基于光偏转原理的AFM光电检测系统设计

利用光偏转原理设计并实现了原子力显微镜(AFM)的光电检测系统,研究了影响光偏转噪声的影响因素。设计了新型螺旋式嵌套结构调节准直光斑,使激光发散角降低到0.053°,利用压电陶瓷特性设计了高精度三维调节结构,可以在α,β,γ方向精准调节偏转角度,36mm的聚焦焦距满足了小型化、集成化的设计目标。基于该高灵敏度光电检测系统的设计,AFM系统得到了清晰的硅材料表面台阶结构,系统分辨率达到了0.1nm,为今后的亚原子测量奠定了实验基础。

稀土La^(3+)离子在高岭石表面吸附的原位AFM研究

离子吸附型稀土矿是我国优势矿产资源,该类型矿床中,稀土元素主要是以离子的形式吸附在高岭石、埃洛石和铁锰氧化物等次生矿物上。本文主要通过原子力显微镜(AFM)的微观区域的力学测量功能,结合DLVO理论,研究原位水环境下稀土La^(3+)对高岭石不同表面(Si面和Al面)Stern电位的影响,揭示高岭石对La^(3+)的吸附能力随Si面和Al面表面性质不同而变化。实验结果表明:当La^(3+)浓度从0增加至1.0 mmol/L时,高岭石Si面的Stern电位由−46 mV转变为4 mV,表明高岭石Si面对La^(3+)有吸附作用;而Al面的Stern电位(在28~31 mV之间波动)几乎没有变化,表明高岭石Al面对La^(3+)的吸附作用不强。该研究表明在pH=4~6的风化壳条件下,高岭石Si面对La^(3+)的吸附可能占主导作用,Al面的贡献相对较小。本研究从微观角度揭示了稀土元素在高岭石不同表面的吸附特征,明确了高岭石不同表面对稀土元素吸附的贡献,为阐明风化壳中稀土的富集机制提供信息。

Multi-mode Multi-frequency GNSS-IR Combination System for Sea Level Retrieval

With the development of Global Navigation Satellite Systems(GNSS),geodetic GNSS receivers have been utilized to monitor sea levels using GNSS-Interferometry Reflectometry(GNSS-IR)technology.The multi-mode,multi-frequency signals of GPS,GLONASS,Galileo,and Beidou can be used for GNSS-IR sea level retrieval,but combining these retrievals remains problematic.To address this issue,a GNSS-IR sea level retrieval combination system has been developed,which begins by analyzing error sources in GNSS-IR sea level retrieval and establishing and solving the GNSS-IR retrieval equation.This paper focuses on two key points:time window selection and equation stability.The stability of the retrieval combination equations is determined by the condition number of the coefficient matrix within the time window.The impact of ill-conditioned coefficient matrices on the retrieval results is demonstrated using an extreme case of SNR data with only ascending or descending trajectories.After determining the time window and removing ill-conditioned equations,the multi-mode,multi-frequency GNSS-IR retrieval is performed.Results from three International GNSS Service(IGS)stations show that the combination method produces high-precision,high-resolution,and high-reliability sea level retrieval combination sequences.

In-situ AFM and quasi-in-situ studies for localized corrosion in Mg-9Al-1Fe-(Gd) alloys under 3.5 wt.% NaCl environment

Revealing the localized corrosion process of Mg alloy is considered as one of the most significant ways for improving its corrosion resistance.The reliable monitor should be high distinguishability and real-time in liquid environment.Herein,Mg-9Al-1Fe and Mg-9Al-1Fe-1Gd alloys were designed to highlight the impact of intermetallic on the corrosion behaviour.In-situ AFM with a special electrolyte circulation system and quasi-in-situ SEM observation were used to monitor the corrosion process of the designed alloys.SEM-EDS and TEM-SAED were applied to identify the intermetallic in the designed alloys,and their volta potentials were measured by SKPFM.According to the real-time and real-space in-situ AFM monitor,the corrosion process consisted of dissolution of anodicα-Mg phase,accumulation of corrosion products around cathodic phase and shedding of some fine cathodic phase.Then,the localized corrosion process of Mg alloy was revealed combined with the results of the monitor of corrosion process and Volta potential difference.

基于AFM的SBS改性沥青老化过程力学特性研究

为了探究改性沥青在老化过程中宏观与微观性能的变化,制备了掺量为5.5%的SBS改性沥青,并进行了短期与长期老化试验,分析了其基本性能指标。采用温度扫描与频率扫描试验研究了SBS改性沥青的流变性能,采用AFM试验分析了其表面微观形貌和耗散力,并结合力曲线分析了其黏附力及杨氏模量在老化前后的变化。研究结果表明,短期老化对SBS改性沥青流变性能的影响较小,长期老化对其流变性能影响显著,弹性模量和黏性模量均增大,呈现出变硬、变脆的特性;AFM试验表明SBS改性沥青在老化后高度增大,且蜂状结构尺寸增大、数量增多,黏附力和耗散力均降低,杨氏模量增大,验证了宏观流变试验的结果。

Target detection for low angle radar based on multi-frequency order-statistics

For radar targets flying at low altitude, multiple pathways produce fade or enhancement relative to the level that would be expected in a free-space environment. In this paper, a new detec- tion method based on a wide-ranging multi-frequency radar for low angle targets is proposed. Sequential transmitting multiple pulses with different frequencies are first applied to decorrelate the cohe- rence of the direct and reflected echoes. After receiving all echoes, the multi-frequency samples are arranged in a sort descending ac- cording to the amplitude. Some high amplitude echoes in the same range cell are accumulated to improve the signal-to-noise ratio and the optimal number of high amplitude echoes is analyzed and given by experiments. Finally, simulation results are presented to verify the effectiveness of the method.

CHAOS IN THE SOFTENING DUFFING SYSTEM UNDER MULTI-FREQUENCY PERIODIC FORCES

The chaotic dynamics of the softening-spring Duffing system with multi-frequency external periodic forces is studied. It is found that the mechanism for chaos is the transverse heteroclinic tori. The Poincaré map, the stable and the unstable manifolds of the system under two incommensurate periodic forces were set up on a two-dimensional torus. Utilizing a global perturbation technique of Melnikov the criterion for the transverse interaction of the stable and the unstable manifolds was given. The system under more but finite incommensurate periodic forces was also studied. The (Melnikov's) global perturbation technique was therefore generalized to higher dimensional systems. The region in parameter space where chaotic dynamics may occur was given. It was also demonstrated that increasing the number of forcing frequencies will increase the area in parameter space where chaotic behavior can occur.

HARMONIC, SUBHARMONIC, SUPERHARMONIC, SIMULTANEOUS SUB/SUPER HARMONIC AND COMBINATION RESONANCES OF SELF-EXCITED TWO COUPLED SECOND ORDER SYSTEMS TO MULTI-FREQUENCY EXCITATION

Harmonic, subharmonic, superharmonic, simultaneous sub/super harmonic, and combination resonances of the additive type of self-excited two coupled-second order systems to multi-frequency excitation are investigated. The theoretical results are obtained by the multiple-scales method. The steady state amplitudes for each resonance are plotted, showing the influence of the different parameters. Analysis for each figure is given. Approximate solution corresponding to each type of resonance is determined. Stability analyses are carried out for each case.

Bubble acoustical scattering cross section under multi-frequency acoustic excitation

The acoustical scattering cross section is usually employed to evaluate the scattering ability of the bubbles when they are excited by the incident acoustic waves. This parameter is strongly related to many important applications of performance prediction for search sonar or underwater telemetry, acoustical oceanography, acoustic cavitation, volcanology, and medical and industrial ultrasound. In the present paper, both the analytical and numerical analysis results of the acoustical scattering cross section of a single bubble under multi-frequency excitation are obtained. The nonlinear characteristics（e.g.,harmonics, subharmonics, and ultraharmonics） of the scattering cross section curve under multi-frequency excitation are investigated compared with single-frequency excitation. The influence of several paramount parameters（e.g., bubble equilibrium radius, acoustic pressure amplitude, and acoustic frequencies） in the multi-frequency system on the predictions of scattering cross section is discussed. It is shown that the combination resonances become significant in the multi-frequency system when the acoustic power is big enough, and the acoustical scattering cross section is promoted significantly within a much broader range of bubble sizes and acoustic frequencies due to the generation of more resonances.

DOA estimation based on multi-frequency joint sparse Bayesian learning for passive radar

This paper considers multi-frequency passive radar and develops a multi-frequency joint direction of arrival(DOA)estimation algorithm to improve estimation accuracy and resolution.The developed algorithm exploits the sparsity of targets in the spatial domain.Specifically,we first extract the required frequency channel data and acquire the snapshot data through a series of preprocessing such as clutter suppression,coherent integration,beamforming,and constant false alarm rate(CFAR)detection.Then,based on the framework of sparse Bayesian learning,the target’s DOA is estimated by jointly extracting the multi-frequency data via evidence maximization.Simulation results show that the developed algorithm has better estimation accuracy and resolution than other existing multi-frequency DOA estimation algorithms,especially under the scenarios of low signalto-noise ratio(SNR)and small snapshots.Furthermore,the effectiveness is verified by the field experimental data of a multi-frequency FM-based passive radar.

Test particle simulations of resonant interactions between energetic electrons and discrete, multi-frequency artificial whistler waves in the plasmasphere

Modulated high frequency （HF） heating of the ionosphere provides a feasible means of artificially generating ex- tremely low frequency （ELF）/very low frequency （VLF） whistler waves, which can leak into the inner magnetosphere and contribute to resonant interactions with high energy electrons. Combining the ray tracing method and test particle simulations, we evaluate the effects of energetic electron resonant scattering driven by the discrete, multi-frequency arti- ficially generated ELF/VLF waves. The simulation results indicate a stochastic behavior of electrons and a linear profile of pitch angle and kinetic energy variations averaged over all test electrons. These features are similar to those associated with single-frequency waves. The computed local diffusion coefficients show that, although the momentum diffusion of relativistic electrons due to artificial ELF/VLF whistlers with a nominal amplitude of ~ 1 pT is minor, the pitch angle scattering can be notably efficient at low pitch angles near the loss cone, which supports the feasibility of artificial triggering of multi-frequency ELF/VLF whistler waves for the removal of high energy electrons from the magnetosphere. We also investigate the dependences of diffusion coefficients on the frequency interval （△f） of the discrete, multi-frequency waves. We find that there is a threshold value of Af for which the net diffusion coefficient of multi-frequency whistlers is inversely proportional to △f （proportional to the frequency components Nw） when △f is below the threshold value but it remains unchanged with increasing Af when △f is larger than the threshold value. This is explained as being due to the fact that the resonant scattering effect of broadband waves is the sum of the effects of each frequency in the ＇effective frequency band＇. Our results suggest that the modulation frequency of HF heating of the ionosphere can be appropriately selected with reasonable frequency intervals so that better performance of controlled precipitation of high energy electrons in the plasmasphere by artificial ELF/VLF whistler waves can be achieved.

Vibration energy harvesting for low frequency using auto-tuning parametric rolling pendulum under exogenous multi-frequency excitations

An electromagnetic parametrically excited rolling pendulum energy harvester with self-tuning mechanisms subject to multi-frequency excitation is proposed and investigated in this paper.The system consists of two uncoupled rolling pendulum.The resonance frequency of each the rolling pendulum can be automatically tuned by adjusting its geometric parameters to access parametric resonance.This harvester can be used to harvest the energy at low frequency.A prototype is developed and evaluated.Its mathematical model is derived.A cam with rolling follower mechanism is employed to generate multi-frequency excitation.An experimental study is conducted to validate the proposed concept.The experimental results are confirmed by the numerical results.The harvester is successfully tuned when the angular velocity of the cam is changed from 1.149 to 1.236 Hz.

BIFURCATION IN A NONLINEAR DUFFING SYSTEM WITHMULTI-FREQUENCY EXTERNAL PERIODIC FORCES

By introducing nonlinear frequency, using Floquet theory and referring to the characteristics of the solution when it passes through the transition boundaries, all kinds of bifurcation modes and their transition boundaries of Duffing equation with two periodic excitations as well as the possible ways to chaos are studied in this paper.

Creation of multi-frequency terahertz waves by optimized cascaded difference frequency generation

A new scheme which generates multi-frequency terahertz(THz)waves from planar waveguide by the optimized cascaded difference frequency generation(OCDFG)is proposed.A THz wave with frequencyω_(T1)is generated by the OCDFG with two infrared pump waves,and simultaneously a series of cascaded optical waves with a frequency intervalω_(T1)is generated.The THz wave with a frequency of M-timesω_(T1)is generated by mixing the m-th-order and the(m+M)-th-order cascaded optical wave.The phase mismatch distributions of cascaded difference frequency generation(CDFG)are modulated by changing the thickness of planar waveguide step by step,thereby satisfying the phase-matching condition from first-order to high-order cascaded Stokes process step by step.As a result,the intensity of THz wave can be enhanced and modulated by controlling the cascading order of OCDFG.

基于音叉式AFM测量的软件控制研究

基于音叉式原子力显微镜(AFM)的基本原理,设计了一个幅度调制模式下的测量控制系统,该控制系统的主要实现功能为针尖接近、针尖工作点位置保持和样品的表面形貌测量。实验得到针尖在不同激励电压下的接近曲线,针尖分别在100 mV、200 mV、500 mV、1 V激励下,工作区间大小为4.7 nm、8.5 nm、12.1 nm、15.7 nm,灵敏度分别为0.0423 V/nm、0.0564 V/nm、0.0861 V/nm、0.0831 V/nm。实验得到针尖工作点位置保持过程中的纳米位移台位置变化曲线,针尖工作点的正向偏移值为2.3 nm,负向偏移值为1.3 nm。表面形貌测量采用X轴双向扫描模式,即在纳米位移台于X轴方向上的往返过程中分别测量1次表面形貌数据,对正向扫描和反向扫描的数据进行计算处理;正向扫描的间距误差为5.2 nm,高度误差为0.3 nm,反向扫描的间距误差为6.4 nm,高度误差为0.5 nm。

基于AFM探测分析不同白血病分型患者外周血红细胞形貌和超微结构的差异

原子力显微镜(AFM)凭借独特的优势已经成为细胞生物学领域的重要研究手段。文章使用AFM分别研究人体血液中正常红细胞、急性髓系白血病(AML)和急性淋巴细胞白血病(ALL)分型红细胞,分析并比较三者的细胞形态和超微结构,进一步探究其变化对生理功能的影响。研究结果表明,AFM可以清晰地观察到病变红细胞的形态、各项细胞参数发生变化,能够为病变红细胞的辨别提供依据。同时,AFM可以清晰地观察到不同红细胞膜表面的形态与超微结构差异,有望为红细胞相关疾病的诊断和治疗提供一种有效的观察分析手段。

帧率再进一步,FSR 3与AFMF发力!XFX讯景Radeon RX 7900 GRE 16G海外版

7月底,AMD旗下的Radeon RX 7000系显卡新成员—RX 7900 GRE正式解禁,基于RX 7900XT略有减配的它有了更高的性价比,为AMD RX 7000系列提供了更多的价位段选择。而作为兔年黄金纪念版特别产品的又一新成员,搭载RDNA3架构、16GB GDDR6显存,定位1440p分辨率的XFX讯景Radeon RX 7900 GRE 16G于近期来到了评测室,和RX 7900 GRE才推出时不同,随着FSR 3与AFMF的发布,这款新品也有了新的“锋刃”。

XPS,AFM研究沥青基碳纤维电化学表面处理过程的机制

对各向同性沥青基碳纤维进行电化学氧化表面处理 ,用 XPS,AFM分析了碳纤维表面含氧官能团和表面微观形貌的变化过程。实验结果表明 :电化学氧化处理是表面碳及其含氧官能团逐步被氧化成羧基和 CO2 的过程。氧化处理首先是使碳纤维表面变得更光滑 ,持续氧化后才会出现沟槽 ,SEM的分辨率不足以表征碳纤维电化学氧化前后的表面形貌变化 ,而采用 AFM可在纳米尺度上表征碳纤维在电化学氧化过程中的表面形貌变化。AFM和

珍珠表面微形貌的AFM和SEM研究

利用原子力显微镜 (AFM )结合传统的扫描电镜 (SEM )观察不同质量的珍珠表面 ,在微米级至纳米级的范围内对珍珠表面进行了全面的超显微结构特征分析 ,探讨SEM下无法涉及的珍珠纳米级表面结构与珍珠物理特性(光泽度、粗糙度、伴色 )之间的相关性。研究显示 ,珍珠等级与文石层、文石微层、文石板块及其内部文石集合体的有序度、致密度等均呈正相关关系。本文还提出在珍珠养殖与交易的珍珠分级中可利用微形貌数据如平均粗糙度(Ra)

磁控溅射法制备纳米Ag薄膜的AFM分析和导电性能

在室温条件下,采用磁控溅射法在PET纺粘非织造布上制备了纳米Ag薄膜,用原子力扫描显微镜(AFM)分析溅射功率、溅射真空室气压等工艺参数对纳米Ag薄膜结晶状态、粒径的影响;研究了溅射工艺参数与薄膜导电性能之间的关系。实验结果表明,在室温下,随着溅射功率增加,纳米Ag薄膜Ag粒子尺寸增大,功率为120 W时,薄膜导电性能最好;随着反应气体压强增加,Ag粒子直径变小,薄膜的导电性能变差。