Modelling erosion of a single rock block using a coupled CFD-DEM approach

Rock block removal is the prevalent physical mechanism for rock erosion and could affect the stability of dam foundations and spillways.Despite this,understanding of block removal is still inadequate because of the complex interactions among block characteristics,hydraulic forces,and erosive processes acting on the block.Herein,based on a previously conducted physical experiment of erosion of a single rock block,the removal processes of two different protruding blocks are represented by a coupled computational fluid dynamics-discrete element model(CFD-DEM)approach under varied flow conditions.Additionally,the blocks could be rotated with respect to the flow direction to consider the effect of the discontinuity orientation on the block removal process.Simulation results visualize the entire block removal process.The simulations reproduce the effects of the discontinuity orientation on the critical flow velocity inducing block incipient motion and the trajectory of the block motion observed in the physical experiments.The numerical results present a similar tendency of the critical velocities at different discontinuity orientations but have slightly lower values.The trajectory of the block in the simulations fits well with the experimental measurements.The relationship between the dimensionless critical shear stress and discontinuity orientation observed from the simulations shows that the effect of block protrusion becomes more dominant on the block incipient motion with the increase of relative protrusion height.To our knowledge,this present study is the first attempt to use the coupled finite volume method(FVM)-DEM approach for modelling the interaction behavior between the block and the flowing water so that the block removal process can be reproduced and analyzed.

Guest Review:Potential theory method for 3D crack and contact problems of multi-field coupled media: A survey

This paper presents an overview of the recent progress of potential theory method in the analysis of mixed boundary value problems mainly stemming from three-dimensional crack or contact problems of multi-field coupled media. This method was used to derive a series of exact three dimensional solutions which should be of great theoretical significance because most of them usually cannot be derived by other methods such as the transform method and the trial-and-error method. Further, many solutions are obtained in terms of elementary functions that enable us to treat more complicated problems easily. It is pointed out here that the method is usually only applicable to media characterizing transverse isotropy, from which, however, the results for the isotropic case can be readily obtained.

Simulation of Moving Bed Erosion Based on the Weakly Compressible Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics-Discrete Element Coupling Method

A complex interface exists between waterflow and solid particles during hydraulic soil erosion.In this study,the particle discrete element method(DEM)has been used to simulate the hydraulic erosion of a granular soil under moving bed conditions and surrounding terrain changes.Moreover,the weakly compressible smoothed particle hydrodynamics(WCSPH)approach has been exploited to simulate the instability process of the free surfacefluid and its propagation characteristics at the solid–liquid interface.The influence of a suspended medium on the waterflow dynamics has been characterized using the mixed viscosity concept accounting for the solid–liquid mixed particle volume ratio.Numerical simulations of wall-jet scouring and reservoir sedimentflushing on a mobile bed were performed and validated with experiments.The results show that the proposed WCSPH–DEM coupling model is highly suitable for determining parameters,such as the local maximum scour depth,the scour pit width,and the sand bed profile.The effects on the hydraulic erosion process of two important para-meters of the mixed viscosity coefficient(initial solid volume concentration and initial viscosity coefficient)are also discussed to a certain extent in this study.

Development and application of multi-field coupled high-pressure triaxial apparatus for soil

The increasing severity of ground subsidence,ground fissure and other disasters caused by the excessive exploitation of deep underground resources has highlighted the pressing need for effective management.A significant contributing factor to the challenges faced is the inadequacy of existing soil mechanics experimental instruments in providing effective indicators,creating a bottleneck in comprehensively understanding the mechanisms of land subsidence.It is urgent to develop a multi-field and multi-functional soil mechanics experimental system to address this issue.Based soil mechanics theories,the existing manufacturing capabilities of triaxial apparatus and the practical demands of the test system,a set of multi-field coupled high-pressure triaxial system is developed tailored for testing deep soils(at depths of approximately 3000 m)and soft rock.This system incorporates specialized design elements such as high-pressure chamber and horizontal deformation testing devices.In addition to the conventional triaxial tester functions,its distinctive feature encompass a horizontal deformation tracking measuring device,a water release testing device and temperature control device for the sample.This ensemble facilitates testing of horizontal and vertical deformation water release and other parameters of samples under a specified stress conditions,at constant or varying temperature ranging from-40℃–90℃.The accuracy of the tested parameters meets the requirements of relevant current specifications.The test system not only provides scientifically robust data for revealing the deformation and failure mechanism of soil subjected to extreme temperature,but also offers critical data support for major engineering projects,deep exploration and mitigation efforts related to soil deformation-induced disaster.

Analysis of a Water-Inrush Disaster Caused by Coal Seam Subsidence Karst Collapse Column under the Action of Multi-Field Coupling in Taoyuan Coal Mine

Minin-induced water inrush from a confined aquifer due to subsided floor karst collapse column(SKCC)is a type of serious disaster in the underground coal extraction.Karst collapse column(KCC)developed in a confined aquifer occurs widely throughout northern China.A water inrush disaster from SKCC occurred in Taoyuan coal mine on February 3,2013.In order to analyze the effect of the KCC influence zone’s(KCCIZ)width and the entry driving distance of the water inrush through the fractured channels of the SKCC,the stress,seepage,and impact dynamics coupling equations were used tomodel the seepage rule,and a numerical FLAC3D model was created to determine the plastic zones,the vertical displacement development of the rockmass surrounding the entry driving working face(EDWF),and the seepage vector and water inflow development of the seepage field.The hysteretic mechanism of water inrush due to SKCC in Taoyuan coal mine was investigated.The results indicate that a water inrush disaster will occur when the width of the KCCIZ exceeds 16 m under a driving,which leads to the aquifer connecting with the fractured zones of the entry floor.Hysteretic water inrush disasters are related to the stress release rate of the surrounding rocks under the entry driving.When the entry driving exceeds about 10 m from the water inrush point,the stress release rate reaches about 100%,and a water inrush disaster occurs.

Numerical analysis of stability for mined-out area in multi-field coupling

There were differences between real boundary and blast hole controlling boundary of irregular mined-out area in underground metal mines. There were errors in numerical analysis of stability for goaf, if it was analyzed as regular 3D mined-out area and the influence of coupling stress-seepage-disturbance was not considered adequately. Taking a lead zinc mine as the background, the model was built by the coupling of Surpac and Midas-Gts based on the goaf model precisely measured by CMS.According to seepage stress fundamental equations based on the equivalent continuum mechanical and the theory about equivalent load of dynamic disturbance in deep-hole blasting, the stability of mined-out area under multi-field coupling of stress-seepage-dynamic disturbance was numerically analyzed. The results show that it is more consistent between the numerical analysis model based on the real model of irregular 3D shape goaf and the real situation, which could faithfully reappear the change rule of stress–strain about the surrounding rock under synthetic action of blasting dynamic loading and the seepage pressure. The mined-out area multi-field coupling formed by blasting excavation is stable. Based on combination of the advantages of the CMS,Surpac and Midas-Gts, and fully consideration of the effects of multi-field coupling, the accurate and effective way could be provided for numerical analysis of stability for mined-out area.

A generalized multi-field coupling approach and its application to stability and deformation control of a high slope

Human activities, such as blasting excavation, bolting, grouting and impounding of reservoirs, will lead to disturbances to rock masses and variations in their structural features and material properties. These engineering disturbances are important factors that would alter the natural evolutionary processes or change the multi-field interactions in the rock masses from their initial equilibrium states. The concept of generalized multi-field couplings was proposed by placing particular emphasis on the role of engineering disturbances in traditional multi-field couplings in rock masses. A mathematical model was then developed, in which the effects of engineering disturbances on the coupling-processes were described with changes in boundary conditions and evolutions in thermo-hydro-mechanical （THM） properties of the rocks. A parameter, d, which is similar to damage variables but has a broader physical meaning, was conceptually introduced to represent the degree of engineering disturbances and the couplings among the material properties. The effects of blasting excavation, bolting and grouting in rock engineering were illustrated with various field observations or theoretical results, on which the degree of disturbances and the variations in elastic moduli and permeabilities were particularly focused. The influences of excavation and groundwater drainage on the seepage flow and stability of the slopes were demonstrated with numerical simulations. The proposed approach was further employed to investigate the coupled hydro-mechanical responses of a high rock slope to excavation, bolting and impounding of the reservoir in the dam left abutment of Jinping I hydropower station. The impacts of engineering disturbances on the deformation and stability of the slope during construction and operation were demonstrated.

MULTI-FIELD COUPLING BEHAVIOR OF SIMPLY-SUPPORTED CONDUCTIVE PLATE UNDER THE CONDITION OF A TRANSVERSE STRONG IMPULSIVE MAGNETIC FIELD

In order to study the multi-field coupling mechanical behavior of the simply-supported conductive rectangular thin plate under the condition of an externally lateral strong impulsive magnetic field, that is the dynamic buckling phenomenon of the thin plates in the effect of the magnetic volume forces produced by the interaction between the eddy current and the magnetic fields, a FEM analysis program is developed to characterize the phenomena of magnetoelastic buckling and instability of the plates. The critical values of magnetic field for the three different initial vibrating modes are obtained, with a detailed discussion made on the effects of the lengththickness ratio a/h of the plate and the length-width ratio a/b as well as the impulse parameter on the critical value BOcr of the applied magnetic field.

Multi-field coupling and free vibration of a sandwiched functionally-graded piezoelectric semiconductor plate

Sandwiched functionally-graded piezoelectric semiconductor(FGPS)plates possess high strength and excellent piezoelectric and semiconductor properties,and have significant potential applications in micro-electro-mechanical systems.The multi-field coupling and free vibration of a sandwiched FGPS plate are studied,and the governing equation and natural frequency are derived with the consideration of electron movement.The material properties in the functionally-graded layers are assumed to vary smoothly,and the first-order shear deformation theory is introduced to derive the multi-field coupling in the plate.The total strain energy of the plate is obtained,and the governing equations are presented by using Hamilton’s principle.By introducing the boundary conditions,the coupling physical fields are solved.In numerical examples,the natural frequencies of sandwiched FGPS plates under different geometrical and physical parameters are discussed.It is found that the initial electron density can be used to modulate the natural frequencies and vibrational displacement of sandwiched FGPS plates in the case of nano-size.The effects of the material properties of FGPS layers on the natural frequencies are also examined in detail.

Drift characteristics and the multi-field coupling stress mechanism of the pantograph-catenary arc under low air pressure

The fault caused by a pantograph-catenary arc is the main factor that threatens the stability of high-speed railway energy transmission.Pantograph-catenary arc vertical drift is more severe than the case under normal pressure,as it is easy to develop the rigid busbar,which may lead to the flashover occurring around the support insulators.We establish a pantograph-catenary arc experiment and diagnosis platform to simulate low pressure and strong airflow environment.Meanwhile,the variation law of arc drift height with time under different air pressures and airflow velocities is analyzed.Moreover,arc drift characteristics and influencing factors are explored.The physical process of the arc column drifting to the rigid busbar with the jumping mechanism of the arc root on the rigid busbar is summarized.In order to further explore the mechanism of the above physical process,a multi-field stress coupling model is built,as the multi-stress variation law of arc is quantitatively evaluated.The dynamic action mechanism of multi-field stress on arc drifting characteristics is explored,as the physical mechanism of arc drifting under low pressure is theoretically explained.The research results provide theoretical support for arc suppression in high-altitude areas.

Multi-field Coupled Inverse Hall–Petch Relations for Ferroelectric Nanocrystals

Tailoring grain size can improve the strength of polycrystals by regulating the proportion of grains to grain boundaries and the interaction area.As the grain size decreases to the nanoscale,the deformation mechanism in polycrystals shifts from being primarily mediated by dislocations to deformation occurring within the grains and grain boundaries.However,the mechanism responsible for fine-grain strengthening in ferroelectric materials remains unclear,primarily due to the complex multi-field coupling effect arising from spontaneous polarization.Through molecular dynamics simulations,we investigate the strengthening mechanism of barium titanate(BaTiO3),with extremely fine-grain sizes.This material exhibits an inverse Hall–Petch relationship between grain size and strength,rooting in the inhomogeneous concentration of atomic strain and grain rotation.Furthermore,we present a theoretical model to predict the transition from the inverse Hall–Petch stage to the Hall–Petch stage based on strength variations with size,which aligns well with the simulation results.It has been found that the piezoelectric properties of the BaTiO3 are affected by polarization domain switching at various grain sizes.This study enhances our understanding of the atomic-scale mechanisms that contribute to the performance evolution of fine-grain nano-ferroelectric materials.It also provides valuable insights into the design of extremely small-scale ferroelectric components.

Mass Transfer Modeling in Pervaporation Based on Multi-fields Synergy Theory

Toprovide a theoretical basis for optimizing the pervaporation procedure, a mass transfer model for pervaporation for binary mixtures was developed basedon the multi-fields synergy theory. This model used the mechanism of sorption-diffusion-desorption and introduced a diffusion coefficient, which was dependent on the feed concentration and temperature. Regarding the strong coupling effect in the mass transfer, the concentration distribution in membrane was predicted using the Flory-Huggins thermodynamic theory. The batch experiments and other experiments with constant composition-were conducted-using a modified chitosan pervaporatioffmembrane to separate tert-butyl alcohol （TBA）-water mixtures. The parameters of the mass transfer model were obtained from the flux of the experiments with a constant composition and the activity coefficients available through phase equilibrium equation, using the Willson equation in the feed side and the Flory-Huggins thermodynamic theory within the membrane The simulation results of the experiments .are in good agreement with the results, of the experiments.

ANALYSES ON NONLINEAR COUPLING OF MAGNETO-THERMO-ELASTICITY OF FERROMAGNETIC THIN SHELL—I:GENERALIZED VARIATIONAL THEORETICAL MODELING

Based on the generalized variational principle of magneto-thermo-elasticity of the ferromagnetic elastic medium, a nonlinear coupling theoretical modeling for a ferromagnetic thin shell is developed. All governing equations and boundary conditions for the ferromagnetic shell are obtained from the variational manipulations on the magnetic scalar potential, temperature and the elastic displacement related to the total energy functional. The multi-field couplings and geometrical nonlinearity of the ferromagnetic thin shell are taken into account in the modeling. The general modeling can be further deduced to existing models of the magneto-elasticity and the thermo-elasticity of a ferromagnetic shell and magneto-thermo-elasticity of a ferromagnetic plate, which are coincident with the ones in literature.

Nonlinear magneto-mechanical-thermo coupling characteristic analysis for transport behaviors of carriers in composite multiferroic piezoelectric semiconductor nanoplates with surface effect

In this paper,to better reveal the surface effect and the screening effect as well as the nonlinear multi-field coupling characteristic of the multifunctional piezoelectric semiconductor(PS)nanodevice,and to further improve its working performance,a magneto-mechanical-thermo coupling theoretical model is theoretically established for the extensional analysis of a three-layered magneto-electro-semiconductor coupling laminated nanoplate with the surface effect.Next,by using the current theoretical model,some numerical analyses and discussion about the surface effect,the corresponding critical thickness of the nanoplate,and the distributions of the physical fields(including the electron concentration perturbation,the electric potential,the electric field,the average electric displacement,the effective polarization charge density,and the total charge density)under different initial state electron concentrations,as well as their active manipulation via some external magnetic field,pre-stress,and temperature stimuli,are performed.Utilizing the nonlinear multi-field coupling effect induced by inevitable external stimuli in the device operating environment,this paper not only provides theoretical support for understanding the size-dependent tuning/controlling of carrier transport as well as its screening effect,but also assists the design of a series of multiferroic PS nanodevices.

表面活性剂流体的空化-冲蚀耦合射流试验研究

为了研究赫姆霍兹空化喷嘴的射流机理,依据空化射流理论,以低黏度黏弹性表面活性剂(VES)溶液为介质,基于Schnerr-Sauer空化模型与DPM模型对赫姆霍兹自激振荡空化喷嘴进行流场仿真,对添加颗粒后的VES空化-冲蚀耦合射流近壁面流场特性与颗粒撞击壁面的运动特性进行了数值模拟,并通过淹没射流试验台开展空化-冲蚀耦合射流试验,探讨了VES溶液空化-冲蚀耦合射流对靶材的冲击特性。结果表明:相比于清水,VES射流能够提供更高的冲蚀速率,为清水冲蚀速率的1.37倍,达到3.29×10^(-3)kg/kg;同等条件下,空化喷嘴的冲蚀速率为7.47×10^(-4) kg/kg,略小于流线型喷嘴,但空化喷嘴对靶材的冲蚀凹坑直径为10.5 mm,大于流线型喷嘴的7.5 mm,并且空化喷嘴对靶材的的冲击形貌为V形,相比于流线型喷嘴的W形,更有利于钻井破岩。通过分析空化作用及流体性质对靶材冲蚀特性的差异,阐述了VES溶液空化-冲蚀耦合的射流机理,研究成果为基于VES的空化-冲蚀耦合射流辅助钻井以及提高井下破岩效率提供了新的思路。

洪水冲刷浸泡联合作用下村镇建筑地基承载性能劣化机理研究

洪水作用下地基承载性能劣化问题是影响山区村镇建筑安全的主要因素之一,也是乡村振兴战略中建设生态宜居的居民生活环境所面临的主要威胁。现有研究大多针对洪水浸泡下的地基承载性能劣化过程,而洪水冲刷及其与浸泡作用的联合影响还有待进一步研究。对此,本文围绕洪水冲刷浸泡联合作用下村镇建筑地基承载性能的复杂劣化过程开展研究,在二维浅水方程对洪水动力过程模拟基础上,构建考虑洪水流速垂向非线性分布律的侵蚀模型,进而对洪水作用下的地基土体冲刷深度进行计算。同时,综合考虑洪水浸泡后地基土力学的折减强度,采用有限元方法对洪水冲刷、浸泡下的地基承载力进行对比。典型案例分析表明,洪水冲刷浸泡联合作用下村镇建筑地基承载力下降47.88%,且洪水冲刷对地基承载力的劣化作用略强于洪水浸泡作用。

高地应力-化学侵蚀耦合作用下炭质板岩蠕变试验及非线性蠕变损伤模型

为克服高程障碍并降低施工风险,可采用长大隧道穿越崇山峻岭,但这些隧道往往处于深埋高地应力环境,并受到化学侵蚀影响。为了解决此问题,以丽江—香格里拉炭质板岩大变形隧道为研究对象,采用室内试验和理论推导,研究深埋炭质板岩隧道受化学侵蚀作用下的围岩变形特性。在Poyting-Thomson体蠕变体的基础上,根据模型元件的力学特性,叠加了损伤元件、化学损伤元件和非线性元件,提出高地应力-化学侵蚀耦合作用下炭质板岩非线性蠕变损伤本构关系。研究结果表明:1)炭质板岩试样受化学侵蚀影响显著,侵蚀90 d试样所产生的轴向蠕变应变为侵蚀0 d试样的2.02倍,侵蚀60 d试样所产生的径向蠕变为侵蚀0 d试样的1.85倍;2)受侵蚀的炭质板岩试样在三轴压缩状态下破裂以斜向贯通裂隙为主,并产生一定的滑移错动裂隙,且沿轴线的拉伸劈裂破坏受围压作用抑制明显,未产生竖向贯通裂隙。

植被恢复边坡土壤抗蚀性及其影响因子耦合协调分析

为了给边坡植被恢复设计等提供参考和技术支撑,基于内江市境内公路边坡经0、5、7、15、20 a植被恢复的样地野外调查资料,以土壤颗粒(团聚体)平均质量直径和水稳性指数为土壤抗蚀性指标,以土壤粒径≥0.25 mm的大团聚体含量、容重、有机质含量、碱解氮含量、速效磷含量、速效钾含量等6个土壤理化性质指标为土壤抗蚀性影响因子,采用主成分分析、耦合协调度分析等方法,探究不同植被恢复年限的边坡土壤抗蚀性与其影响因子的耦合协调关系,得到以下主要结论:1)不同植被恢复年限的土壤抗蚀性指标及其影响因子具有显著差异,随着植被恢复年限的延长,土壤大团聚体含量和养分含量呈增加趋势,土壤容重呈减小趋势,土壤抗蚀性呈增强趋势;2)碱解氮含量、有机质含量、速效磷含量、大团聚体含量、容重是不同植被恢复年限土壤抗蚀性的主要影响因子;3)土壤理化性质指标中,化学指标(速效磷含量、碱解氮含量、有机质含量、速效钾含量)对土壤抗蚀性的影响大于物理指标(大团聚体含量、容重)的影响,进行植被护坡设计时应当注重有机质和速效肥料的保持;4)土壤理化性质指标与土壤抗蚀性指标的耦合协调度随植被恢复年限的延长而提高,植被恢复15 a时二者的耦合协调类型仍属弱协调、植被恢复20 a时二者的耦合协调类型尚属中度协调,为了进一步改善边坡土壤的理化性质、促进稳定土壤结构的形成、增强土壤抗蚀性,还需更长时间的植被恢复。

盐冻循环作用下水泥稳定碎石混合料的宏细观性能

为研究盐分和冻融循环耦合侵蚀作用下水泥稳定碎石混合料的力学性能、疲劳特性及微细观空隙结构衰减规律,在冻融条件下对不同初始含盐量的水泥稳定碎石混合料开展无侧限抗压强度试验、弯拉强度试验、动态压缩模量试验和三分点加载疲劳试验。基于工业CT无损检测技术研究了盐冻耦合作用下水泥稳定碎石混合料微细观空隙结构衰减规律;提出了盐冻循环次数与盐溶液浓度对水泥稳定碎石混合料力学性能、疲劳性能和微细观空隙直径期望值的衰减公式;建立了微细观空隙结构与宏观力学性能、疲劳性能之间的拟合关系。结果表明:盐冻耦合侵蚀作用加速了水泥稳定碎石混合料力学性能与疲劳特性衰减,随着盐冻循环次数增加,水泥稳定碎石混合料的无侧限抗压强度与动态回弹模量呈指数模型衰减,弯拉强度与疲劳寿命呈三次函数模型衰减;盐冻损伤主要集中在集料边缘的原生空隙部位,微细观等效空隙直径期望值和空隙级配中小于0.1 mm3的空隙数量随着盐冻耦合侵蚀作用次数增加而增大;硫酸钠盐溶液浓度越大,经历相同盐冻循环后水泥稳定碎石混合料力学性能和疲劳性能损伤度越高,微细观等效空隙直径期望值随着硫酸钠盐溶液浓度增大呈线性关系增大;随着等效空隙直径期望值增大,水泥稳定碎石混合料的动态回弹模量、无侧限抗压强度和弯拉强度均呈线性关系减小,同时疲劳寿命呈指数函数关系降低;盐冻耦合侵蚀作用改变了水泥稳定碎石内部微细观空隙结构,是盐冻耦合侵蚀作用导致水泥稳定碎石混合料力学性能和疲劳性能下降的原因之一。

天然气携砂对缩扩管冲蚀磨损分析

为探究天然气携砂在缩扩管处气固两相流冲蚀磨损机理,采用计算流体动力学—离散单元法(Computational Fluid Dynamics-Discrete Element Method, CFD-DEM)耦合方法,建立了CFD-DEM模型,分析了粒径、颗粒质量流率、缩扩管管径比、连续相流速对缩扩管冲蚀磨损的影响。研究表明,粒径和最大磨损深度成正相关,粒径1.2 mm时最大磨损深度为粒径0.4 mm时的1.7倍。最大磨损深度与颗粒质量流率和连续相流速呈正比关系。随着缩扩管管径比增大,最大磨损深度先减小后增大。最大磨损深度受上述因素的影响会发生不同程度的增大或减小,影响程度从大到小依次为连续相流速、缩扩管管径比、颗粒粒径、颗粒质量流率。模拟结果可为缩扩管优化设计提供思路,降低天然气输运过程中因磨损导致管道泄漏的风险。