Novel damage constitutive models and new quantitative identification method for stress thresholds of rocks under uniaxial compression

Four key stress thresholds exist in the compression process of rocks,i.e.,crack closure stress(σ_(cc)),crack initiation stress(σ_(ci)),crack damage stress(σ_(cd))and compressive strength(σ_(c)).The quantitative identifications of the first three stress thresholds are of great significance for characterizing the microcrack growth and damage evolution of rocks under compression.In this paper,a new method based on damage constitutive model is proposed to quantitatively measure the stress thresholds of rocks.Firstly,two different damage constitutive models were constructed based on acoustic emission(AE)counts and Weibull distribution function considering the compaction stages of the rock and the bearing capacity of the damage element.Then,the accumulative AE counts method(ACLM),AE count rate method(CRM)and constitutive model method(CMM)were introduced to determine the stress thresholds of rocks.Finally,the stress thresholds of 9 different rocks were identified by ACLM,CRM,and CMM.The results show that the theoretical stress−strain curves obtained from the two damage constitutive models are in good agreement with that of the experimental data,and the differences between the two damage constitutive models mainly come from the evolutionary differences of the damage variables.The results of the stress thresholds identified by the CMM are in good agreement with those identified by the AE methods,i.e.,ACLM and CRM.Therefore,the proposed CMM can be used to determine the stress thresholds of rocks.

An Information Entropy-Based Methodology to Construct the Avulsion Threshold in the Tail Reach of the Estuarine Alluvial Plain

Channel avulsion is a natural phenomenon that occurs abruptly on alluvial river deltas,which can affect the channel stability.The causes for avulsion could be generally categorized as topography-and flood-driven factors.However,previous studies on avulsion thresholds usually focused on topography-driven factors due to the centurial or millennial avulsion timescales of the world’s most deltas,but neglected the impacts of flood-driven factors.In the current study,a novel demarcation equation including the two driven factors was proposed,with the decadal timescale of avulsion being considered in the Yellow River Estuary(YRE).In order to quantify the contributions of different factors in each category,an entropy-based methodology was used to calculate the contributing weights of these factors.The factor with the highest weight in each category was then used to construct the demarcation equation,based on avulsion datasets associated with the YRE.An avulsion threshold was deduced according to the demarcation equation.This avulsion threshold was then applied to conduct the risk assessment of avulsion in the YRE.The results show that:two dominant factors cover respectively geomorphic coefficient representing the topography-driven factor and fluvial erosion intensity representing the flood-driven factor,which were thus employed to define a two dimensional mathematical space in which the demarcation equation can be obtained;the avulsion threshold derived from the equation was also applied in the risk assessment of avulsion;and the avulsion threshold proposed in this study is more accurate,as compared with the existing thresholds.

The effects of population aging on industrial structure upgrading:Empirical analysis of provincial and threshold characteristics in China

Global population aging trends are intensifying,presenting multifaceted economic and social challenges for countries worldwide.As the world’s largest developing country,China has entered a phase of extreme demographic aging,posing significant questions about its impact on the ongoing upgrading of industrial structures.How does this demographic shift influence the upgrading of industrial structures,and does technological innovation mitigate or exacerbate this impact?The empirical results indicate that population aging impedes upgrading the industrial structure,while technological innovation positively affects the relationship between the two.Moreover,using technological innovation as a threshold variable,the impact of population aging on industrial structure upgrading evolves in a“gradient”manner from“impediment”to“insignificant”to“promotion”as the technological innovation levels increase.These findings offer practical guidance for tailoring industrial policies to different stages of technological advancement.

AUTOMATIC MULTILEVEL THRESHOLDING METHOD BASED ON MAXIMUM ENTROPY

In the multilevel thresholding segmentation of the image, the classification number is always given by the supervisor. To solve this problem, a fast multilevel thresholding algorithm considering both the threshold value and the classification number is proposed based on the maximum entropy, and the self-adaptive criterion of the classification number is given. The algorithm can obtain thresholds and automatically decide the classification number. Experimental results show that the algorithm is effective.

An Improved Double-Threshold Method Based on Gradient Histogram

This paper analyzes the characteristics of the output gradient histogram and shortages of several traditional automatic threshold methods in order to segment the gradient image better. Then an improved double-threshold method is proposed, which is combined with the method of maximum classes variance, estimating-area method and double-threshold method. This method can automatically select two different thresholds to segment gradient images. The computer simulation is performed on the traditional methods and this algorithm and proves that this method can get satisfying result. Key words gradient histogram image - threshold selection - double-threshold method - maximum classes variance method CLC number TP 391. 41 Foundation item: Supported by the National Nature Science Foundation of China (50099620) and the Project of Chenguang Plan in Wuhan (985003062)Biography: YANG Shen (1977-), female, Ph. D. candidate, research direction: multimedia information processing and network technology.

Study on the critical stress threshold of weakly cemented sandstone damage based on the renormalization group method

During the microstructural analysis of weakly cemented sandstone,the granule components and ductile structural parts of the sandstone are typically generalized.Considering the contact between granules in the microstructure of weakly cemented sandstone,three basic units can be determined:regular tetrahedra,regular hexahedra,and regular octahedra.Renormalization group models with granule-and pore-centered weakly cemented sandstone were established,and,according to the renormalization group transformation rule,the critical stress threshold of damage was calculated.The results show that the renormalization model using regular octahedra as the basic units has the highest critical stress threshold.The threshold obtained by iterative calculations of the granule-centered model is smaller than that obtained by the pore-centered model.The granule-centered calculation provides the lower limit(18.12%),and the pore-centered model provides the upper limit(36.36%).Within this range,the weakly cemented sandstone is in a phase-like critical state.That is,the state of granule aggregation transforms from continuous to discrete.In the relative stress range of 18.12%-36.36%,the weakly cemented sandstone exhibits an increased proportion of high-frequency signals(by 83.3%)and a decreased proportion of low-frequency signals(by 23.6%).The renormalization calculation results for weakly cemented sandstone explain the high-low frequency conversion of acoustic emission signals during loading.The research reported in this paper has important significance for elucidating the damage mechanism of weakly cemented sandstone.

Mammogram Images Thresholding for Breast Cancer Detection Using Different Thresholding Methods

The purpose of this study is to apply different thresholding in mammogram images, and then we will determine which technique is the best in thresholding (extraction) malignant and benign tumors from the rest breast tissues. The used technique is Otsu method, because it is one of the most effective methods for most real world views with regard to uniformity and shape measures. Also, we present all the thresholding methods that used the concept of between class variance. We found from the experimental results that all the used thresholding techniques work well in detection normal breast tissues. But in abnormal tissues (breast tumors), we found that only neighborhood valley emphasis method gave best detection of malignant tumors. Also, the results demonstrate that variance and intensity contrast technique is the best in extraction the micro calcifications which represent the first signs of breast cancer.

Dual threshold search method for asperity boundary determination based on geodetic and seismic catalog data

As an important model for explaining the seismic rupture mode,the asperity model plays an important role in studying the stress accumulation of faults and the location of earthquake initiation.Taking Qilian-Haiyuan fault as an example,this paper combines geodetic method and b-value method to propose a multi-source observation data fusion detection method that accurately determines the asperity boundary named dual threshold search method.The method is based on the criterion that the b-value asperity boundary should be most consistent with the slip deficit rate asperity boundary.Then the optimal threshold combination of slip deficit rate and b-value is obtained through threshold search,which can be used to determine the boundary of the asperity.Based on this method,the study finds that there are four potential asperities on the Qilian-Haiyuan fault:two asperities(A1 and A2)are on the Tuolaishan segment and the other two asperities(B and C)are on Lenglongling segment and Jinqianghe segment,respectively.Among them,the lengths of asperities A1 and A2 on Tuolaishan segment are 17.0 km and 64.8 km,respectively.And the lower boundaries are 5.5 km and 15.5 km,respectively;The length of asperity B on Lenglongling segment is 70.7 km,and the lower boundary is 10.2 km.The length of asperity C on Jinqianghe segment is 42.3 km,and the lower boundary is 8.3 km.

A New Regularized Minimum Error Thresholding Method

To overcome the shortcoming that the traditional minimum error threshold method can obtain satisfactory image segmentation results only when the object and background of the image strictly obey a certain type of probability distribution,one proposes the regularized minimum error threshold method and treats the traditional minimum error threshold method as its special case.Then one constructs the discrete probability distribution by using the separation between segmentation threshold and the average gray-scale values of the object and background of the image so as to compute the information energy of the probability distribution.The impact of the regularized parameter selection on the optimal segmentation threshold of the regularized minimum error threshold method is investigated.To verify the effectiveness of the proposed regularized minimum error threshold method,one selects typical grey-scale images and performs segmentation tests.The segmentation results obtained by the regularized minimum error threshold method are compared with those obtained with the traditional minimum error threshold method.The segmentation results and their analysis show that the regularized minimum error threshold method is feasible and produces more satisfactory segmentation results than the minimum error threshold method.It does not exert much impact on object acquisition in case of the addition of a certain noise to an image.Therefore,the method can meet the requirements for extracting a real object in the noisy environment.

Extraction of LUCC with different methods and threshold value

The research of land use and land cover (LUCC) is an important aspect in the global change research. The goal of this study is to find methods of extraction of LUCC’s change outlined and change type from remotely sensed data. Take the country of Fengxian in Shanghai as an example, it was supposed two steps to finish extraction of LUCC information: the first step was to use different methods, which is used to outline change areas; the second step include methods of false composing of two-temporal and threshold value. Through combining two methods, a model rule is built and the LUCC product is obtained, four kinds of change type within the study area are given, and the results are obvious. Finally, the results support the application of the high resolution image and tasseled cap composition (greenness and wetness) in the specific regional too.

Tactile sensitivity in ultrasonic haptics: Do different parts of hand and different rendering methods have an impact on perceptual threshold?

Background Ultrasonic tactile representation utilizes focused ultrasound to create tactile sensations on the bare skin of a user's hand that is not in contact with a device.This study is a preliminary investigation on whether different ultrasonic haptic rendering methods have an impact on the perceptual threshold.Methods This study conducted experiments with the adaptive step method to obtain participants'perceptual thresholds.We examine(1)whether different parts on the palm of the hand have different perceptual thresholds;(2)whether the perceptual threshold is different when the ultrasonic focus point is stationary and when it moves in different trajectories;(3)whether different moving speeds of the ultrasonic focus point have an influence on the perceptual threshold;and(4)whether the addition of a DC offset to the modulating wave has an impact on the perceptual threshold.Results The results show that the center of the palm is more sensitive to ultrasonic haptics than the fingertip;compared with a fast-moving focus point,the palm is more sensitive to a stationary and slow-moving focus point.When the modulating wave has a DC offset,the palm is sensitive to a much smaller modulation amplitude.Conclusion For the future ultrasonic tactile representation systems,dynamic adjustment of intensity is required to compensate the difference in perceptual thresholds under different rendering methods to achieve more realistic ultrasonic haptics.

山洪灾害雨量预警指标分析方法评述与展望

山洪灾害预警指标是山洪灾害预报预警的核心,我国现阶段主要采用经验法和水位流量反推法确定雨量预警指标,并逐步推广应用复合预警指标法和动态临界雨量法。在系统阐述国内外常用雨量预警指标分析方法及其特点基础上,针对山洪灾害预警指标分析中需考虑的降雨时空分布变化、高含砂水流、泥石流及其他不确定因素影响问题,提出今后雨量预警指标研究方向。

星载微波部件微放电阈值的改进多粒子蒙特卡罗计算方法

星载微波部件的微放电效应是导致航天器谐振类设备失谐、噪声电平抬高、输出功率下降,甚至影响通信信道乃至整个微波传输系统彻底失效的瓶颈问题之一。在设计阶段对星载微波部件微放电效应进行精准的评估是减少地面反复试验,避免延误研制周期的重要手段。为了进一步改善现有蒙特卡洛方法的计算准确度问题,文中提出了一种精度更高的计算星载微波部件微放电阈值的蒙特卡罗方法,该方法对参与微放电过程的初始电子进行了动态调整,采用四阶龙格-库塔法推进微波部件中电子的运动轨迹,基于Furman模型描述电子与微波表面相互作用的二次电子发射过程,按照碰撞电子产生的实际二次电子个数及对应能量参与碰撞时刻后的微放电过程,该多粒子-多碰撞过程更加客观、准确地表征了微放电效应发生的物理过程。以平板传输线和同轴传输线为例,文中所提出的方法相对于已有的蒙特卡罗方法计算精度显著提升,同时计算效率优于商用CST的粒子模拟结果。

数字经济、文化距离与中国文化产品出口——基于39个贸易伙伴国的实证研究

本文基于2010~2021年中国与39个主要文化贸易伙伴国的面板数据,构建扩展的贸易引力模型,利用动态系统广义矩估计以及门槛面板回归的方法,实证分析数字经济与文化距离对文化产品出口的影响。研究发现:(1)数字经济对中国文化产品出口具有显著的促进作用,而文化距离则具有反向抑制作用;(2)异质性分析显示数字经济对不同类别文化产品出口的促进作用有所差异,其中对音像和交互媒体类文化产品促进作用最大,对书籍和报刊类文化产品影响不显著;(3)门槛面板分析显示,当中国与贸易伙伴国之间的文化距离超过门槛值后,数字经济对文化产品出口的促进作用由显著促进变为不显著促进。基于此,本文提出利用数字技术赋能文化贸易发展、突破文化距离限制、优化文化产品出口结构、提高数字贸易规则制定的话语权等若干建议。

对称约束的类间方差阈值方法

为了提高现有最大类间方差法(OTSU)的阈值化精度和适应性,提出了一种对称约束的类间方差阈值方法。该方法首先对输入图像使用Prewitt算子构建梯度幅值图像,并根据对称性原则提取对称采样区;然后,基于构建的对称约束类间方差目标函数最大化准则选取阈值,并判断在此阈值下对称采样区是否满足对称条件;当无法满足对称条件时,基于对称采样区对输入图像进行对称修正处理,并应用对称约束的类间方差目标函数对修正后的对称采样区选取阈值;最后,使用最终选取的阈值对输入图像阈值化。在28幅合成图像和70幅真实世界图像集上比较了提出的方法与OTSU法及4种OTSU的改进方法的阈值化性能。实验结果表明,提出方法的误分类率在合成图像和真实世界图像上分别为0.0106和0.016,相较于阈值化精度第2的方法在误分类方面分别降低了91.4%和86.1%。提出的方法虽然在计算效率方面不占有优势,但它对不同模态的测试图像具有更稳健的阈值化适应性和更高的阈值化精度。

恒静载降K法测定焊缝疲劳裂纹扩展门槛值研究

焊接残余拉应力会显著降低焊接接头疲劳性能,因此,焊接结构疲劳寿命评估参数的测定应对焊接残余应力予以充分考虑.为测得考虑焊接残余应力影响条件下的疲劳裂纹扩展门槛值,本文提出通过设定恒定平均外载以等效残余应力作用,进而逐级降低裂尖应力强度因子范围(ΔK)测得焊缝疲劳裂纹扩展门槛值的方法,即恒静载降K法.通过与ASTM E647-15等标准推荐测试方法所得结果对比,探究了恒静载降K法测量值适用性;通过扫描电镜(SEM)、电子背散射衍射(EBSD)等手段观察,对比分析了不同测量方法近门槛值载荷下的裂尖材料疲劳断口和变形行为.结果表明:采用恒静载降K法测量焊缝疲劳裂纹扩展门槛值最低,采用恒最大应力强度因子(K_(max))降载法的测量值次之,采用恒应力比(R)降载法的测量值最高.对比不同裂纹尖端K_(max)设定对门槛值测量的影响,发现随着K_(max)增大,门槛值测量值先快速下降,随后趋于平稳;采用恒静载降K法测定过程中K_(max)呈逐渐上升趋势,相应的门槛值测量值最低.疲劳断口显示,随着外加平均载荷增大,在近门槛值阶段断口形貌由疲劳辉纹转变为微区解理断裂;基于EBSD表征计算的裂尖材料几何必需位错密度表明,随着近门槛值外载的平均载荷增大,裂纹尖端位错密度增加.

融合自适应步长与地图匹配的智能手机PDR室内定位算法

针对经典的PDR算法中步长估算模型无法适应不同个体之间差异以及手机内部传感器航向角估算不准确的问题,提出了一种融合自适应步长与地图匹配的智能手机PDR室内定位算法。该算法在Weinberg模型的基础上,引入相邻波峰时间差函数以提高步长模型的适应性。采用双阈值法进行步频检测,并利用卡尔曼滤波优化地图匹配后的航向角,最终实现室内行人的精确定位。实验数据显示,所提算法总路程的闭环误差为0.58%,与仅使用自适应步长相比下降了73.29%,与仅使用地图匹配相比下降了59.21%,行程72 m的累积误差为4.484 m,相较于经典的PDR算法下降了28.21%。改进后的算法定位精度显著提高,且闭环误差和累积误差更小。实验结果表明,该算法具有良好的工程应用价值。

一种改进的行人航迹推算算法研究

针对行人在室内定位不准确的问题,提出一种改进的行人航迹推算算法。在步数检测阶段,提出一种基于运动分割的三阈值峰值检测法,实现了行人在不同运动状态下步数的精准检测。通过使用改进的Weinberg模型实现步长估算。并提出一种基于主方向假设的航向角修正算法,实现行人的航向角修正。最后综合步数、步长和航向角信息实现室内行人的航迹推算。实验结果表明,改进的行人航迹推算算法在室内有较好的稳定性,在室内的平均定位误差<5%,较传统PDR算法在平均定位误差上降低了9.53%,提高了行人在室内定位的精度。

农业农村数字化对农户增收的影响机制研究

【目的】农业农村数字化是推动乡村振兴、建设农业强国的必由之路,对农户增收具有显著的赋能效应。构建农业农村数字化的综合评价体系,实证探究农业农村数字化的增收效应及作用机制,为缓解“数字鸿沟”难题、保障农业农村数字经济高质量发展提供政策启示。【方法】选取2011—2020年我国31个省(区)面板数据,运用熵权TOPSIS法对农业农村数字化水平进行测算,然后使用固定效应、中介效应考察数字化对农户增收的影响及作用机制,采用门槛模型探究数字化与农户增收之间的门槛效应。【结果】(1)农业农村数字化对农户增收有显著的促进作用,数字化水平每增加1%单位,农户收入平均增长57.4元;正向效应在东部地区较为显著,但在中部地区表现为抑制、西部地区促进效应并不明显,表明存在“数字鸿沟”;(2)农业农村数字化通过促进农户兼业发展、加速土地流转、提高农户融资概率、促进农产品销售等途径作用于农户收入增长;(3)数字普惠金融在农业农村数字化与农户增收之间存在显著的双重门槛效应,第一门槛值为33.401,第二门槛值为148.370。随着阈值区间的提高,农业农村数字化对农户收入增长呈现出先抑制后促进的“正U型”关系。【结论】农业农村数字化能够有效促进农户增收,但“数字鸿沟”困境仍然存在;提出加强数字化基础设施建设、提供农业数字化培训和教育、促进农村数字普惠金融发展、制定区域差异化的数字化发展策略等政策启示,以促进农户增收。

数字经济发展、FDI与碳排放强度

促进经济低碳转型和构建双循环发展格局是我国当前面临的重大焦点问题.作为助推经济发展的重要引擎,数字经济能否促进低碳发展?基于2011—2020年中国30个省份面板数据从投入、产出角度测度数字经济发展水平,运用Tobit模型和门槛模型实证研究数字经济发展对碳排放强度的影响及FDI对上述关系的调节作用.研究表明:数字经济发展对碳排放强度有显著抑制作用,且FDI增强了数字经济发展的降碳效应;数字经济发展与FDI对碳排放强度均存在单一门槛效应.本文为理解数字经济的碳排放影响提供了新的分析视角,也为促进经济社会发展全面绿色转型、构建双循环新发展格局提供了政策启示.