Time-Domain Analysis of Body Freedom Flutter Based on 6DOF Equation

The reduced weight and improved efficiency of modern aeronautical structures result in a decreasing separation of frequency ranges of rigid and elastic modes.Particularly,a high-aspect-ratio flexible flying wing is prone to body freedomflutter(BFF),which is a result of coupling of the rigid body short-periodmodewith 1st wing bendingmode.Accurate prediction of the BFF characteristics is helpful to reflect the attitude changes of the vehicle intuitively and design the active flutter suppression control law.Instead of using the rigid body mode,this work simulates the rigid bodymotion of the model by using the six-degree-of-freedom(6DOF)equation.A dynamicmesh generation strategy particularly suitable for BFF simulation of free flying aircraft is developed.An accurate Computational Fluid Dynamics/Computational Structural Dynamics/six-degree-of-freedom equation(CFD/CSD/6DOF)-based BFF prediction method is proposed.Firstly,the time-domain CFD/CSD method is used to calculate the static equilibrium state of the model.Based on this state,the CFD/CSD/6DOF equation is solved in time domain to evaluate the structural response of themodel.Then combinedwith the variable stiffnessmethod,the critical flutter point of the model is obtained.This method is applied to the BFF calculation of a flyingwing model.The calculation results of the BFF characteristics of the model agree well with those fromthe modalmethod andNastran software.Finally,the method is used to analyze the influence factors of BFF.The analysis results show that the flutter speed can be improved by either releasing plunge constraint or moving the center ofmass forward or increasing the pitch inertia.

Flexible Bio-tensegrity Manipulator with Multi-degree of Freedom and Variable Structure

Conventional manipulators with rigid structures and sti ness actuators have poor flexibility,limited obstacle avoidance capability,and constrained workspace.Some developed flexible or soft manipulators in recent years have the characteristics of infinite degrees of freedom,high flexibility,environmental adaptability,and extended manipulation capability.However,these existing manipulators still cannot achieve the shrinking motion and independent control of specified segments like the animals,which hinders their applications.In this paper,a flexible bio-tensegrity manipulator,inspired by the longitudinal and transversal muscles of octopus tentacles,was proposed to mimic the shrinking behavior and achieve the variable motion patterns of each segment.Such proposed manipulator uses the elastic spring as the backbone,which is driven by four cables and has one variable structure mechanism in each segment to achieve the independent control of each segment.The variable structure mechanism innovatively contains seven lock-release states to independently control the bending and shrinking motion of each segment.After the kinematic modeling and analysis,one prototype of such bionic flexible manipulator was built and the open-loop control method was proposed.Some proof-of-concept experiments,including the shrinking motion,bending motion,and variable structure motion,were carried out by controlling the length of four cables and changing the lock-release states of the variable structure mechanism,which validate the feasibility and validity of our proposed prototype.Meanwhile,the experimental results show the flexible manipulator can accomplish the bending and shrinking motion with the relative error less than 6.8%through the simple independent control of each segment using the variable structure mechanism.This proposed manipulator has the features of controllable degree-of-freedom in each segment,which extend their environmental adaptability,and manipulation capability.

一种6-DOF小行星着陆轨迹序列凸优化方法

针对6自由度的小行星动力着陆多约束轨迹优化问题,提出了一种基于序列凸优化的小行星着陆轨迹优化算法。首先采用多面体引力场模型计算小行星的引力场,其可用于描述任意形状的小行星引力场,且比质点群法和球谐函数展开法等方法计算精度更高。为了在凸约束下解决小行星着陆过程燃料消耗最优问题,通过对探测器动力学模型及其约束进行线性化和离散化,将原来的非凸连续时间优化问题转化为凸化的子问题,即二阶锥规划问题(SOCP);然后引入了虚拟控制项和信赖域,以增强算法的鲁棒性。通过在形状不规则小行星上的着陆模拟,验证了所提出算法的有效性,仿真结果满足各项约束条件,可实现高精度着陆和燃料消耗最优的目标。

新型3-DOF 1T2R并联机构的运动学分析与尺度优化

移动和转动混合运动的并联机构具有很高的研究和应用价值。基于转移混合输出运动的机构适用范围广,但该类机构的设计比较困难。为了研发和推广转移混合运动的1T2R并联机构,基于平面五杆机构和一条无约束支链,设计了一种一平移两转动(1T2R)的并联机构。首先,根据方位特征(POC)方程对机构进行了拓扑结构分析,并计算了该机构的自由度;然后,对该并联机构进行了运动学建模,推导了其位置正反解的解析表达式,并基于雅可比矩阵分析了机构的奇异性,利用三维离散搜索法计算了机构的工作空间,给出了机构在工作空间中的灵巧度分布情况;最后,利用粒子群算法(PSO)对机构的工作空间和灵巧度进行了双重优化,同时探讨了无约束支链的布置角φ对机构工作空间和灵巧度的影响。研究结果表明:所设计的1T2R并联机构结构简单,具有位置解析解;优化后的机构的工作空间和灵巧度分别提升了93.47%,203.42%;当无约束支链的驱动方向与平面(2P-3R)机构垂直布置时,能够获得更好的运动性能。该结果为3-DOF 1T2R机构的实际应用奠定了理论基础。

Triad-displaced ULAs configuration for non-circular sources with larger continuous virtual aperture and enhanced degrees of freedom

Non-uniform linear array(NULA)configurations are well renowned due to their structural ability for providing increased degrees of freedom(DOF)and wider array aperture than uniform linear arrays(ULAs).These characteristics play a significant role in improving the direction-of-arrival(DOA)estimation accuracy.However,most of the existing NULA geometries are primarily applicable to circular sources(CSs),while they limitedly improve the DOF and continuous virtual aperture for noncircular sources(NCSs).Toward this purpose,we present a triaddisplaced ULAs(Tdis-ULAs)configuration for NCS.The TdisULAs structure generally consists of three ULAs,which are appropriately placed.The proposed antenna array approach fully exploits the non-circular characteristics of the sources.Given the same number of elements,the Tdis-ULAs design achieves more DOF and larger hole-free co-array aperture than its sparse array competitors.Advantageously,the number of uniform DOF,optimal distribution of elements among the ULAs,and precise element positions are uniquely determined by the closed-form expressions.Moreover,the proposed array also produces a filled resulting co-array.Numerical simulations are conducted to show the performance advantages of the proposed Tdis-ULAs configuration over its counterpart designs.

球面2-DOF冗余驱动并联机器人静力学全解

以球面2-DOF冗余驱动并联机器人为研究对象,在考虑构件弹性的情况下,采用传统的拆杆法建立机构的静力学平衡方程,利用积分法求出各杆件变形,再运用小变形叠加原理建立机构的变形补充协调方程,共得到42个方程,但该机构为冗余机构,共有43个未知数,为此采用输入力优化方法,得到该机构静力学全解。通过数值算例,绘制输出轴在外载荷作用下沿给定轨迹的受力图。研究为该机构在工程中的结构设计与应用提供了静力学理论基础。

基于6-DOF解耦操作臂的空间遥操作控制及运动学分析

针对由6-DOF解耦操作臂及其末端手爪组成的操作臂系统,设计了符合工程实际的遥操作控制策略,并提出了一种简单的运动学解算方法.采用Motoman工业操作臂,对提出的方法进行了实验验证.实验结果证明了所提方法的可行性.

3-DOF转动柔索驱动风洞机构的力雅可比矩阵

简要概述了柔索牵引并联机器人在国内外的研究和发展现状,提出一种新颖的基于5根柔索牵引并联机器人的三自由度转动角度机构及测力一体化风洞试验装置。应用并联机构基本理论研究了机构的运动学逆解。依据空间解析几何理论,直接推导出在各柔索安装单分量力传感器时模型的感、测力变换雅可比矩阵。最后给出了数值算例,验证了该装置应用于风洞测力试验的有效性,为该测力装置应用于风洞试验奠定了基础。

基于2-DOF PID控制器的PWM DC/DC变换器的仿真

在PWM DC/DC变换器中,为了提高系统的目标值跟踪特性和干扰抑制特性,通常采用PID调节器.由于这种方式为单自由度控制,所以它的目标值跟踪特性最佳和干扰抑制特性最佳不可兼得.提出了2-DOF PID控制的PWM DC/DC变换器控制模型,并进行了仿真.结果表明了方案的正确性.

Adaptive Control Based on Neural Networks for an Uncertain 2-DOF Helicopter System With Input Deadzone and Output Constraints

In this paper, a study of control for an uncertain2-degree of freedom(DOF) helicopter system is given. The2-DOF helicopter is subject to input deadzone and output constraints. In order to cope with system uncertainties and input deadzone, the neural network technique is introduced because of its capability in approximation. In order to update the weights of the neural network, an adaptive control method is utilized to improve the system adaptability. Furthermore, the integral barrier Lyapunov function(IBLF) is adopt in control design to guarantee the condition of output constraints and boundedness of the corresponding tracking errors. The Lyapunov direct method is applied in the control design to analyze system stability and convergence. Finally, numerical simulations are conducted to prove the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed control based on the model of Quanser's 2-DOF helicopter.

基于神经网络的7-DOF机械臂时间收敛性研究

为解决7自由度(DOF)机械臂在利用径向基函数(RBF)神经网络自适应控制克服外界扰动时出现追踪慢的问题,提出了具有时变约束状态的神经网络自适应控制方案,给出了机械臂动力学方程,由神经网络训练求出权重;设计控制律,建立李雅普诺夫函数方程和不对称项推导其收敛性;利用Simulink仿真,针对时间收敛性分析了角位移、角速度、力矩以及扰动拟合;设计范围参数,以遗传算法(GA)优化。系统仿真结果表明,在保证控制精度的条件下,时间收敛性明显增快。

Limit cycle oscillation suppression of 2-DOF airfoil using nonlinear energy sink

This paper presents a novel mechanical attachment, i.e., nonlinear energy sink （NES）, for suppressing the limit cycle oscillation （LCO） of an airfoil. The dynamic responses of a two-degree-of-freedom （2-DOF） airfoil coupled with an NES are studied with the harmonic balance method. Different structure parameters of the NES, i.e., mass ratio between the NES and airfoil, NES offset, NES damping, and nonlinear stiffness in the NES, are chosen for studying the effect of the LCO suppression on an aeroelastic system with a supercritical Hopf bifurcation or subcritical Hopf bifurcation, respectively. The results show that the structural parameters of the NES have different influence on the supercritical Hopf bifurcation system and the subcritical Hopf bifurcation system.

6-DOF motion estimation using optical flow based on dual cameras

Because of its characteristics of simple algorithm and hardware, optical flow-based motion estimation has become a hot research field, especially in GPS-denied environment. Optical flow could be used to obtain the aircraft motion information, but the six-(degree of freedom)(6-DOF) motion still couldn't be accurately estimated by existing methods. The purpose of this work is to provide a motion estimation method based on optical flow from forward and down looking cameras, which doesn't rely on the assumption of level flight. First, the distribution and decoupling method of optical flow from forward camera are utilized to get attitude. Then, the resulted angular velocities are utilized to obtain the translational optical flow of the down camera, which can eliminate the influence of rotational motion on velocity estimation. Besides, the translational motion estimation equation is simplified by establishing the relation between the depths of feature points and the aircraft altitude. Finally, simulation results show that the method presented is accurate and robust.

Spectra of seismic force reduction factors of MDOF systems normalized by two characteristic periods

Seismic force reduction factor(SFRF) spectra of shear-type multi-degree-of-freedom(MDOF) structures are investigated. The modified Clough model, capable of considering the strength-degradation/hardening and stiffnessdegradation, is adopted. The SFRF mean spectra using 102 earthquake records on a typical site soil type(type C) are constructed with the period abscissa being divided into three period ranges to maintain the peak features at the two sitespecific characteristic periods. Based on a large number of results, it is found that the peak value of SFRF spectra may also exist for MDOF, induced by large high-mode contributions to elastic base shear, besides the mentioned two peak values. The variations of the stiffness ratio λk and the strength ratio λF of the top to bottom story are both considered. It is found that the SFRFs for λF ≤λk are smaller than those for λF > λk. A SFRF modification factor for MDOF systems is proposed with respect to SDOF. It is found that this factor is significantly affected by the story number and ductility. With a specific λF(= λk0.75), SFRF mean spectra are constructed and simple solutions are presented for MDOF systems. For frames satisfying the strong column/weak beam requirement, an approximate treatment in the MDOF shear-beam model is to assign a post-limit stiffness 15%-35% of the initial stiffness to the hysteretic curve. SFRF spectra for MDOF systems with 0.2 and 0.3 times the post-limit stiffness are remarkably larger than those without post-limit stiffness. Thus, the findings that frames with beam hinges have smaller ductility demand are explained through the large post-limit stiffness.

Separation of Comprehensive Geometrical Errors of a 3-DOF Parallel Manipulator Based on Jacobian Matrix and Its Sensitivity Analysis with Monte-Carlo Method

Parallel kinematic machines （PKMs） have the advantages of a compact structure,high stiffness,a low moving inertia,and a high load/weight ratio.PKMs have been intensively studied since the 1980s,and are still attracting much attention.Compared with extensive researches focus on their type/dimensional synthesis,kinematic/dynamic analyses,the error modeling and separation issues in PKMs are not studied adequately,which is one of the most important obstacles in its commercial applications widely.Taking a 3-PRS parallel manipulator as an example,this paper presents a separation method of source errors for 3-DOF parallel manipulator into the compensable and non-compensable errors effectively.The kinematic analysis of 3-PRS parallel manipulator leads to its six-dimension Jacobian matrix,which can be mapped into the Jacobian matrix of actuations and constraints,and then the compensable and non-compensable errors can be separated accordingly.The compensable errors can be compensated by the kinematic calibration,while the non-compensable errors may be adjusted by the manufacturing and assembling process.Followed by the influence of the latter,i.e.,the non-compensable errors,on the pose error of the moving platform through the sensitivity analysis with the aid of the Monte-Carlo method,meanwhile,the configurations of the manipulator are sought as the pose errors of the moving platform approaching their maximum.The compensable and non-compensable errors in limited-DOF parallel manipulators can be separated effectively by means of the Jacobian matrix of actuations and constraints,providing designers with an informative guideline to taking proper measures for enhancing the pose accuracy via component tolerancing and/or kinematic calibration,which can lay the foundation for the error distinguishment and compensation.

Research on robust control strategy of single DOF supporting system of MLDSB based on H∞ mixed-sensitivity Method

Because of hydraulic-electromagnetic double supporting forms,the supporting capacity and stiffness of magnetic-liquid double suspension bearing(MLDSB)can be improved sharply and then it is more suitable for medium speed,heavy load and frequent-starting occasions.Due to the multiple uncertainty,such as the coupling,the unmodeled dynamics,the parameter perturbation and the external disturbance perturbation,the robust stability and stiffness of control system of MLDSB are hard to meet the design requirements.Firstly,the structural features and the regulation mechanisms of MLDSB are presented and the radial 4-DOF kinetic equations are established.Secondly,the influence factors of the control system's coupling on unbalanced vibration caused by the deviation of the rotor center of mass are revealed,and then the weighting function of suppressing the unbalanced vibration can be obtained.Finally,H∞ controller of MLDSB is designed with H∞ mixed-sensitivity method,and the control performances of H∞ controller is compared with the state feedback controller.The simulation results show that single degree of freedom(DOF)supporting system of MLDSB with H∞ controller has good robust stability,stiffness and the ability to suppress unbalanced external disturbances.This study can provide the theoretical reference for stabilized suspension and control of MLDSB.

Development of Five-Finger Multi-DoF Myoelectric Hands with a Power Allocation Mechanism

To be used as five-fingered myoelectric hands in daily living, robotic hands must be lightweight with the size of human hands. In addition, they must possess the DoFs （degrees of freedom） and high grip force similar to those of human hands. Balancing these requirements involves a trade-off; ideal robotic hands have yet to sufficiently satisfy both requirements. Herein, a power allocation mechanism is proposed to improve the grip force without increasing the size or weight of robotic hands by using redundant DoFs during pinching motions. Additionally, this mechanism is applied to an actual five-fingered myoelectric hand, which produces seven types of motions necessary for activities of daily living and realizes a -60% improvement in fingertip force, allowing three fingers to pinch objects exceeding 1 kg.

多自由度振荡浮子装置波浪爬升特性试验与数值模拟

增加振荡浮子式波浪能发电装置的自由度可以拓宽设备的捕获频带,从而有效地提高其捕获效率,但这也意味着浮子与波浪间的作用过程更加复杂,产生的波浪爬升等非线性现象不容忽视,严重时甚至会发生越浪从而降低浮子装置的使用寿命和效率.本文开展了规则波作用下多自由度浮子迎浪侧波浪爬升特性的物理模型试验,对单自由度运动和多自由度耦合运动的浮子上的波浪爬高进行了比较,以分析在有无动力输出装置(power take-off,PTO)阻尼条件下自由度之间的相互作用效应,并使用数值模拟分析耦合运动浮子周围的流场分布.结果显示,增加自由度可以导致没有PTO阻尼的浮子上的波浪爬高显著降低,有效降低越浪风险.对于有PTO阻尼的多自由度振荡浮子,增加垂荡方向上的PTO阻尼力对波浪爬升有很大影响.三自由度耦合运动浮子能更好地利用波浪能并具有更好的安全性.

基于电感特性的磁阻式球形电机无传感器位置检测

球形电机的转子姿态检测通常需要在转子轴或定子壳上安装位置传感器来实现,这些传感器所占用的空间较大,为球形电机的实际安装和应用造成了负面影响。本文根据磁阻式球形电机的结构与运行特点,提出了一种基于电感特性的磁阻式球形电机无传感器位置检测方法。通过实时检测不同转子姿态角度下的定子线圈电感数据,然后利用极限学习机(ELM)算法搭建位置预测模型。通过对比验证,证明了该方法得到的转子姿态角度精度较高,为磁阻式球形电机的控制与应用提供了可行的思路。

DMANet:针对空间非合作目标位姿估计的密集多尺度注意力网络

利用单目相机对空间非合作目标进行准确的姿态估计对于空间碎片清除、自主交会和其他在轨服务至关重要。然而,单目姿态估计方法缺乏深度信息,导致尺度不确定性问题,大大降低了其精度和实时性。本文首先提出了一种多尺度注意块(Multi-scale attention block, MAB),从输入图像中提取复杂的高维语义特征。其次,基于MAB模块,提出了空间非合作目标6自由度位姿估计的密集多尺度注意网络(Dense multi-scale attention network, DMANet),该网络由平面位置估计、深度位置估计和姿态估计3个分支组成,通过引入基于欧拉角的软分类方法,将位姿回归问题表述为经典分类问题。此外,设计了空间非合作目标模型,并利用Coppeliasim构建了姿态估计数据集。最后,与其他最先进的方法相比,在SPEED+、URSO数据集和本文数据集上全面评估了所提出的方法。实验结果表明,该方法具有较好的姿态估计精度。