Dynamic-Response Analysis of the Branch System of a Utility Tunnel Subjected to Near-Fault and Far-Field Ground Motions in Different Input Mechanisms

There are few studies on the dynamic-response mechanism of near-fault and far-field ground motions for large underground structures,especially for the branch joint of a utility tunnel(UT)and its internal pipeline.Based on the theory of a 3D viscous-spring artificial boundary,this paper deduced the equivalent nodal force when a P wave and an SV wave were vertically incident at the same time and transformed the ground motion into an equivalent nodal force using a self-developed MATLAB program,which was applied to an ABAQUS finite element model.Based on near-fault and far-field groundmotions obtained fromtheNGA-WEST2 database,the dynamic responses of a utility tunnel and its internal pipeline in different inputmechanisms of near-fault and far-field groundmotions were compared according to bidirectional input and tridirectional input,respectively.Generally,the damage to the utility tunnel caused by the near-fault ground motion was stronger than that caused by the far-field ground motion,and the vertical ground motion of near-fault ground motion aggravated the damage to the utility tunnel.In addition,the joint dislocation of the upper and lower three-way joints of the pipeline in the branch systemunder the seismic action led to local stress concentrations.In general,the branch system of the utility tunnel had good seismic performance to resist the designed earthquake action and protect the internal pipeline fromdamage during the rare earthquake.

Relative energy zero ratio-based approach for identifying pulse-like ground motions

Pulse-like ground motions are capable of inflicting significant damage to structures. Efficient classification of pulse-like ground motion is of great importance when performing the seismic assessment in near-fault regions. In this study, a new method for identifying the velocity pulses is proposed, based on different trends of two parameters: the short-time energy and the short-time zero crossing rate of a ground motion record. A new pulse indicator, the relative energy zero ratio(REZR), is defined to qualitatively identify pulse-like features. The threshold for pulse-like ground motions is derived and compared with two other identification methods through statistical analysis. The proposed procedure not only shows good accuracy and efficiency when identifying pulse-like ground motions but also exhibits good performance for classifying records with high-frequency noise and discontinuous pulses. The REZR method does not require a waveform formula to express and fit the potential velocity pulses;it is a purely signal-based classification method. Finally, the proposed procedure is used to evaluate the contribution of pulse-like motions to the total input energy of a seismic record, which dramatically increases the seismic damage potential.

Performance-based global reliability assessment of a high-rise frame-core tube structure subjected to multi-dimensional stochastic earthquakes

When evaluating the seismic safety and reliability of complex engineering structures,it is a critical problem to reasonably consider the randomness and multi-dimensional nature of ground motions.To this end,a proposed modeling strategy of multi-dimensional stochastic earthquakes is addressed in this study.This improved seismic model has several merits that enable it to better provide seismic analyses of structures.Specifically,at first,the ground motion model is compatible with the design response spectrum.Secondly,the evolutionary power spectrum involved in the model and the design response spectrum are constructed accordingly with sufficient consideration of the correlation between different seismic components.Thirdly,the random function-based dimension-reduction representation is applied,by which seismic modeling is established,with three elementary random variables.Numerical simulations of multi-dimensional stochastic ground motions in a specific design scenario indicate the effectiveness of the proposed modeling strategy.Moreover,the multi-dimensional seismic response and the global reliability of a high-rise frame-core tube structure is discussed in detail to further illustrate the engineering applicability of the proposed method.The analytical investigations demonstrate that the suggested stochastic model of multi-dimensional ground motion is available for accurate seismic response analysis and dynamic reliability assessment of complex engineering structures for performance-based seismic resistance design.

地震波斜入射作用下重力坝地震响应分析

为了研究地震波斜入射作用下重力坝的地震响应,本文基于黏弹性边界及相应的地震动输入方法,分别推导了P波和SV波倾斜入射时的等效地震力,构建了考虑地震波斜入射的黏弹性静-动力统一型人工边界.以黄登混凝土坝为研究对象,研究了P波和SV波在不同斜入射角度下混凝土坝的地震响应,重点分析了重力坝在地震作用下的水平、竖直相对位移与主应力.研究结果表明:混凝土重力坝的地震响应中在斜入射情况下P波与SV波有明显的差异,考虑地震波的斜入射很有必要;P波斜入射时,随着入射角度的增加,坝体关键点的水平、竖直相对位移与主应力值逐渐增加(60°时达到最大);SV波斜入射时随着角度的增加关键点相对位移与坝体主应力变化不大,但整体来看入射角度为0°时(即垂直入射)与其他入射角度相比无论是竖直、水平相对位移或坝体关键点主应力均为最大.

考虑场址危险一致性的中国完备条件目标谱与记录选取

即使所处地区的宏观抗震设防烈度相同,不同城市的地震地质构造与活动性背景仍然存在差异。为使地震动输入与所在场址的地震危险性水平保持一致,该研究衔接我国第五代地震区划图的概率地震危险性分析结果,给出了完备条件目标谱的构建方法。采用与第五代地震区划图相同的三级潜源分布和地震动预测方程,进行目标场址的危险性分析与设定地震解耦,衔接三维(震级-经纬度)设定地震解耦结果,给出了考虑所有潜源走向与位置相对贡献的“完备”条件谱。以北京近郊某城市作为算例,结果表明,完备条件谱的均值介于使用长轴和短轴衰减关系的粗略条件谱之间,条件标准差高于粗略条件谱。研究给出的完备条件谱适用于我国区划图的长短轴类型衰减关系,可以很好体现潜源的空间分布特征与背景地震危险性差异。基于我国强震动记录数据库拟合的加速度反应谱相关系数得到的条件谱要略高于基于国外数据库的计算结果。为了实现加速度反应谱均值和标准差的高效匹配,该研究采取多元高斯分布的协方差矩阵近似替换完备条件谱高斯混合分布的协方差矩阵,结合贪心优化算法,选取得到满足目标完备条件谱分布的强震动记录数据集。研究结果系统给出了我国条件目标谱进行记录选取的构建思路与选波方案,可为后续全概率结构性态分析提供依据。

输入基岩地震波数量对土层地震反应影响研究

以成都某地铁站点工程场地为例,采用一维等效线性化方法,将人工合成的不同超越概率下各20条相互独立的地震波作为基岩输入地震动时程,进行了土层地震反应计算,并对计算结果进行了分析研究,得出结论:1)通过对土层地震反应结果的计算分析,给出了PGA、T_(g)和S_(a)(T)值计算结果参数的变异系数和随概率档的变化规律,并验证了上述各参数均值都服从正态分布。2)对于Ⅱ级和地震小区划工作,目前业内较为普遍地采用3条基岩地震波作为土层地震反应计算基岩输入地震动时程的做法和现行地震安评国标的规定,至少采用3条基岩地震波作为输入地震动时程下限数量的规定已不能满足要求,需要增加,建议增加到最少采用15条基岩输入地震波,以保证地震安评工作所提供的场地设计地震动参数更加可靠。

跨断层工程结构研究中地震断层作用研究综述

强震断层地震动的破坏作用主要表现为断层破裂引起的方向性效应和断层盘间错动引起的滑冲效应。其中断层盘间的滑冲错动会使跨断层结构面临严峻的错断风险,是跨断层结构抗错断设计、分析和进行防灾减灾决策必须考虑的内容和前提。但目前有关跨断层工程结构设计地震动的确定尚缺乏统一的方法和规定。通过对近年来跨断层结构破坏机理研究中的输入地震动,尤其是模型试验中地震动的选取和加载方式的归纳与总结,分析了断层作用地震动选取和加载方法的特点与局限性。针对现阶段强震断层地震动选用和试验加载方式中存在的问题进行探讨,提出断层作用下设计地震动的选取思路和方法,以期为跨断层工程研究输入地震动的选用提供借鉴,也为强震断层地震动模拟方法的研究提供参考。

On time-step in structural seismic response analysis under ground displacement/acceleration

There are two models in use today to analyze structural responses when subjected to earthquake ground motions, the Displacement Input Model （DIM） and the Acceleration Input Model （AIM）. The time steps used in direct integration methods for these models are analyzed to examine the suitability of DIM. Numerical results are presented and show that the time-step for DIM is about the same as for AIM, and achieves the same accuracy. This is contrary to previous research that reported that there are several sources of numerical errors associated with the direct application of earthquake displacement loading, and a very small time step is required to define the displacement record and to integrate the dynamic equilibrium equation. It is shown in this paper that DIM is as accurate and suitable as, if not more than, AIM for analyzing the response of a structure to uniformly distributed and spatially varying ground motions.

Analysis on the Seismic Response of Soil Slopes Based on the Multi-point Input Method

In general, the seismic response analysis in earthquake engineering assumes that the vibration parameters of the target and the contact surface of the external media are identical,i. e., single point input. However, earthquake energy has an attenuation phenomenon in wave propagation,so a wide range of soil slopes and the external medium contact surface of different input points on motion are not identical. If we consider single point input only, it may not correspond with reality, so it is necessary to carry out research on multi-point input methods. Based on the 2-D slope model,single-point input and multi-point input are performed respectively to analyze and compare their similarities and differences in the perspectives of the characteristics of seismic response of soil layer and plastic zone distribution to provide a reference for the seismic design of slopes. The results show that in the perspective of soil seismic response analysis,the peak acceleration output and peak velocity output under multi-point input are greater than the peak values under single point input at the same monitoring point,the peak appearing time is also earlier than that of the single point input; in terms of the plastic zone distribution,the multi-point effect is manifested as the presence of more obvious tensile shear failures; in the perspective of safety coefficient,the safety coefficient under each multi-point input is smaller than that of single point input,a difference of about 7 % or so. In summary,multi-point input is more reasonable and practical than single point input,so multi-point input should be considered in seismic design.

Study on comparison between absolute and relative input energy spectra and effects of ductility factor

Based on 266 strong ground motion records, an attenuation relationship was developed for both absolute and relative input energy spectra. The comparison of the two kinds of input energy spectra constructed from the attenuation relationship was made in this paper. The results show that there is little difference between the absolute input energy spectra and relative input energy spectra at the periods of 0.5-1.0 s for elastic systems and at the period of 0.5 s for inelastic systems. The absolute input energy spectra are much larger than relative input energy spectra in very short period range but some less than relative input energy spectra in long period range. It is also found that the ductility factor has a significant effect on both absolute and relative input energy spectra. The absolute input energy spectra increase with the increasing of ductility factor in the period range of less than 0.3 s but decrease in the period range of larger than 0.3 s. The absolute input energy spectra for different ductility factor are almost equivalent at the period about 0.3 s, but for relative input energy spectra, the period is about 0.5 s. The effect of ductility on the relative input energy spectra in the short period range is much larger than that on the absolute input energy spectra, especially on the softer site class.

海域和陆域地震动输入能量与强度指标相关性

为给概率地震危险性分析提供依据,研究了海域和陆域地震动弹性输入能量与其他地震动强度指标的相关性及海陆差异。基于日本K-NET台网的271次地震事件,包含1784条海域地震动记录和4480条陆域地震动记录,通过相关性分析选取了7个代表性强度指标。首先,计算了不同震中距下强度指标与绝对和相对输入能量的相关性,并从不同周期段及震中距的角度分析了结果;其次,对不同阻尼比下强度指标与绝对和相对输入能量进行相关性分析;最后,对比了海陆强度指标与输入能量的相关性差异。结果表明:在不同周期段,海域和陆域地震动与输入能量相关性最好的强度指标多数相同,但在不同震中距下,强度指标与输入能量相关系数的极值存在海陆差异;在不同阻尼比下,同一强度指标与输入能量的相关性存在海陆差异,初步分析发现该差异可能是海域地震动低频成分丰富造成的。因此在研究输入能量与强度指标相关性时,需考虑阻尼比、震中距的影响。相关结论可为海陆概率地震危险性分析相关研究提供参考。

近场地震作用下桥梁结构动力响应研究进展

针对当前近场地震动特性和桥梁近场地震动响应方面的研究进展,从近场地震动强度指标、地震动拟合、地震动反应谱特征3个方面综述了近场地震动特性的研究现状,并梳理了梁式桥、拱桥、斜拉桥、悬索桥等不同结构型式的桥梁在近场地震作用下的动力响应特性研究进展,论述和比较了相关研究方法,总结归纳了现有近场地震作用下桥梁结构动力响应在今后有待进一步深入研究的若干问题及发展方向。

跨断层工程输入地震动模拟及其应用研究进展

跨越活动断层的桥梁和隧道等工程结构面临巨大的地震风险,断层破裂产生的脉冲效应和永久位移是造成跨断层结构破坏的主要原因。研究跨断层工程的地震响应并采取相应的抗震设防措施显得十分重要,而合理的地震动输入是揭示跨断层结构地震破坏机理的基础。但目前缺乏跨越断层两侧的实际地震动记录,各类规范也没有提供合理的面向跨断层工程的输入地震动的模拟方法。为了分析跨断层工程输入地震动的研究现状,文中总结了相关研究提出的断层区域地震动的几种模拟方法,重点对基于脉冲函数和基于断层物理机制的方法进行详细介绍,分析其特点和存在的问题;综述了在上述方法模拟的断层地震动激励下跨断层梁式桥、缆索承重桥梁的地震响应特征。结果表明:断层地震动非常复杂,模拟方法不仅需要考虑脉冲效应、上下盘效应以及永久位移特征,而且应合理地考虑断层两侧地震动的空间相关性和相干性,才能为跨断层工程提供合理的输入地震动。

基础隔震结构的运动方程与阻尼矩阵在动力响应分析中的适用性研究

结构阻尼模型和运动方程是影响结构抗震动力分析精度的关键因素。由于基础隔震结构地震响应具有显著的特殊性,因此普通非隔震结构地震响应算法未必适用。基于这一认识,重点研究基础隔震结构动力分析方法中采用的各种模型,考虑基于不同地震动输入的结构阻尼模型和运动方程。研究发现,采用现有常规方法构造隔震结构阻尼模型时,上部结构会随着隔震支座发生刚体位移时产生阻尼力,这将可能导致计算精度的显著降低。针对这一问题,提出了确定基础隔震结构阻尼矩阵的一般方法,给出了基于上部结构阻尼矩阵和隔震层阻尼常数的通用表达式。采用隔震结构剪切型模型,给出了结构矩阵的解析表达式,并以此为基础进行了算例验证。研究结果表明,目前常用的隔震结构阻尼模型可能会高估结构的阻尼作用,从而低估结构响应;采用位移输入模型会高估隔震层相对位移、低估上部结构响应,当隔震层等效阻尼比达到0.3时,相对偏差可达到34.6%和-31.1%,而采用位移-速度输入模型可得到与加速度输入模型一致的分析结果,故应采用位移-速度输入模型代替传统的位移输入模型。

易损性分析考虑结构非线性的输入地震波选取方法研究

对于结构抗震设计和研究,地震易损性分析中输入地震波组的选择至关重要,然而现有地震波选取方法对于地震波组的多样性和离散性未作考虑或不够明确,从而影响易损性分析结果的可靠性和意义.针对这个问题,文章提出一个新的选波策略,基于目标结构的简化模型在地震波组激励下的响应,通过改进的地震动强度指标以及信息熵概念来判断输入地震波组的多样性.建立了一个3跨连续梁桥的有限元模型作为数值算例,通过执行新提出的方法验证了简化模型响应的信息熵与实际有限元模型响应的信息熵之间的关系,初步证明了此策略基于输入地震动多样性的筛选能力,可以作为地震易损性分析中输入地震波选取的简便和可靠的依据.

强震下高土石坝不同地震动输入特性评价

基于实测波功率谱合成多点地震动对紫坪铺混凝土面板堆石坝进行多点输入动力有限元计算,并与实测波地震动输入进行比较。研究结果表明,强震下大跨度土石坝地震动多点输入与实测波单点输入动力反应分布规律一致,由于多点输入的相干效应和行波效应使得多点输入时地震反应有明显减小,大坝竖向永久变形、最大动剪应力在多点输入时较小。

基于不同基岩深度反演地震动的比较

从KiK-net台阵网中选取了属于Ⅱ类和Ⅲ类场地的39个台站,并收集了相应的钻孔资料。对应于每一个钻孔,假定了2个地震波输入基岩界面,一个为规范规定的基岩面(剪切波速大于等于500 m/s,称为输入面1),另一个为钻孔底部的岩石面(实际剪切波速远大于500 m/s,称为输入面2),分别建立了一维土层模型。采用一维土层地震反应分析的等效线性化方法,由地表加速度记录反演计算了基岩输入界面1和界面2的地震动,分别计算了界面1和界面2的峰值加速度PGA比值和有效峰值加速度EPA比值。经比较,在不同的地表地震动强度输入下,无论是Ⅱ类还是Ⅲ类场地,界面1和界面2的PGA比值和EPA比值基本上介于1.0~3.0之间。显然,基岩输入面越深,剪切波速越大,地表加速度放大效应越明显,基岩输入面的选取对地表地震动有很大影响。

近场竖向地震动对高铁连续梁桥易损性的影响分析

本文以某典型三跨预应力混凝土高铁连续梁桥为研究对象,基于OpenSees建立了全桥非线性动力分析模型,对所选100条近场脉冲型地震动的竖向与水平向峰值加速度比值进行了统计。在此基础上,分析了竖向地震动对顺桥向和横桥向地震响应及其易损性曲线的影响。结果表明,竖向地震动会增大固定中墩的顺桥向及横桥向地震响应,且顺桥向的增幅明显大于横桥向;竖向地震动会增大固定中墩各破坏状态的概率,但不会影响顺桥向和横桥向各自的最不利地震动输入方向;随着竖向与水平主分量峰值加速度比值得增大,固定中墩地震响应及易损性曲线增幅会逐渐减小。

地震区划图及抗震规范对强震动选取影响分析

地震区划图及建筑抗震设计规范中的地震动参数对强震动选取有着关键影响。因此从强震动选取的角度,对2010版建筑抗震设计规范,第四代、第五代地震动参数区划图中地震动参数的差异进行提取总结和对比分析。差异主要表现为放大系数平台值、场地条件对特征周期和地震动峰值加速度有不同程度的影响。分析表明,第五代区划图能更真实的表现出地震动的谱型特点,使得建筑抗震设计规范中出现的长周期谱值过高造成的选波困难问题有了较合理的改进;根据场地条件的不同,加入对地震动峰值的调整,可以较为全面的覆盖场地对地震动参数的影响,使得目标谱更具合理性,也使得强震动选取结果更能针对我国不同场地的特定性条件,并能提供较为针对性的进行抗震分析。

基于位移输入模式时程分析的动力平衡方程求解及工程实例

首先对时域分析中位移输入模式的必要性和研究现状进行了概要展开,然后对于基于位移输入模式时程分析动力平衡方程的求解进行了推导,对其在实际工程应用中不可回避的位移地震动时程记录的获得和处理等技术问题进行了研究并提供了两条位移地震动处理实例,最后对某超高层实际工程案例分别采用位移地震动输入模式和加速度地震动输入模型进行了弹性时程分析,为保证结果的可靠性,地震动分别采用单向输入和双向输入两种方式并对其整体地震响应进行了对比分析,结果表明:基于加速度时程记录进行积分且经过合理处理的位移地震动采用位移输入模式进行弹性时程分析时,无论采用地震动单向输入方式还是双向输入方式,其地震响应与采用与其同源的加速度地震动采用加速度输入模式的结果几乎一致,误差很小,完全可满足实际工程设计与分析之精度要求。