Comparison between different biological sequences is a key step in bioinformatics when analyzing similarities of sequences and phylogenetic relationships. A method of graphically representing biological sequences know...Comparison between different biological sequences is a key step in bioinformatics when analyzing similarities of sequences and phylogenetic relationships. A method of graphically representing biological sequences known as Chaos Game Representation (CGR) has achieved many applications in the studies of bioinformatics. The key issue in the application of CGR is to extract as many useful features as possible from CGR. Initially, CGR was applied to DNA sequences, but in this paper, a CGR-based approach is used to extract suitable features for comparing protein sequences of SARS-CoV-2 and other viruses. For this aim, several viral protein sequences from 12 groups are considered and CGR centroid, amino acid frequency, compounded frequency, Shannon entropy, and Kullback-Lieber Discrimination Information are applied to find the inter-relationship among the sequences. The experimental results demonstrate the potential strengths of CGR-based method for examining the evolutionary relationship of protein sequences. Our method is powerful for extracting effective features from protein sequences, and therefore important in classifying proteins and inferring the phylogeny of viruses.展开更多
Beyond doubt, the gaming industry is the most important to the sustained success for Macao. While the industry has been growing spectacularly well since its liberalization in 2004, now, it is time to critically review...Beyond doubt, the gaming industry is the most important to the sustained success for Macao. While the industry has been growing spectacularly well since its liberalization in 2004, now, it is time to critically review the risk factors that may adversely affect its long-term, healthy, and harmonious development. People and organizations need to be vigilant in peace time. Being able to think of possible crises while living in a safe environment has been our traditional wisdom. There is an obvious need to develop and maintain a risk management mechanism for the gaming industry in Macao. Appropriate precautionary measures developed through rigorous study can help mitigate the damage brought by crises and in turn will ensure the sustained development of Macao. Risks and crises, if handled properly, can possibly be transformed into opportunities. This research adopts an integrative approach through systematic and comprehensive investigation to establish an approach to monitor and predict risks and crises for the gaming industry in Macao. This would provide a useful reference for the society and government of Macao in handling them.展开更多
文摘Comparison between different biological sequences is a key step in bioinformatics when analyzing similarities of sequences and phylogenetic relationships. A method of graphically representing biological sequences known as Chaos Game Representation (CGR) has achieved many applications in the studies of bioinformatics. The key issue in the application of CGR is to extract as many useful features as possible from CGR. Initially, CGR was applied to DNA sequences, but in this paper, a CGR-based approach is used to extract suitable features for comparing protein sequences of SARS-CoV-2 and other viruses. For this aim, several viral protein sequences from 12 groups are considered and CGR centroid, amino acid frequency, compounded frequency, Shannon entropy, and Kullback-Lieber Discrimination Information are applied to find the inter-relationship among the sequences. The experimental results demonstrate the potential strengths of CGR-based method for examining the evolutionary relationship of protein sequences. Our method is powerful for extracting effective features from protein sequences, and therefore important in classifying proteins and inferring the phylogeny of viruses.
文摘Beyond doubt, the gaming industry is the most important to the sustained success for Macao. While the industry has been growing spectacularly well since its liberalization in 2004, now, it is time to critically review the risk factors that may adversely affect its long-term, healthy, and harmonious development. People and organizations need to be vigilant in peace time. Being able to think of possible crises while living in a safe environment has been our traditional wisdom. There is an obvious need to develop and maintain a risk management mechanism for the gaming industry in Macao. Appropriate precautionary measures developed through rigorous study can help mitigate the damage brought by crises and in turn will ensure the sustained development of Macao. Risks and crises, if handled properly, can possibly be transformed into opportunities. This research adopts an integrative approach through systematic and comprehensive investigation to establish an approach to monitor and predict risks and crises for the gaming industry in Macao. This would provide a useful reference for the society and government of Macao in handling them.
