Features and Formation Mechanism of Faults and Potash-forming Effect in the Lop Nur Salt Lake,Xinjiang,China

The Lop Nur Salt Lake, located in the eastern part of the Tarim Basin, Xinjiang, China, has become a playa in the Quaternary. Rhombic in shape, the Lop Nur depression is mainly controlled by the NE-striking and nearly N-S-striking sets of faults. Since 1995, a superlarge brine potash deposit with potash resources of 2.50×10^8s t has been found in the Luobei subbasin in the northeastern part of the Lop Nur. We intensively studied the features and formation mechanism of faults inside the Lop Nur through satellite images, geomorphologic survey and continuous conductivity imaging and found seven subparallel graben faults formed under the action of nearly N 10° E principal compressional stress during deposition of the Lop Nur Salt Lake. These faults are up to 〉60 km long and 1-4 km wide and may extend downward for 1000 m or more. It is just under the action of these tensional faults that potash subbasius formed. The largest subbasin is the Luobei subbasin and the smaller ones are the Luoxi hollow, Erbei hollow and Tienan hollow. Investigation also indicates that the graben faults in the Lop Nur not only control the origin of the potash subbasins, but they themselves are also good brine reservoir structures, in which abundant potash-rich brines are stored. Therefore, The faults had played an important role in the potash formation of the Lop Nur.

Synthesis, Characterization and Formation Mechanism of Friedel's Salt(FS:3CaO·A1_2O_3·CaCl_2·10H_2O) by the Reaction of Calcium Chloride with Sodium Aluminate

The synthesis of Friedel＇s salt （FS： 3CaO·Al2O3·CaCl2·10H2O） by the reaction of calcium chloride with sodium aluminate was investigated. Factors affecting the preparation of Friedel＇s salt, such as reaction temperature, initial concentration, titration speed, aging time and molar Ca/Al ratio were studied in detail. XRD, SEM images and particle size distribution show that the reaction temperature, aging time and molar Ca/Al ratio have significant effect on the composition, crystal morphology, and average particle size of the obtained samples. In addition, the initial CaCl2 concentration and NaAlO2 titration speed do not significantly influence the morphology and particle size distribution of Friedel＇s salt. With the optimization of the operating conditions, the crystals can grow up to a average size of about 28 μm, showing flat hexagonal （or pseudo- hexagonal） crystal morphology. Moreover, two potential mechanisms of Friedel＇s salt formation including adsorption mechanism and anion-exchange mechanism were discussed. In the adsorption mechanism, Friedel＇s salt forms due to the adsorption of the bulk C1- ions present in the solution into the interlayers of the principal layers, [Ca2Al（OH-）6·2H2O]＋, in order to balance the charge. In the anion-exchange mechanism, the freechloride ions bind with the AFro （a family of hydrated compounds found in cement） hydrates to form Friedel＇s salt by anion-exchange with the ions present in the interlayers of the principal layer, [Ca2Al（OH-）6. 2H2O]＋- OH-.

A Periglacial Palaeoenvionment in the Upper Carboniferous-Lower Permian Tobra Formation of the Salt Range,Pakistan

The Upper Carboniferous-Lower Permian （Upper Pennsylvanian-Asselian） Tobra Formation is exposed in the Salt and Trans Indus ranges of Pakistan. The formation exhibits an alluvial plain （alluvial fan-piedmont alluvial plain） facies association in the Salt Range and Khisor Range. In addition, a stream flow facies association is restricted to the eastern Salt Range. The alluvial plain facies association is comprised of clast-supported massive conglomerate （Gmc）, diamictite （Dm） facies, and massive sandstone （Sm） iithofacies whereas the stream flow-dominated alluvial plain facies association includes fine-grained sandstone and sUtstone （Fss）, fining upwards pebbly sandstone （Sf）, and massive mudstone （Fro） lithofacies. The lack of glacial signatures （particularly glacial grooves and striations） in the deposits in the Tobra Formation, which are, in contrast, present in their time-equivalent and palaeogeographically nearby strata of the Arabian peninsula, e.g. the Al Khlata Formation of Oman and Unayzah B member of the Sandi Arabia, suggests a pro-to periglacial, i.e. glaciofluvial depositional setting for the Tobra Formation. The sedimentology of the Tobra Formation attests that the Salt Range, Pakistan, occupied a palaeogeographic position just beyond the maximum glacial extent during Upper Pennsylvanian-Asselian time.

The Cementing Techniques Of Salt Formation

This paper analyzes mechnasim of casing failure and collapse by salt formation,discusses cementing techniques of salt zone about casing programme, casing design, preparation of well condition, mud and slurry properties required, cementing technology, and puts forward the measures for solving problems posed when cementing through salt sequences, and illustrates with examples.

The Formation and Structure Evolution of Zechstein (Upper Permian) Salt in Northeast German Basin: A Review

The Zechstein (Upper Permian) salts are extensively distributed in the Northeast German Basin (NEGB). Their formation and movements have attracted great attention to discovering the accumulation and exploration of hydrocarbon sources, as well as the salt production. But the previous studies are validated in cases and a general view on these studies is scarce. By analyzing and integrating previous studies, the history and structure evolution of Zechstein salts were reviewed in this paper. Seven cycles of Zechstein salt (Na1, Na2, Na3, Na4, Na5, Na6, Na7) with distinct composition and thickness were deposited after a series of marine transgressions and regressions during the Upper Permian. The Na1 (300 m) locally developed in a lagoon environment. The thick Na2 (over 500 m) was widely deposited in the whole basin. The Na3, Na4, Na5, Na6 and Na7 decreased progressively in thickness and distribution. These salts should have been moved as a result of regional tectonics taking place from Triassic to Early Cenozoic, which changes the original distribution of salts, resulting in the formation of different salt structures (pillows and diapirs). Salt movement was more intensive in central and southern parts of the basin forming narrow and widely-distributed salt diapirs, while it was less intensive in the northern parts where salt pillows are the major structure. The salt meadow and saline springs are also present, which are attributed to the salinization of the groundwater. By this study, we review the history and structure development of the Zechstein salt in the NEGB by associating each individual study and figure out the common and regional characters of the salt in this region.

Reservoir Quality Assessment of the Upper Permian Chhidru Formation, Salt and Surghar Ranges, Pakistan

The Late Permian succession of the Upper Indus Basin in northeastern Pakistan is represented by the carbonatedominated Zaluch Group, which consists of the Amb, Wargal and Chhidru formations, which accumulated on the southwestern shelf of the Paleo-Tethys Ocean, north of the hydrocarbon-producing Permian strata of the Arabian Peninsula. The reservoir properties of the mixed clastic-carbonate Chhidru Formation(CFm) are evaluated based on petrography, using scanning electron microscopy(SEM), energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy(EDX) and x-ray diffraction(XRD) techniques. The diagenetic features are recognized, ranging from marine(isopachous fibrous calcite, micrite), through meteoric(blocky calcite-I, neomorphism and dissolution) to burial(poikilotopic cement, blocky calcite-II-III, fractures, fracture-filling, and stylolites). Major porosity types include fracture and moldic, while inter-and intra-particle porosities also exist. Observed visual porosity ranges from 1.5%–7.14% with an average of 5.15%. The sandstone facies(CMF-4) has the highest average porosity of 10.7%, whereas the siliciclastic grainstone microfacies(CMF-3) shows an average porosity of 5.3%. The siliciclastic mudstone microfacies(CMF-1) and siliciclastic wacke-packestone microfacies(CMF-2) show the lowest porosities of 4.8% and 5.0%, respectively. Diagenetic processes like cementation, neomorphism, stylolitization and compaction have reduced the primary porosities;however, processes of dissolution and fracturing have produced secondary porosity. On average, the CFm in the Nammal Gorge, Salt Range shows promise and at Gula Khel Gorge, Trans-Indus, the lowest porosity.

Deep Drilling Campaign in the Western Qaidam Basin,NE Tibetan Plateau and their Revealed Global Temperature Forcing of Salt Formation in the Late Miocene-Quaternary

The Qaidam Basin in the NE Tibetan Plateau has contributed the largest amount of potash in China.However,how the potash was formed has long been a subject of debate.Here we carried out a deep drilling

Methane hydrate formation and dissociation in synthetic seawater

The formation and dissociation of methane gas hydrate at an interface between synthetic seawater （SSW） and methane gas have been experimentally investigated in the present work. The amount of gas consumed during hydrate formation has been calculated using the real gas equation. Induction time for the formation of hydrate is found to depend on the degree of subcooling. All the experiments were conducted in quiescent system with initial cell pressure of 11.14 MPa. Salinity effects on the onset pressure and temperature of hydrate formation are also observed. The dissociation enthalpies of methane hydrate in synthetic seawater were determined by Clausius-Clapeyron equation based on the measured phase equilibrium data. The dissociation data have been analyzed by existing models and compared with the reported data.

Developing a phenomenological model to simulate single and mixed scale formation during flow in porous media:Coupling a salt precipitation model with an ion transport equation under dynamic conditions

Water flooding and pressure maintenance are recommended to improve oil recovery practices after low recovery of petroleum reservoirs occurs during primary production.Salt crystal formation is a frequent occurrence when using these techniques.Several experimental,numerical,and theoretical studies have been done on the mechanisms underlying scaling and permeability reduction in porous media;however,there has not been a satisfactory model developed.This study developed a phenomenological model to predict formation damage caused by salt deposition.Compared with existing models,which provide a scaling tendency,the proposed model predicts the profile of scale deposition.The salt precipitation model simulates reactive fluid flow through porous media.A thermodynamic,kinetic,and flow hydrodynamic model was developed and coupled with the ion transport equation to describe the movement of ions.Further,a set of carefully designed dynamic experiments were conducted and the data were compared with the model predictions.Model forecasts and experimental data were observed to have an average absolute error(AAE)ranging from 0.68%to 5.94%,which indicates the model's suitability.

Relationship between the Standard Enthalpy of Formation and the Ratio of Standard Enthalpy of Formation and Exothermic Denitration Decomposition Peak Temperature of M(NTO)_n

A relationship is established, using the least squares method, between the standard enthalpy of formation and the standard enthalpy of formation divided by the exothermic denitration decomposition peak absolute temperature corresponding to β →0.

Preparation and Standard Formation Enthalpy of 2-Amino-4,6-dimethylpyrimidine and Its Related Complexes of Copper

The complexes of hydrous copper chloride and copper nitrate with 2-amino-4,6-dimethylpyrimidine(ADMP) were prepared via reflux in alcohol. The compositions of the complexes were identified as Cu(ADMP) 2Cl 2·2H 2O(b) and Cu(ADMP)(NO 3) 2·H 2O(c) by chemical and elemental analyses. The complexes were characterized by IR, XPS, 1H NMR and TG-DTG techniques. The constant-volume combustion energies of ADMP and the complexes, Δ c E , were determined by a precise rotating-bomb calorimeter at 298 15 K. They were (-3664 53±1 18), (-4978 47±2 72) and (-1696 70±1 36) kJ/mol, respectively. Their standard enthalpies of combustion, Δ c H 0 m, and standard enthalpies of formation, Δ f H 0 m, were calculated to be (-3666 39±1 18), (-4977 23±2 72), (-1691 12±1 36) kJ/mol and (19 09±1 43), (-2041 80±3 29), (-2397 24±1 65) kJ/mol, respectively.

塔里木盆地寒武系盐下白云岩成藏条件分析与勘探部署方向

塔里木盆地寒武系盐下具有优质的生储盖组合,是盆地级重大战略接替领域,但由于埋深大、层系古老,寒武系盐下勘探面临烃源岩、沉积储层与油气保存等基础地质方面诸多认识问题。本文在前人研究基础上,通过野外露头、钻井分析与区域地震大剖面解释,重新认识寒武系盐下烃源岩、沉积储层、盖层与油气保存条件,结合已钻井分析,指出寒武系盐下有利勘探方向,优选有利勘探区带。结果表明:1)下寒武统玉尔吐斯组烃源岩分布受控于前寒武纪裂坳体系,主要分布在北部坳陷及周缘、塔西南地区,总面积约26.8×10^(4) km^(2)。2)寒武系盐下发育肖尔布拉克组内—中缓坡丘滩体、吾松格尔组礁后滩两套储层。肖尔布拉克组内—中缓坡丘滩体沿塔南古陆周缘分布,面积4.5×10^(4) km^(2);吾松格尔组礁后滩发育在轮南—古城台缘带内侧,面积5.3×10^(3) km^(2)。3)中寒武统膏盐岩盖层发育膏盐湖、膏云坪、泥云坪3个相带,由巴楚隆起—阿瓦提凹陷膏盐湖中心向四周呈环带状展布,总面积大约25×10^(4) km^(2)。4)基于已钻井分析,提出近源、规模优质储盖组合与古隆起背景是寒武系盐下勘探突破的方向。优选塔中北斜坡、古城—肖塘南、温宿周缘、轮南地区4个Ⅰ类有利区与麦盖提斜坡1个Ⅱ类有利区,总面积5.4×10^(4) km^(2)。研究成果对于塔里木盆地寒武系盐下勘探部署具有一定的指导意义。

东濮凹陷北部古近系沙三段超压岩性油气藏成藏机理

东濮凹陷深部储层致密,超压广泛发育,油气生运聚过程复杂。利用测井、录井、钻井及地球化学分析等资料,对东濮凹陷北部古近系沙三段超压的形成机制、超压对源岩与储层的影响以及油气运移动力进行了系统研究,并阐明深层超压岩性油气藏的成藏机理。研究结果表明:(1)东濮凹陷北部古近系沙三段超压岩性油气藏类型主要包括砂岩上倾尖灭油气藏、砂岩透镜体油气藏、裂缝油气藏3种纯岩性油气藏和岩性-构造油气藏、构造-岩性油气藏2种复合油气藏。岩性油气藏主要分布于东濮凹陷北部地区,尤其在前梨园洼陷、海通集洼陷、柳屯洼陷及濮城—卫城洼陷周边,具有“环洼有序分布”的特征。(2)研究区厚层膏盐岩发育及生烃过程产生的深层超压对烃源岩的生烃具有抑制作用,有效扩大了生油窗,增强了深部源岩的生烃能力,促进了其对环洼岩性油气藏的大规模近源供烃;膏盐岩发育、早期快速埋藏、超压的抗压实作用和晚期发育的溶蚀作用控制了优质储层的分布;深部广泛发育的超压和浮力协同作用为深层油气运移提供了有效动力。(3)研究区东部洼陷带为“单洼单源、早混相晚气相、自生自储、超压驱动运聚”成藏模式;东部陡坡带为“单洼多源、早混相晚气相、超压-浮力驱动侧向运聚”成藏模式;西部斜坡带为“单洼多源、油相、超压-浮力驱动侧向运聚”成藏模式;西部洼陷带为“单洼单源、油相、超压-浮力驱动侧向运聚”成藏模式。

罗布泊盐湖区固体钾盐沉积特征、分布及成因探讨

文章对罗布泊盐湖区杂卤石、光卤石、钾盐镁矾等不同类型固体钾盐矿物特征、分布及成因进行了分析总结。杂卤石主要产于罗北凹地内部沉降区,以交代成因类型为主,代表了以硫酸盐型卤水为主体的罗布泊盐湖残余卤水钾镁富集到一定程度与石膏、钙芒硝发生水-盐反应的产物。光卤石沉积主要产于断陷带(近)地表,为深部氯化物型卤水经断裂向上运移至地表、与浅部卤水掺杂经蒸发浓缩而成。钾盐镁矾主要产于南小团地区,其形成可能与凹陷基底反转、罗北凹地高浓度卤水回灌有关。罗布泊盐湖区不同类型的固体钾盐沉积是构造-物源-气候3种成钾要素在特定时间窗下耦合的产物:在干旱气候条件下,构造活动一方面导致盆地地貌分异形成更加封闭的成钾次级凹地,为钾盐沉积提供可容纳空间;另一方面活化断裂为深部流体补给盐湖提供通道,为钾盐沉积提供不同类型的物质来源,改变盐湖卤水化学组成最终形成不同类型钾盐矿物。

潜江组页岩弹性性质分析及各向异性岩石物理建模

岩石物理建模是定量描述页岩油气储层弹性性质的重要手段,然而不同地质成因、不同相态油气藏的弹性响应机理存在差异,需要结合岩石物理实验与地质特征分析予以明确,进而合理地开展理论建模研究.本研究针对江汉盆地潜江组盐间页岩油储层,综合数字岩心微观结构表征与岩心测试分析,在考虑研究区地质背景、岩石学特征、孔隙结构特征与弹性各向异性规律的基础上,提出了一套各向异性岩石物理建模流程,联合岩心数据与测井资料对本文构建的岩石物理模型以及由此获得的岩石物理解释量版进行了验证.进一步,基于该各向异性岩石物理模型与Metropolis-热浴算法提出了一种各向异性参数反演策略,并在潜江凹陷B井潜四下段展开应用,预测的纵、横波速度平均相对误差分别为-1.32%和-2.39%.研究结果表明,矿物的纹层特征、黏土的定向排列以及水平层理缝的存在共同影响着潜江组页岩的各向异性,将各向异性SCA、Backus平均、T-matrix理论组合后建立的岩石物理模型能够比较准确地描述潜江组页岩弹性响应规律.此外,基于该各向异性岩石物理模型的反演可以获得不同类型的孔隙含量、层理缝纵横比及各向异性,结果可为页岩储层力学性质评价、精确的速度建模以及工程地质参数分析提供依据.

鄂尔多斯盆地中东部奥陶系盐下层系白云岩储层沉积特征及发育演化机理

鄂尔多斯盆地马家沟组盐下的碳酸盐岩—蒸发岩层系是未来油气勘探的重要接替层系。由于碳酸盐岩—蒸发岩的特殊沉积组合强烈影响后续差异化成岩流体溶蚀—充填作用,进一步增大了盐下碳酸盐岩储层的复杂性,也给优质储层的分布预测增加了难度。本文以鄂尔多斯盆地马家沟组中下组合为研究对象,基于岩心、薄片、物性资料等开展储层地质学研究,识别出15种岩石类型和10类相序组合,明确了盐下储层类型包括:膏模孔泥晶云岩储层、颗粒白云岩储层、斑状白云岩储层、晶粒白云岩储层和微生物白云岩储层。在孔隙成因和演化分析基础上,建立了“优势沉积相+早期成孔+膏盐岩封盖保存孔隙”的盐下白云岩储层发育地质模式。研究结果深化了对盐下碳酸盐岩层系孔隙形成和保存机理的认识,同时对鄂尔多斯盆地的油气资源勘探开发具有重要的现实意义。

盐岩蠕变特征对井筒形变量的影响规律

针对盐岩地层普遍出现的套损现象,借助三轴岩石力学实验对取自川东北油气田某地层段盐岩的蠕变特性进行了实验研究。基于实验结果,构建了可描述盐岩的衰减蠕变阶段和稳态蠕变阶段特征的非定常盐岩蠕变模型,基于该盐岩蠕变模型计算深部盐岩地层蠕变过程中井筒径向位移的变化,计算结果显示井筒内压能有效地降低盐岩内壁的蠕变位移,而地层水平主应力和上覆地层压力可增大地层的偏差应力,从而增加盐岩内壁的蠕变位移。为避免盐岩蠕变造成套管变形,在水泥中添加空心陶瓷颗粒可有效降低水泥的弹性模量,使得水泥环能充分吸收地层径向蠕变给井筒系统增加的应变能,进而降低对套管的挤压作用,减小套变风险,形成油气井工程上一种新型套管止变技术方法。

滨里海盆地早二叠世孔谷期盐构造特征及其形成机制

滨里海盆地为自寒武系以来多期沉降的大型叠合含盐盆地,也是世界上油气资源最丰富的大型沉积盆地之一。下二叠统孔谷阶含盐层系在全盆皆有分布,岩盐层具有厚度大、分布广、后期变形构造样式多等特征,但厚层岩盐形成机制尚有争议,盐构造变形类型、空间组合分布规律、变形主控因素等尚不明确。为了研究盆地巨厚盐构造的形成机制及分布规律,在深入了解区域地质背景基础上,利用二维地震剖面资料,采用平衡剖面恢复方法,从全盆地的角度分析盆地演化过程与盐构造变形样式及分布规律,并探讨了盆地盐构造形成演化过程及触发机制。结果表明,盐岩变形程度由盆地中央向盆地边缘减小,由盆缘盐滚、盐背斜构造向盆地中心盐墙构造变化,呈现分带特征。盐岩层的变形对盐下地层影响较小,地层连续性较好;对盐上地层穿插切割较强,导致盐上地层连续性差,形变剧烈。先存斜坡和盆缘的挤压作用是盐岩层最初开始形变的因素,而上覆地层的差异负载作用是盐岩层发生构造变形的主导因素。滨里海盆地连续且巨厚的致密盐岩层是一个天然盖层,阻止了油气向上运移,盐下地层应是未来油气勘探的重点目标,同时,局部岩盐变形消失后使上下地层连接,利于油气向上运移成藏,形成盐上油气勘探目标区。

铜盐经济与中国早期西南边疆的形成与变动

在中国古代全时期,铜矿和井盐都是西南地区最具优势的大宗矿产资源,其早期开发实际上也在西南地区形成了若干个铜盐经济圈。巴蜀铜盐经济圈有力推动了早期“巴蜀同囿”文化格局的形成。秦并巴蜀后的西南边疆拓展,汉开西南夷、经营西南夷,蜀地强大的铜盐经济都为其提供了强力支撑。而在西南边疆,其本身也有明显的铜盐经济圈存在,且在圈中的都是西南夷的文明发达之地。汉开西南夷后,有力控制了原有的铜盐经济圈,并进一步开发铜盐经济,为汉代西南边疆的首次大开发提供了重要动力,其开采力量的边界,也基本形成了汉代西南边疆的外部边界。同时,其铜盐经济的深度洗礼之地,也基本成为东晋隋唐间西南地区的华夏文化边疆,从而为新的西南边疆的开发奠定更高更直接的前沿文明平台。空间极限与文化巩固,正是铜盐经济之于中国早期西南边疆形成的前后相继的两层逻辑,而这个逻辑中蕴含的力量,其实也是中华文明与国家起源过程中不可忽视的因素。

塔里木盆地深部寒武系复杂地层钻井液技术

塔里木盆地寒武系复杂地层具有超深、超高温、超高压及岩性、流体和应力复杂等地质特征,钻井过程中白云岩破碎性地层垮塌、薄层膏岩溶解导致井壁失稳及钻井液污染、钻井液高温稳定性差等问题突出。基于理论分析,提出了“合理密度支撑、随钻多级封堵及封闭浆静态强化”破碎性地层防塌、“欠饱和、低滤失”含膏白云岩地层防卡、“聚合物、磺化材料协同抗温”调控钻井液高温性能的钻井液技术对策。采用抗高温封堵防塌剂、抗高温抗盐聚合物降滤失剂、多尺度宽尺度粒径随钻封堵防塌处理剂、磺化处理剂和抗高温高效润滑剂作为关键处理剂,通过室内试验优选了SMDP-2抗高温抗盐降滤失剂,确定了封堵防塌材料配方和SMJH-1润滑剂最优加量,构建了耐温200℃的抗高温强封堵欠饱和盐水钻井液。该钻井液在QSH1井等3口井进行了应用,表现出良好的抑制性、封堵防塌性和高温稳定性,实现了复杂地层快速钻进。其中,QSH1井下丘里塔格组及阿瓦塔格组井段日平均渗漏量较邻井降低45.6%,井眼扩大率为9.52%,电测、下套管均一次顺利到底,钻井周期缩短30.32%。研究结果表明,该钻井液技术可有效解决温度200℃以内的塔里木盆地寒武系复杂地层钻井液技术难点,为该类地层安全快速钻井提供了技术保障。