Enhanced history matching process by incorporation of saturation logs as model selection criteria

This paper proposes a methodology for an alternative history matching process enhanced by the incorporation of a simplified binary interpretation of reservoir saturation logs(RST) as objective function. Incorporating fluids saturation logs during the history matching phase unlocks the possibility to adjust or select models that better represent the near wellbore waterfront movement, which is particularly important for uncertainty mitigation during future well interference assessments in water driven reservoirs. For the purposes of this study, a semi-synthetic open-source reservoir model was used as base case to evaluate the proposed methodology. The reservoir model represents a water driven, highly heterogenous sandstone reservoir from Namorado field in Brazil. To effectively compare the proposed methodology against the conventional methods, a commercial reservoir simulator was used in combination with a state-of-the-art benchmarking workflow based on the Big LoopTMapproach. A well-known group of binary metrics were evaluated to be used as the objective function, and the Matthew correlation coefficient(MCC) has been proved to offer the best results when using binary data from water saturation logs. History matching results obtained with the proposed methodology allowed the selection of a more reliable group of reservoir models,especially for cases with high heterogeneity. The methodology also offers additional information and understanding of sweep behaviour behind the well casing at specific production zones, thus revealing full model potential to define new wells and reservoir development opportunities.

FeatureMatching Combining Variable Velocity Model with Reverse Optical Flow

The ORB-SLAM2 based on the constant velocity model is difficult to determine the search window of the reprojection of map points when the objects are in variable velocity motion,which leads to a false matching,with an inaccurate pose estimation or failed tracking.To address the challenge above,a new method of feature point matching is proposed in this paper,which combines the variable velocity model with the reverse optical flow method.First,the constant velocity model is extended to a new variable velocity model,and the expanded variable velocity model is used to provide the initial pixel shifting for the reverse optical flow method.Then the search range of feature points is accurately determined according to the results of the reverse optical flow method,thereby improving the accuracy and reliability of feature matching,with strengthened interframe tracking effects.Finally,we tested on TUM data set based on the RGB-D camera.Experimental results show that this method can reduce the probability of tracking failure and improve localization accuracy on SLAM(Simultaneous Localization and Mapping)systems.Compared with the traditional ORB-SLAM2,the test error of this method on each sequence in the TUM data set is significantly reduced,and the root mean square error is only 63.8%of the original system under the optimal condition.

Integration of Lab model and EHOG for human appearance matching across disjoint camera views

The integration of the Lab model with the extended histogram of oriented gradients （EHOG） is proposed to improve the accuracy of human appearance matching across disjoint camera views under perturbations such as illumination changes and different viewing angles. For the Lab model that describes the global information of observations, a sorted nearest neighbor clustering method is proposed for color clustering and then a partitioned color matching method is used to calculate the color similarity between observations. The Bhattacharya distance is employed for the textural similarity calculation of the EHOG which describes the local information. The global information, which is robust to different viewing angles and scale changes, describes the observations well. Meanwhile, the use of local information, which is robust to illumination changes, can strengthen the discriminative ability of the method. The integration of global and local information improves the accuracy and robustness of the proposed matching approach. Experiments are carried out indoors, and the results show a high matching accuracy of the proposed method.

GPS probe map matching algorithm based on spatial data model

To improve the performance of the traditional map matching algorithms in freeway traffic state monitoring systems using the low logging frequency GPS （global positioning system） probe data, a map matching algorithm based on the Oracle spatial data model is proposed. The algorithm uses the Oracle road network data model to analyze the spatial relationships between massive GPS positioning points and freeway networks, builds an N-shortest path algorithm to find reasonable candidate routes between GPS positioning points efficiently, and uses the fuzzy logic inference system to determine the final matched traveling route. According to the implementation with field data from Los Angeles, the computation speed of the algorithm is about 135 GPS positioning points per second and the accuracy is 98.9%. The results demonstrate the effectiveness and accuracy of the proposed algorithm for mapping massive GPS positioning data onto freeway networks with complex geometric characteristics.

Crystallography of Zr poisoning of Al-Ti-B grain refinement using edge-to-edge matching model

The mechanism of zirconium poisoning on the grain-refining efficiency of an Al-Ti-B based grain refiner was studied. The experiment was conducted by melting Al-5Ti-1B and Al-3Zr master alloys together. The edge-to-edge matching model was used to investigate and compare the orientation relationships between the binary intermetallic compounds present in the Al-Ti-B-Zr system. The results show that the poisoning effect probably results from the combination of Al3 Zr with Al3 Ti and the decreased amount of Ti solute, for Al3 Ti particles have good crystallographic relationships with Al3 Zr. Totally six orientation relationships may present between them, while they play vital roles in grain refinement. TiB2 particles appear to remain unchanged because of a bit large misfit. Only one orientation relationship may present between them to prevent Al3 Zr phase from forming on the surface of TiB2, though TiB2 is agglomerated. The theoretical calculation agrees well with the experimental results. The edge-to-edge matching model is proved to be a useful tool for discovering the orientation relationships between phases.

Two-Sided Stable Matching Decision-Making Method Considering Matching Intention under a Hesitant Fuzzy Environment

In this paper,a stable two-sided matching(TSM)method considering the matching intention of agents under a hesitant fuzzy environment is proposed.The method uses a hesitant fuzzy element(HFE)as its basis.First,the HFE preference matrix is transformed into the normalized HFE preference matrix.On this basis,the distance and the projection of the normalized HFEs on positive and negative ideal solutions are calculated.Then,the normalized HFEs are transformed into agent satisfactions.Considering the stable matching constraints,a multiobjective programming model with the objective of maximizing the satisfactions of two-sided agents is constructed.Based on the agent satisfaction matrix,the matching intention matrix of two-sided agents is built.According to the agent satisfaction matrix and matching intention matrix,the comprehensive satisfaction matrix is set up.Furthermore,the multiobjective programming model based on satisfactions is transformed into a multiobjective programming model based on comprehensive satisfactions.Using the G-S algorithm,the multiobjective programming model based on comprehensive satisfactions is solved,and then the best TSM scheme is obtained.Finally,a terminal distribution example is used to verify the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed method.

Finite-difference modeling of Maxwell viscoelastic media developed from perfectly matched layer

In numerical simulation of wave propagation,both viscoelastic materials and perfectly matched layers(PMLs)attenuate waves.The wave equations for both the viscoelastic model and the PML contain convolution operators.However,convolution operator is intractable in finite-difference time-domain(FDTD)method.A great deal of progress has been made in using time stepping instead of convolution in FDTD.To incorporate PML into viscoelastic media,more memory variables need to be introduced,which increases the code complexity and computation costs.By modifying the nonsplitting PML formulation,I propose a viscoelastic model,which can be used as a viscoelastic material and/or a PML just by adjusting the parameters.The proposed viscoelastic model is essentially equivalent to a Maxwell model.Compared with existing PML methods,the proposed method requires less memory and its implementation in existing finite-difference codes is much easier.The attenuation and phase velocity of P-and S-waves are frequency independent in the viscoelastic model if the related quality factors(Q)are greater than 10.The numerical examples show that the method is stable for materials with high absorption(Q=1),and for heterogeneous media with large contrast of acoustic impedance and large contrast of viscosity.

Multi-source information fused generative adversarial network model and data assimilation based history matching for reservoir with complex geologies

For reservoirs with complex non-Gaussian geological characteristics,such as carbonate reservoirs or reservoirs with sedimentary facies distribution,it is difficult to implement history matching directly,especially for the ensemble-based data assimilation methods.In this paper,we propose a multi-source information fused generative adversarial network(MSIGAN)model,which is used for parameterization of the complex geologies.In MSIGAN,various information such as facies distribution,microseismic,and inter-well connectivity,can be integrated to learn the geological features.And two major generative models in deep learning,variational autoencoder(VAE)and generative adversarial network(GAN)are combined in our model.Then the proposed MSIGAN model is integrated into the ensemble smoother with multiple data assimilation(ESMDA)method to conduct history matching.We tested the proposed method on two reservoir models with fluvial facies.The experimental results show that the proposed MSIGAN model can effectively learn the complex geological features,which can promote the accuracy of history matching.

Color Matching for Fiber Blends Based on Stearns-Noechel Model

Prediction of the formula for matching a given color standard by blending pro-dyed fibers is of considerable importance to the textile industry. This kind of formulation suffers from a lack of computer-aided tool to assist the colorist attempting to find a good recipe to reproduce a target color. In this article a tristimulus color matching algorithm based on Stcarns-Noechel model is proposed. This algorithm was run to predict recipes for 36 viscose blends. The maximum color difference is 0.97 CIELAB units. It is demonstrated that the algorithm can be used in color matching of fiber blends.

Time-Domain Protection for Transmission Lines Connected to Wind Power Plant based on Model Matching and Hausdorff Distance

The system impedance instability,high-order harmonics,and frequency offset are main fault characteristics of wind power system.Moreover,the measurement angle of faulty phase is affected by rotation speed frequency component,which causes traditional directional protections based on angle comparison between voltage and current to operate incorrectly.In this paper,a time-domain protection for connected to wind power plant based on model matching is proposed,which compares the calculated current and the measured current to identify internal faults and external faults.Under external faults,the calculated current and measured current waveform are quite similar because the protected transmission lines is equivalent to a lumped parameter model and the model itself is not damaged.However,the similarity of calculated current and measured current is quite low,due to destroyed integrity of model under internal faults.Additionally,Hausdorff distance is introduced to obtain the similarity of the calculated current and measured current.Since the proposed protection scheme is applied in time domain,it is independent from current frequency offsets of wind energy system,high-order harmonics,and system impedance variations.Comprehensive case studies are undertaken through Power Systems Computer Aided Design(PSCAD),while simulation results verify the accuracy and efficiency of the proposed approach in fault identification.

Template Matching using Statistical Model and Parametric Template for Multi-Template

This paper represents a template matching using statistical model and parametric template for multi-template. This algorithm consists of two phases: training and matching phases. In the training phase, the statistical model created by principal component analysis method (PCA) can be used to synthesize multi-template. The advantage of PCA is to reduce the variances of multi-template. In the matching phase, the normalized cross correlation (NCC) is employed to find the candidates in inspection images. The relationship between image block and multi-template is built to use parametric template method. Results show that the proposed method is more efficient than the conventional template matching and parametric template. Furthermore, the proposed method is more robust than conventional template method.

Research on the Mechanism of Impedance Matching for Underwater Acoustic Transmitter based on Mathematical Modelling and Corresponding Balance Transformer

With the progress of power transmission technology, it is necessary for researchers to conduct related research on impedance matching. In this paper, we conduct research on the mechanism of impedance matching for underwater acoustic transmitter based on mathematical modelling and corresponding balance transformer. To realize underwater acoustic signal of wide band and high power emission, in addition to need the bandwidth performance good transducer array yuan, to a large extent also depends on a good matching between the transducer and amplifier. The result shows the feasibility and robustness of our designed system.

Non-rigid 3D models retrieval based on hierarchical matching

In 3D models retrieval, feature description and retrieval of non-rigid model face more complex problems due to the isometry transformation of itself. We introduce the hierarchical combination matching into the feature comparison, and build a map between the divided regions of two models, and then achieve accurate feature matching based on patch-by-patch, which successfully introduces the spatial information into feature matching. Verified by experiment, the 3D model retrieval method proposed in this paper based on hierarchical combination matching can make sure more accurate feature matching, so as to enhance the precision of retrieval.

Stochastic Modeling and Assisted History-Matching Using Multiple Techniques of Multi-Phase Flowback from Multi-Fractured Horizontal Tight Oil Wells

In this paper, the methods developed by?[1] are used to analyze flowback data, which involves modeling flow both before and after the breakthrough of formation fluids. Despite the versatility of these techniques, achieving an optimal combination of parameters is often difficult with a single deterministic analysis. Because of the uncertainty in key model parameters, this problem is an ideal candidate for uncertainty quantification and advanced assisted history-matching techniques, including Monte Carlo (MC) simulation and genetic algorithms (GAs) amongst others. MC simulation, for example, can be used for both the purpose of assisted history-matching and uncertainty quantification of key fracture parameters. In this work, several techniques are tested including both single-objective (SO) and multi-objective (MO) algorithms for history-matching and uncertainty quantification, using a light tight oil (LTO) field case. The results of this analysis suggest that many different algorithms can be used to achieve similar optimization results, making these viable methods for developing an optimal set of key uncertain fracture parameters. An indication of uncertainty can also be achieved, which assists in understanding the range of parameters which can be used to successfully match the flowback data.

Perfectly matched layer-absorbing boundary condition for finite-element time-domain modeling of elastic wave equations

The perfectly matched layer （PML） is a highly efficient absorbing boundary condition used for the numerical modeling of seismic wave equation. The article focuses on the application of this technique to finite-element time-domain numerical modeling of elastic wave equation. However, the finite-element time-domain scheme is based on the second- order wave equation in displacement formulation. Thus, the first-order PML in velocity-stress formulation cannot be directly applied to this scheme. In this article, we derive the finite- element matrix equations of second-order PML in displacement formulation, and accomplish the implementation of PML in finite-element time-domain modeling of elastic wave equation. The PML has an approximate zero reflection coefficients for bulk and surface waves in the finite-element modeling of P-SV and SH wave propagation in the 2D homogeneous elastic media. The numerical experiments using a two-layer model with irregular topography validate the efficiency of PML in the modeling of seismic wave propagation in geological models with complex structures and heterogeneous media.

Geophysical and Production Data History Matching Based on Ensemble Smoother with Multiple Data Assimilation

The Ensemble Kalman Filter(EnKF),as the most popular sequential data assimilation algorithm for history matching,has the intrinsic problem of high computational cost and the potential inconsistency of state variables updated at each loop of data assimilation and its corresponding reservoir simulated result.This problem forbids the reservoir engineers to make the best use of the 4D seismic data,which provides valuable information about the fluid change inside the reservoir.Moreover,only matching the production data in the past is not enough to accurately forecast the future,and the development plan based on the false forecast is very likely to be suboptimal.To solve this problem,we developed a workflow for geophysical and production data history matching by modifying ensemble smoother with multiple data assimilation(ESMDA).In this work,we derived the mathematical expressions of ESMDA and discussed its scope of applications.The geophysical data we used is P-wave impedance,which is typically included in a basic seismic interpretation,and it directly reflects the saturation change in the reservoir.Full resolution of the seismic data is not necessary,we subsampled the P-wave impedance data to further reduce the computational cost.With our case studies on a benchmark synthetic reservoir model,we also showed the supremacy of matching both geophysical and production data,than the traditional reservoir history matching merely on the production data:the overall percentage error of the observed data is halved,and the variances of the updated forecasts are reduced by two orders of the magnitude.

Investment in deepwater oil and gas exploration projects:a multi-factor analysis with a real options model

Deepwater oil and gas projects embody high risks from geology and engineering aspects, which exert substantial influence on project valuation. But the uncer- tainties may be converted to additional value to the projects in the case of flexible management. Given the flexibility of project management, this paper extends the classical real options model to a multi-factor model which contains oil price, geology, and engineering uncertainties. It then gives an application example of the new model to evaluate deepwater oil and gas projects with a numerical analytical method. Compared with other methods and models, this multi-factor real options model contains more project information. It reflects the potential value deriving not only from oil price variation but also from geology and engi- neering uncertainties, which provides more accurate and reliable valuation information for decision makers.

Optimal Matching Analysis of Net Buoyancy and Pitching Angle for Underwater Gliders

Control parameter optimization is an efficient way to improve the endurance of underwater gliders(UGs),which influences their gliding efficiency and energy consumption.This paper analyzes the optimal matching between the net buoyancy and the pitching angle and proposes a segmented control strategy of Petrel-L.The optimization of this strategy is established based on the gliding range model of UG,which is solved based on the approximate model,and the variations of the optimal control parameters with the hotel load are obtained.The optimization results indicate that the segmented control strategy can significantly increase the gliding range when the optimal matching between the net buoyancy and the pitching angle is reached,and the increase rate is influenced by the hotel load.The gliding range of the underwater glider can be increased by 10.47%at a hotel load of 0.5 W.The optimal matching analysis adopted in this study can be applied to other UGs to realize endurance improvement.

Image Relaxation Matching Based on Feature Points for DSM Generation

In photogrammetry and remote sensing, image matching is a basic and crucial process for automatic DEM generation. In this paper we presented a image relaxation matching method based on feature points. This method can be considered as an extention of regular grid point based matching. It avoids the shortcome of grid point based matching. For example, with this method, we can avoid low or even no texture area where errors frequently appear in cross correlaton matching. In the mean while, it makes full use of some mature techniques such as probability relaxation, image pyramid and the like which have already been successfully used in grid point matching process. Application of the technique to DEM generaton in different regions proved that it is more reasonable and reliable.

Hierarchical Template Matching for Robust Visual Tracking with Severe Occlusions

To tackle the problem of severe occlusions in visual tracking, we propose a hierarchical template-matching method based on a layered appearance model. This model integrates holistic- and part-region matching in order to locate an object in a coarse-to-fine manner. Furthermore, in order to reduce ambiguity in object localization, only the discriminative parts of an object＇ s appearance template are chosen for similarity computing with respect to their cornerness measurements. The similarity between parts is computed in a layer-wise manner, and from this, occlusions can be evaluated. When the object is partly occluded, it can be located accurately by matching candidate regions with the appearance template. When it is completely occluded, its location can be predicted from its historical motion information using a Kalman filter. The proposed tracker is tested on several practical image sequences, and the experimental results show that it can consistently provide accurate object location for stable tracking, even for severe occlusions.