Experimental demonstration of single-mode fiber coupling using adaptive fiber coupler

Coupling plane wave into a single-mode fiber （SMF） with high and steady coupling efficiency is crucial for fiber- based free-space laser systems, where random angular jitters are the main influencing factors of fiber coupling. In this paper, we verified a new adaptive-optic device named adaptive fiber coupler （AFC） which could compensate angular jitters and improve the SMF coupling efficiency in some degree. Experiments of SMF coupling under the angular jitter situation using AFC have been achieved. Stochastic parallel gradient descent （SPGD） algorithm is employed as the control strategy, of which the iteration rate is 625 Hz. In closed loop, the coupling efficiency keeps above 65% when angular errors are below 80/3tad. The compensation bandwidth is 35 Hz at sine-jitter of 15 ~rad amplitude with average coupling efficiency of above 60%. Also, experiments with simulated turbulence have been studied. The average coupling efficiency increases from 31.97% in open loop to 61.33% in closed loop, and mean square error （MSE） of coupling efficiency drops from 7.43% to 1.75%.

Wavelength dependent loss of splice of single-mode fibers

After reviewing three different definitions of mode field diameter of single-mode fibers, coupled efficiency calculation methods associated with lateral offset, longitude separation and wavelength, the effects produced by them, and the influences of splicing defects were discussed in detail. The regularities of the effects were studied according to the first order derivation of couple efficiency formula, and a simplified formula for couple efficiency calculation was presented under the circumstance of slight misalignment, with respect to wavelength, 2, and in a good agreement with the theoretical model. The simplified formula provides a new but simple approach to evaluate wavelength dependent couple efficiency of single-mode fibers. Theoretical analyses and numerical calculations show that, when those defects exist, the wavelength produces additional effects on the couple loss that growth of wavelength causes an increase on the couple efficiency for the lateral offset or longitude separation whereas lessens the couple efficiency due to angular misalignment or mode fields mismatching, and that the wavelength degrades the couple efficiency distinctly when λ≥2.5 μm whereas it distorts the couple slightly in range of λ≤2λ≤2 μm.

Single-mode antiresonant terahertz fiber based on mode coupling between core and cladding

Based on the index-induced mode coupling between the higher-order mode in core and the fundamental mode in cladding tubes,the single-mode operation can be realized in any antiresonant fibers(ARFs)when satisfying that the area ratio of cladding tube and core is about 0.46:1,and this area ratio also should be modified according to the shape and the number of cladding tubes.In the ARF with nodal core boundary,the mode in core also can couple with the mode in the wall of core boundary,which can further enhance the suppression of high-order mode.Accordingly,an ARF with conjoint semi-elliptical cladding tubes realizes a loss of higher-order mode larger than 30 dB/m;simultaneously,a loss of fundamental mode loss less than 0.4 dB/m.

FAST EVALUATION OF THE CHARACTERISTICS OF SINGLE-MODE OPTICAL FIBERS

This paper describes a method for fast engineering evaluation of the transmission characteristicsof single-mode optical fibers.A versatile microcomputer program is presented which can be utilized to ana-lyze mode field characteristics of single-mode fibers with arbitrary refractive index profiles.Our computationshows that the mathematical algorithm and the corresponding programs developeod in this paper are rela-tively simple and accurate enough for the engineenring design of single-mode fibers for optical communica-tion systems.

Single-polarization single-mode hollow-core negative curvature fiber with nested U-type cladding elements

Hollow-core negative curvature fibers(HC-NCFs)have become one of the research hotspots in the field of optical fiber because of their potential applications in the data and energy transmissions.In this work,a new kind of single-polarization single-mode HC-NCF with nested U-type cladding elements is proposed.To achieve the single-polarization single-mode transmission,we use two different silica tubes in thickness,which satisfy the resonance and anti-resonance conditions on the U-type cladding elements and the cladding tubes,respectively.Besides,the elliptical elements are introduced to achieve good single-mode performance.By studying the influences of the structure parameters on the propagation characteristics,the optimized structure parameters are obtained.The simulation results show that when the wavelength is fixed at 1550 nm,the single-polarization single-mode transmission is achieved,with the polarization extinction ratio of 25749 and minimum high-order mode extinction ratio of 174.Furthermore,the confinement loss is only 0.0015 dB/m.

Theoretical Analysis on Inter-Core Crosstalk Suppression Model for Multi-Core Fiber

Decreasing mode coupling coefficient(κ) is an effective approach to suppress the inter-core crosstalk. Therefore, we deploy a low index rod and rectangle trench in the middle of two neighboring cores to reduce κ so that the overlap of electric field distribution can be suppressed. We also propose approximate analytical solution(AAS) for κ of two crosstalk suppression models, which are two cores with one low index rod deployed in the middle and two cores with one low index rectangle trench deployed in the middle. We then do some modification for the results obtained by AAS and the modified results are proved to agree well with that obtained by finite element method(FEM). Therefore, we can use the modified AAS to get inter-core crosstalk for abovementioned two models quickly.

Frequency-stabilized Yb：fiber comb with a tapered single-mode fiber

We demonstrate a stable Yb：fiber frequency comb with supercontinuum generation by using a specially designed tapered single-mode fiber, in which a spectrum spanning from 500 nm to 1500 nm is produced. The carrier-envelope offset signal of the Yb：fiber comb is measured with a signal-to-noise ratio of more than 40 dB and a linewidth narrower than 120 kHz. The repetition rate and carrier-envelope offset signals are simultaneously phase locked to a microwave reference frequency.

Modeling of Few-Mode Multi-Core Optical Fiber Channel Based on Non-Uniform Mode Field Distribution

In this paper, the influencing factors that affect few-mode and multi core optical fiber channel are analyzed in a comprehensive way. The theoretical modeling and computer simulation of the information channel are carried out and then the modeling scheme of few-mode multicore optical fiber channel based on non-uniform mode field distribution is put forward. The proposed modeling scheme can not only exponentially increases the system capacity through fewmode multi-core optical fiber channel, but has better transmission performance compared to the channel of the same type to the uniform channel revealing from the simulation results.

A tunable comb filter using single-mode/multimode/polarization-maintaining-fiber-based Sagnac fiber loop

A novel tunable comb filter composed of a single-mode/multimode/polarization-maintaining-fiber-based Sagnac fiber loop is proposed and experimentally demonstrated. The filter tunability is achieved by rotating the polarization controller. The spectral shift is dependent on rotation direction and the position of the polarization controller. In addition, the adjustable range achieved by rotating the half-wave-plate polarization controller is twice higher than that of the quarter-wave-plate one.

Self-starting all-fiber PM Er:laser mode locked by a biased nonlinear amplifying loop mirror

A compact all-fiber polarization-maintaining Er:laser using a nonlinear amplifying loop mirror is reported. Fundamental single-pulse mode-locking operation can always self start, with a cavity round-trip decreased from ~ 4.7 m to~ 1.7 m. When the pulse repetition rate is 121.0328 MHz, output pulse is measured to have a center wavelength/3-d B spectral bandwidth/radio frequency signal to noise ratio(SNR)/pulse width of 1571.65 nm/18.70 nm/80 d B/477 fs, respectively. Besides, three states including the exponential growth, damping state, and steady state are investigated through the build-up process both experimentally and numerically. Excellent stability of this compact Er:laser is further evaluated,demonstrating that it can be an easy-fabrication maintenance-free ultrafast candidate for the scientific area of this kind.

Numerical analysis of photonic crystal fiber with chalcogenide core tellurite cladding composite microstructure

Kinds of photonic crystal fibers with chalcogenide core tellurite cladding composite microstructure are proposed. The multi-core photonic crystal fiber can reach the higher nonlinearity coefficient and the larger effective mode area. The small single-core photonic crystal fiber has a very high nonlinearity coefficient. At the wavelength λ=0.8μm, the nonlinearity coefficient can reach 31.37053 W-1·m-1, at the wavelength λ=1.55μm, the nonlinearity coefficient is 11.19686W-1·m-1.

Contactless vital signs monitoring based on few‐mode and multi‐core fibers

Few-mode and multi-core fibers are proposed and demonstrated for contactless vital signs monitoring in this paper.In-line optical fiber interferometers using few-mode and multi-core fibers are designed and offset splicing is utilized for mode excitation.Extinction ratio and insertion loss are analyzed experimentally under different offset distances.The fabricated in-line interferometers are packaged under the mattress to realize contactless vital signs signals collection.By using filtering techniques,both respiration and heartbeat signals can be recovered successfully,and respiration as well as heartbeat ratio are obtained.Mode excitation and interference are theoretically analyzed in few-mode fiber while curvature sensing experiments using multi-core fiber interferometer are performed to verify its excellent performance on vital signs monitoring.The successful demonstration on contactless vital signs monitoring makes few-mode and multi-core fibers promising candidates for healthcare applications.

Realization of a broadband terahertz wavelength-selective coupling based on five-core fibers

We propose a novel kind of wavelength-selective coupling for the terahertz range based on solid five-core fiber （FCF）. The performances of coupling, propagation characteristics, and confinement loss properties are numerically investigated by using a full vector beam propagation method （BPM）. Simulation results show that it is possible to realize a broad- band wavelength-selective coupling. The coupling length can reach 1.913 cm, and the confinement loss is better than 1.965 ×10^-4 cm^-1. Furthermore, a parameter, the power difference, is defined, and it numerically demonstrates the working performance of the wavelength-selective coupler; that is, when the power difference is better than - 15 dB, the frequency located in the range of 0.76 THz-100 THz is separated relatively well from the frequency of 0.3 THz. Finally, the effect of the structural parameter on the working performance of the coupler is also investigated. We show that the performance optimization is possible by appropriately tuning the core diameter, and the tunabilities of frequency and bandwidth are possible by appropriately tuning the pitch. The wavelength-selective coupler is of potential application for optical fiber sensing and communication in terahertz wavelength division multiplexer fields.

Polarization Characteristics of the Deformed Low-Mode Fiber Waveguides with Polarization Conservation

In this work the results of polarization researches of low-optical fiber waveguides with conservation of polarization are presented. Obtained results quite convincingly testify regarding a high sensitivity low-mode regime of work of an optical fiber to anisotropic external influences, in comparison with one-mode regime of work of the same fibre. This result, can represent a big practical value at the realization of high-sensitivity fiber-optical devices of different physical values.

A high-efficiency grating coupler between single-mode fiber and silicon-on-insulator waveguide

We present the design of a diffractive grating structure and get the optimal parameters which can achieve more than 75%coupling efficiency（CE） between single-mode fiber and silicon-on-insulator（SOI） waveguide through 2D finite-different time-domain（FDTD） simulation.The proposed architecture has a uniform structure with no bottom reflection element or silicon overlay.The structure,including grating couplers,adiabatic tapers and interconnection waveguides can be fabricated on the SOI waveguide with only a single electron-beam lithography（ICP） step,which is CMOS-compatible.A relatively high coupling efficiency of 47.2%was obtained at a wavelength of 1562 nm.

50 GHz optical true time delay beamforming in hybrid optical/mm-wave access networks with multi-core optical fiber distribution

We propose and experimentally validate an optical true time delay beamforming scheme with straightforward integration into hybrid optical/millimeter（mm）-wave access networks. In the proposed approach, the most complex functions, including the beamforming network, are implemented in a central office, reducing the complexity and cost of remote antenna units. Different cores in a multi-core fiber are used to distribute the modulated signals to high-speed photodetectors acting as heterodyne mixers. The mm-wave carrier frequency is fixed to 50 GHz（VBand）, thereby imposing a progressive delay between antenna elements of a few picoseconds. That true time delay is achieved with an accuracy lower than 1 ps and low phase noise.

A Novel High Sensitivity Refractive Index Sensor Based on Multi-Core Micro/Nano Fiber

A refractive index sensor based on a multi-core micro/nano fiber is proposed for low refractive index solutions. At first, the mode field distribution of the tapered multi-core fiber is analyzed with the finite element model (FEM). After that, the relationship between the refractive index sensitivity and the diameter of the multi-core micro/nano fiber is calculated. At last, four sensors with different sizes are explored, and when the taper length is 16.20 mm, the refractive index sensitivity of the sensor can reach 5815.50nm/RIU, which agrees with the theoretical analysis. The refractive index measurement error is less than 0.5 %o, which has a high practical application value. The longer the taper length is, the smaller the fiber diameter is. According to the theoretical analysis, when the fiber diameter is less than 4.864 gm, the structure sensor\ refractive index sensitivity is higher than 10000 nm/RIU. At the same time, when the sensor's taper length is 15.99 mm, its temperature sensitivity is -0.1084nm/°C. Compared with single-mode fiber, the sensor proposed here has the advantages of stability, compact structure, and high sensitivity, which has a potential in the field of seawater salinity measurement.

Matched-Cladding Single-Mode Optical Fiber Optimized at 850 nm Wavelength

A single-mode optical fiber with quadratic curve index profile in core layer is introduced. The profile is optimized at 850 ran wavelength. The 850 nm bandwidth of this fiber can reach up to 2056.35 MHz.km. This fiber can be used at 850 nm, 1310 nm, and 1550 nm wavelength.

A fiber micro-vibration sensor based on single-mode fiber ring laser

A new micro-vibration sensor based on single-mode fiber ring laser is put forward. The Mach-Zehnder interferometric （MZI） detection technique is presented for interrogating laser frequency shift due to the measurand （piezoelectric transducer （PZT） is used to simulate the micro-vibration） induced laser cavity strain from both single- and multi-mode lasers. In the experiment, compared with multi-mode laser sensors, the single-mode laser sensor is proved to be a sensor with high resolution. When the PZT is driven by the analog signal （0.03 rad near 2 kHz）, the signal-to-noise ratio （SNR） of output signal from the single-mode laser sensor is close to 55 dB and the sensitivity of the sensor is about 5 ×10^-5 rad/Hz1/2.

Transmission of 2.5 Gb/s WDM Channels Spaced at 5 GHz over 480 km of Single-Mode Fiber

We demonstrate the transmission of 2.5-Gb/s WDM signals spaced at 5 GHz over 480 km of single-mode fiber. The results indicate that it should be possible to transmit more than one thousand 2.5-Gb/s channels spaced at 5 GHz over long distance.