforce UUTs.As the UUT must have excellent survival capability under accidental explosions,a shallow-buried BFRP bars reinforced UUT(BBRU)was designed and constructed.Repetitive blast experiments were carried out on this BBRU.Dynamic responses,damage evolutions and failure styles of the BBRU under repetitive explosions were revealed.The tunnel roof is the most vulnerable component and longitudinal cracks develop along the tunnel.When the scaled distance is larger than 1.10 m/kg1/3,no cracks are observed in the experiments.When the BBRU is severely damaged,there are five cracks forming and developing along the roof.The roof is simplified as a clamped-supported one-way slab,proved by the observation that the maximum strain of the transverse bar is much larger than that of the longitudinal bar.Dynamic responses of the roof slab are predicted by dynamic Euler beam theory,which can consistently predict the roof displacement under large-scaleddistance explosion.Compared with the UUT reinforced with steel bars,the BBRU has advantages in blast resistance with smaller deflections and more evenly-distributed cracks when the scaled distance is smaller than 1.260 m/kg1/3 and the steel bars enter plastic state.Longer elastic defamation of the BFRP bars endows the UUT more excellent blast resistance under small-scaled-distance explosions.

Dynamic-Response Analysis of the Branch System of a Utility Tunnel Subjected to Near-Fault and Far-Field Ground Motions in Different Input Mechanisms

There are few studies on the dynamic-response mechanism of near-fault and far-field ground motions for large underground structures,especially for the branch joint of a utility tunnel(UT)and its internal pipeline.Based on the theory of a 3D viscous-spring artificial boundary,this paper deduced the equivalent nodal force when a P wave and an SV wave were vertically incident at the same time and transformed the ground motion into an equivalent nodal force using a self-developed MATLAB program,which was applied to an ABAQUS finite element model.Based on near-fault and far-field groundmotions obtained fromtheNGA-WEST2 database,the dynamic responses of a utility tunnel and its internal pipeline in different inputmechanisms of near-fault and far-field groundmotions were compared according to bidirectional input and tridirectional input,respectively.Generally,the damage to the utility tunnel caused by the near-fault ground motion was stronger than that caused by the far-field ground motion,and the vertical ground motion of near-fault ground motion aggravated the damage to the utility tunnel.In addition,the joint dislocation of the upper and lower three-way joints of the pipeline in the branch systemunder the seismic action led to local stress concentrations.In general,the branch system of the utility tunnel had good seismic performance to resist the designed earthquake action and protect the internal pipeline fromdamage during the rare earthquake.

Comparison between the Seismic Performance of Buried Pipes and Pipes in a Utility Tunnel

A utility tunnel system consists of pipes and ancillary facilities.In this paper,a finite element model of a concrete utility tunnel with pipes inside is established.Several tunnel segments were built to simulate a real utility tunnel,while the pipe was fixed by springs on the brackets in the utility tunnel.Using the discrete soil spring element to simulate the soil-structure interaction,actual earthquake records were adopted as excitation to analyze the seismic responses of pipes in a utility tunnel.Moreover,the influences of different parameters,including soil type,earthquake records,and field apparent wave velocity on the seismic responses of the utility tunnel and the pipes inside were studied.Finally,the seismic responses of buried pipes were analyzed and compared with those of pipes in a utility tunnel to evaluate the seismic performance of pipes for two working conditions.

BIM Facility Management on Utility tunnel

With the rise of BIM,Building Information Modeling,technology it subverts process and method of traditional civil engineering industry.It brings different meanings and improve efficacy to each stage of building life cycle.Projects can get different kinds of benefits from BIM technology in plan,design,construction,and operation stages.Utility tunnel,designed according to the variety of pipes and cables,is built under traffic roads,which reduces the traffic impact during maintenance and repair.Establishment of utility tunnel increases urban sustainable development.Through BIM technology,thousands of drawings are turned into one model.Meanwhile,with real-time update,model will reflect the latest situation.When application extends into operation stage,model connected with site sensors becomes a completed database for operation.BIM facility management(FM),the new integrated method,can monitor and control utility tunnel to ensure steadily supply of water,electricity or gas.Further,it assists authorities to guard city safety.

Blast responses of polyurea retrofitted utility tunnel reinforced with basalt fibre reinforced polymer bars

Polyurea coating and carbon fibre reinforced polymer reinforcing techniques were applied to retrofit a severely damaged urban utility tunnel(UUT).The blast responses of the retrofitted UUT were investigated through in-filed explosion experimental tests,and the displacements,strains,accelerations,and damage were compared.The retrofitted UUT exhibited comparable or even better blast resistance than the intact UUT.Although the polyurea coating was flexible,it exhibited excellent performance in improving the blast resistance of the damaged UUT.As the UUT reinforced with basalt fibre reinforce polymer(BFRP)bars has smaller damage compared with the UUT reinforced with steel bars,its retrofitting is simple,and the cost is low.The roof was simplified as an elastically simple support one-way slab.Euler beam theory was adopted to analyse the dynamic responses of UUT roof considering the interaction between soil and structure,which agree well with the experiments in the first three cases.

Reducing risk in long deep tunnels by using TBM and drill-and-blast methods in the same project-the hybrid solution

There are many examples of TBM tunnels through mountains, or in mountainous terrain, which have suffered the ultimate fate of abandonment, due to insufficient pre-investigation. Depth-of-drilling limitations are inevitable when depths approach or even exceed l or 2 km. Uncertainties about the geology, hydro-geology, rock stresses and rock strengths go hand-in-hand with deep or ultra-deep tunnels. Unfortunately, unexpected conditions tend to have a much bigger impact on TBM projects than on drill-and-blast projects. There are two obvious reasons. Firstly the circular excavation maximizes the tangential stress, making the relation to rock strength a higher source of potential risk. Secondly, the TBM may have been progressing fast enough to make probe-drilling seem to be unnecessary. If the stress-to-strength ratio becomes too high, or if faulted rock with high water pressure is unexpectedly encountered, the ＂unexpected events＂ may have a remarkable delaying effect on TBM. A simple equation explains this phenomenon, via the adverse local Q-value that links directly to utilization. One may witness dramatic reductions in utilization, meaning ultra-steep deceleration-of-the-TBM gradients in a log-log plot of advance rate versus time. Some delays can be avoided or reduced with new TBM designs, where belief in the need for probe-drilling and sometimes also pre-injection, have been fully appreciated. Drill-and-blast tunneling, inevitably involving numerous ＂probe-holes＂ prior to each advance, should be used instead, if investigations have been too limited. TBM should be used where there is lower cover and where more is known about the rock and structural conditions. The advantages of the superior speed of TBM may then be fully realized. Choosing TBM because a tunnel is very long increases risk due to the law of deceleration with increased length, especially if there is limited pre-investigation because of tunnel depth.

故障树和模糊贝叶斯网络在管廊运维风险评估中的应用研究

地下综合管廊是城市的生命线,一旦出现问题就会对人们生命财产安全造成巨大损害。为了系统地分析管廊运维风险,建立了基于模糊贝叶斯网络的风险评估框架。首先,通过分析管廊运维风险源与风险形成的原因以确定风险事件和风险类别;其次,建立管廊运维风险故障树来梳理风险因素之间的逻辑关系,将故障树映射为贝叶斯网络;最后,结合专家模糊评价,构建地下综合管廊运维风险评估模型。案例分析结果显示:中间事件“火灾、爆炸”与“危害气体浓度过高”的发生概率较高。敏感性分析结果显示:“运维人员操作和维护不当”是导致管廊运维风险发生的根本事件,因此需要制定严格管理措施及规范,加强对运维人员的素质培训,以降低管廊运维过程中各种风险的发生概率。

分段管廊装载供水管道穿越地裂缝适宜性研究

在活动地裂缝影响下,供水管道拉裂、错断现象时有发生,并引发严重的次生灾害。本文以西安市西南郊水厂拟建球墨铸铁管道穿越地裂缝为工程背景,建立管道45°穿越活动地裂缝的数值模型,分析地裂缝影响下管道的内力响应与变形特征,结果表明:地裂缝作用会使管道接口偏转角过大而导致其防水失效。因此提出一种分段管廊装载供水管道穿越地裂缝的方法,建立分段管廊装载供水管道穿越地裂缝的数值模型,分析管道与管廊通缝、错缝两种工况、不同分段管廊长度、不同地裂缝位置、不同穿越角度下管廊与管道的内力响应与变形特征。得出管廊装载管道穿越地裂缝的最佳方案为管道与管廊通缝布设,采用单节长度为18 m的分段管廊,使地裂缝位于管廊的2/3处,并尽量以小角度穿越地裂缝。研究成果对城市供水管道穿越活动地裂缝的工程建设与灾害防治具有实际意义。

长距离地下综合管廊局部通风强化换热效果研究

现有的地下综合管廊通风散热方法主要为换气次数法。当管廊长度增加时,要满足规范规定的廊内温度不高于40℃的要求需要非常大的换气量,并会导致管廊前端区域过冷,整体散热效果并不好。本文提出了一种可用于长距离地下综合管廊的局部通风方式,使用CFD方法建立了局部通风数值模型,通过缩尺模型实验验证了其准确性。对增设射流风机后形成的局部通风气流组织进行了研究,结果表明,在总送风量相同的情况下,设置射流风机能够改善管廊局部热环境,在本文所研究工况下,局部截面平均温度降低了0.5℃。对比研究发现:管廊进口风量和射流风机风量之比对管廊内热环境影响不大;风机射流角度对管廊内热环境的优化具有显著影响,射流角度为90°时管廊后端截面平均温度相比0°、45°分别降低了0.41、0.33℃,90°为最优射流角度。

双面叠合装配式管廊侧墙面外抗震性能试验

为研究采用螺旋箍筋套筒底节点连接的预制双面叠合式管廊侧墙在面外荷载作用下的受力变形性能,对2个采用该节点连接的足尺侧墙试件进行了不同轴压比下低周往复加载试验,并与对应2个现浇试件作对比,初步揭示了螺旋箍筋套筒底节点和竖向轴压比对管廊侧墙面外抗震受力变形性能的影响。试验结果表明:两种试件滞回曲线均较为饱满,具有良好的抗震耗能能力,满足装配式结构抗震变形设计要求;叠合装配试件上部区域剪切变形均高于现浇试件,且裂缝遍布整个墙体高度范围,具有良好的面外变形能力。

基于故障树和贝叶斯网络的管廊运维风险评估

城市地下综合管廊在运维过程中事故时有发生,为了量化管廊运维风险并分析关键风险因素,提出一种基于故障树和模糊贝叶斯网络的城市地下综合管廊运维风险评估方法。在综合考虑管廊风险因素的基础上构建故障树模型,将其映射为贝叶斯网络。基于ALARP准则划分风险因素状态等级,根据模糊数和模糊子集计算底事件的发生概率,利用最大似然估计法求解中间事件的条件概率,构建管廊运维风险贝叶斯网络模型,精准评估城市地下综合管廊运维风险。结果表明:所评估的管廊运维过程风险等级为High的概率为28%,接近30%的风险阈值,因此需要及时对管廊风险进行管控。该方法能够科学、合理地评价风险水平并确定关键因素,可为管廊运维安全保障和管理提供参考。

地下管廊抗震研究现状综述

针对地下管廊工程建设高速发展、抗震减灾需求愈发凸显的现状,综述地下管廊抗震研究现状.首先,通过国内外以往的震害实例,对地下管廊的震害形式、震害影响因素及震害机理进行了系统性总结.其次,从拟静力试验和振动台试验两个方面总结了地下管廊抗震性能的试验研究现状.再次,总结了地下管廊抗震分析的简化分析方法、动力时程方法、地震易损性评估及减隔震技术的研究现状.最后,基于文献综述提出了目前地下管廊抗震研究亟待解决的问题并做出展望,以期促进地下管廊抗震研究的发展.研究表明:地下管廊在地震作用下的破坏形式主要有混凝土剥落、裂缝贯通、接缝错位或张开、管廊受剪断裂等;地震作用下地下管廊穿越非均匀场地时动力响应的放大效应显著,地下管廊穿越软硬交互等非均匀场地时的抗震性能研究值得重视;交叉节点是地下管廊的薄弱环节,交叉管廊的抗震设计方法研究值得关注;预制管廊接头易受到地震破坏,不同类型预制管廊接头的抗震性能研究需深入探索;城市大型地下管廊系统抗震性能受到不同交叉节点和不同管廊之间的交互影响,高效的地下管廊系统建模方法和高效的简化分析方法亟待研究;城市大型地下管廊系统地震易损性分析是重要的发展方向;地下管廊的减隔震技术值得发展.

城轨项目基坑施工对综合管廊盾构井的影响分析

本文以广州市天河智慧城科韵路段综合管廊K4井为研究对象,进行临近城轨项目基坑施工对综合管廊盾构井的影响分析。利用岩土工程专用软件Midas/GTS进行有限元模拟,通过对关键施工步骤的数据统计,分析了临近基坑开挖对K4井地层位移、地连墙位移、内支撑轴力的变化及其影响规律,并提出了合理的建议和措施,保证了基坑的安全施工。

综合管廊安全运行隐患的第三方排查机制研究——以北京市为例

为提升综合管廊运营安全,建立有效的隐患排查和灾害防控机制,本文提出在管廊运维企业建立健全安全体系基础上,由相关政府部门组织,引入第三方安全服务机构,开展隐患排查抽检工作的机制;同时通过实践和专家经验,形成第三方排查工作实施路径和排查的主要工作内容。第三方排查的主要内容包括资料调研、实地调查和安全检测3部分。第三方排查机制不仅能够督促企业自律,倒逼企业自查,有效识别潜在风险,减少安全事故的发生,还能够推动综合管廊安全管理工作的持续改进和创新。

基于BIM的城市地下综合管廊建模与系统实现

针对目前城市地下综合管廊二维管理模式存在的直观性差、效率低问题,采用BIM技术,对综合管廊构件进行编码和族库构建.在此基础上,提出了综合管廊结构主体模型、入廊管线模型和附属结构模型的参数化建模方法,实现了管廊模型的快速生成,有效地提高了建模效率.基于C#编程语言、数据库技术、Revit、Unity平台和Dynamo的二次开发技术,开发了地下综合管廊建模平台,实现了综合管廊模型的有效集成、信息查询和三维漫游展示,解决了地下综合管廊可视化运维管理的关键问题,为地下综合管廊整体可视化运维管理奠定了良好的基础.