Research progress of the fundamental theory and technology of rock blasting

Investigating rock fragmentation mechanisms under blasting and developing new blasting technologies are important and challenging directions for blast engineering.Recently,with the development of experimental techniques,the fundamental theory of rock blasting has been extensively studied in the past few decades and has made important achievements in the full understanding of the rock fracturing process under blast loading.It is thus imperative to systematically review the progress in this direction.This paper mainly focuses on the experimental study of rock blasting,including the distribution characteristic of blast energy,evolution of the blast stress field,propagation mechanism of cracks,interaction mechanism between blast waves and cracks,and influence of geostatic stress on rock fragmentation.In addition,some newly developed blasting technologies and their applications are briefly presented.This review could provide comprehensive insights to guide the study on the rock fracturing mechanism under blasting and further provide meaningful guidance for optimizing blast parameters in engineering.

Analysis on control technology for collapsing vibration generated by building demolition blasting

The mechanism of ground vibration in building demolition blasting was investigated,taking into account the prevailing influential factors, including the building's heightof mass center, the quantity size, the structural feature, the component material quantity,the demolition method, the geological structure of the region, earthquake resistance rank,as well as the earthquake wave dissemination.The proposed method was applied efficientlyto reduce the blasting effects on the environment, which enriches the control theoriesof vibration caused by collapse in the blasting process and may provide a good referencefor the related engineering practices.

EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF MECHANISM AND TECHNOLOGY OF DIRECTED CRACK BLASTING

The dynamic stress-fields and their distribution characteristics around boreholes in the directed crack blasting were measured with the dynamic photo-elastic laser holography apparatus and the ultradymamic measurement system. The directed crack mechanism and its mechanical model have been analysed and expounded. Through the 43 production experiments using slotted cartridges and the double triangle center cut-holes for directed crack blasting in underground rock drift, the results of which the rates of half-hole marks and efficiency of borehole,and the nonsmooth grades of the cut contours are 96%, 98% and 10cm respectively have been achieved.

Research progress on permeability improvement mechanisms and technologies of coalbed deep-hole cumulative blasting

Coalbed gas extraction is an important means of exploiting and utilizing gas resources,as well as a means of preventing coal mine disasters.In view of the low gas extraction rate from coalbeds with high gas content and low permeability,a method of improving permeability through deep-hole cumulative blasting is applied to develop initial directional fractures using a jet flow.Under the action of the blasting stress wave and detonation gas wedge,the fractures extend over a large range within the coal,thereby improving coalbed permeability.This study focuses on the criteria of cumulative blasting-induced coalbed fracturing based on a literature review of the penetration effect of cumulative blasting.On this basis,we summarize the coal fracturing zone,crack extension process,and the key technologies of charging and hole sealing for cumulative blasting.In addition,the latest research progress in the optimization of field test drilling and blasting parameters for cumulative blasting is introduced.Research findings indicate that the permeability improvement mechanism of cumulative blasting could be further enhanced,and the technology and technical equipment are in urgent need of improvement.Finally,development trends in the cumulative blasting permeability improvement technique are identified.

Analysis of key technologies and development of integrated digital processing system for cast blasting design

Casting blast can greatly reduce the stripping cost and improve the production capacity of opencast coal mines. Key technologies including high bench blasting, inclined hole, millisecond blasting, pre-splitting blasting and casting blast parameters determination which have influence on the effect of casting blast have been researched with the combination of the ballistic theory and experience in mines. The integrated digital processing system of casting blast was developed in order to simplify the design process of casting blast, improve working efficiency and veracity of design result and comprehensively adopt the software programming method and the theory of casting blast. This system has achieved five functions, namely, the 3D visualization graphics management, the intelligent management of geological information, the intelligent design of casting blast, the analysis and prediction of the blasting effect and the automatic output of the design results. Long-term application in opencast coal mines has shown that research results can not only reduce the specific explosive consumption and improve the blasting effect, but also have high value of popularization and application.

Application Technology of Tebuconazole WG against Sheath Blight 75% Trifloxystrobin · Rice Blast and Rice

[ Objective] The paper was to confirm the best application period and frequency of 75% trifloxystrobin ·tebuconazole WG against rice blast and rice sheath blight. [ Method] Influences of different dosages and different application periods of 75% trifloxystrobin · tebuconazole WG on control effects against rice blast and rice sheath blight, as well as their effects on rice yields were studied in the paper. [Result] The control effects of three different fungicides application treatments against rice sheath blight were 80.24%, 83.0% and 67.99%, and the control effects against rice blast were 56.4%, 49.11% and 61.1%, respective- ly. Advanced application of fungicide for two times had good prevention effect against rice sheath blight ; properly delayed application of fungicides for two times was conducive to improving the control effect against rice blast, and one time application of sufficient fungicide during middle booting stage had higher control effect than application for two times. Effective panicle number per unit area, total grain number, 1 000-grain weight and moisture content of various fungicide application treat- ments did not have significant difference with those of the treatments without fungicide application, but grain number per panicle in treatments applied with fungicide was higher than the treatment without application. [ Conclusion] 75% Trifloxystrobin ·tebuconazole WG has better control effect on rice blast and sheath blight, which helps to promote the formation of rice grain and increases yield significantly. The fungicide application against rice sheath blight should be appropriately ad- vanced, and application for one time against panicle blast after middle booting stage is helpful to improve the control effect.

Comprehensive Prevention and Control Technologies of Rice Blast in Disease Nanchong City

The study was conducted to reduce blast damage, the use of pesticides residue, environment pollution and control costs, and to make a significant contribution to the improvement of grain production, quality and agriculture ecological environment. Over these years, by the methods of systematical monitoring, regular surveys, field investigation, rice blast resistance identification, experiments and meteorological data analysis, the study on comprehensive prevention and control of rice blast in Nanchong City was conducted. The results showed that the rice varieties more sensitive to blast had a higher incidence of severe blast disease. Replacing,varieties with different source of resistance every three to five years and reasonable variety distribution can effectively reduce the prevalence of rice blast. Appropriate treatment of infected rice straw and pathogen, seed disinfection, seedling disinfection, and pesticide application at transplanting and etc. can delay blast occurrence and reduce the damage caused by blast. By analyzing the blast control efficiency of pesticides applied at different growth stages, we found that best control efficiency against blast was achieved by spraying pesticide twice during the whole growth stage, once 3 d before transplanting or 10 d after transplanting; and once at initial heading stage. Spraying 525 g/hm^2 75% tricyclazole was proven to be the best dosage for blast control. However, 375-450 g/hm^2 75% tricyclazole is enough if the blast incidence is not severe, or the rice varieties are slightly susceptible to blast.The control efficiency against leaf blast between 4% kasugamycin and 20% tricyclazole had no significant difference, but was significantly higher than that of 100 billion spores/g of Bacillus subtilis. The control efficiency against neck blast had no significant difference among 4% kasugamycin, 20% tricyclazole and 100 billion spores/g of B. subtilis. 450 g/hm^2 75% tricyclazole had better control efficiency against neck blast than 2 250 g/hm^2 2% 800 million spores/g Jinggangmycin-wax bud bacteria SC, 1 050 g/hm^2 41% kasugamycin-isoprothiolane WP and 900 g/hm^2 41%kasugamycin-isoprothiolane WP. The frequency of severe blast incidence in Nanchong City has reached 50% since 1997. The rice blast disease has been effectively controlled by comprehensive prevention and control technology, reducing the production loss to less than 2%, and pesticides by 4 523 t in total. In 2014, 327000 t rice grains were approved as pollution-free, green and organic agricultural products, indicating that the blast control measures produced great economic, social and ecological values.

Review on biomass metallurgy:Pretreatment technology,metallurgical mechanism and process design

The metallurgy industry consumes a considerable amount of coal and fossil fuels,and its carbon dioxide emissions are increasing every year.Replacing coal with renewable,carbon-neutral biomass for metallurgical production is of great significance in reducing global carbon consumption.This study describes the current state of research in biomass metallurgy in recent years and analyzes the concept and scientific principles of biomass metallurgy.The fundamentals of biomass pretreatment technology and biomass metallurgy technology were discussed,and the industrial application framework of biomass metallurgy was proposed.Furthermore,the economic and social advantages of biomass metallurgy were analyzed to serve as a reference for the advancement of fundamental theory and industrial application of biomass metallurgy.

Development of a Fuel-flexible Co-gasification Technology

As one of promising clean coal technologies used to reduce pollutant emission and CO2 discharge, co gasification has been extensively investigated. In this paper, a new co-gasification technology using coal and natural gas was developed. The distinct advantages of this technology are the excellent fuel flexibility and the availability to establish the gasifier by reconstructing the blast furnace or similar shaft furnace. Based on the concept of the new co-gasification technology, lab-scale experiments and modeling study were carried out. The obtained results indicate that gasification is undertaken at ideal thermodynamic environment where quasi-equilibrium could be reached without catalysts. The modeling results are in agreement with experimental data, demonstrating the validity of the model and that Aspen Plus is a useful tool for the analysis of the co-gasification process. Furthermore, the effect of major operation parameters, including oxygen flow rate and steam flow rate, on co-gasification process was investigated using the developed model.

Precision blasting, current status and its prospective

Precision blasting,which is different from traditional control blasting,is regarded as the sign of new development stage of engineering blasting.The definition,connotation,technology system and current situation of its application and development were described briefly.With regard to the prospect of precision blasting,following aspects for further study are recommended:a.A multiple disciplinary study should be developed for a more understanding on the explosive energy release and quantitative blasting design;b.according to the requirements of digital blasting objective,syncretic study of precision blasting and technology should be enhanced;c.numerical simulation was an important tool for optimizing engineering blasting scheme and blasting harmful effects control,a more elaborate precision numerical simulation method should be studied furthermore;d.the modernization and standardization of precision blasting construction should be enhanced.

定向断裂控制爆破下层理页岩的致裂机理

为探究定向断裂控制爆破下层理页岩的爆破致裂机理,采用切缝药包,对四种切缝角度下的页岩立方体试件进行爆破试验,采用数字图像相关技术(DIC)对页岩试件表面应变场的演化过程进行监测,分析了微裂纹孕育至宏观裂纹贯通的内在机理,并基于盒维数理论计算了不同切缝角度下页岩试件表面裂纹的分形维数,采用Matlab软件对爆后块度的筛分方法进行了编程分析,开发了全自动的粒径分析程序,实现了粒径圈定的可视化。试验结果表明:试件在不同比例爆距内的裂纹总密度与比例爆距之间存在负相关的幂函数关系,切缝方向与层理弱面的夹角对微观损伤区域出现的位置影响显著,当层理弱面与切缝方向平行时,损伤区域多集中于层理弱面处,对宏观裂纹的扩展路径影响显著,易于形成单一裂纹;层理弱面处的能量泄漏是造成页岩爆破破碎效果较差的重要因素,当切缝方向与层理弱面一致时,试件爆后的大块占比较高,爆后块度的分形维数平均值在各组间最低,仅为0.7843,而当切缝方向与层理面垂直时,试件的爆后块度分布较为均匀,爆后块度的分形维数平均值达到了2.5233,爆破破碎效果相对较好。

周边孔聚能装置间隔装药在光面爆破中的应用研究

隧道光面爆破工程的周边孔需要采用间隔装药方式,而大部分间隔装药方式采用“导爆索+雷管”联合起爆技术,此技术具有一定的局限性且经常发生拒爆现象。如何在保证隧道掘进效率的前提下提高光面爆破效果成为目前亟待解决的难题,从现场试验方面开展相关研究,提出“聚能装置+数码电子雷管”新型联合起爆技术,将其应用于高原某隧道,通过与原始的“导爆索+数码电子雷管”联合起爆技术的爆破后效果进行对比分析。实验结果表明:对比原始技术,新技术炸药单耗降低了0.2 kg/m^(3),半孔留痕率提高了5%,平均装药时间由原来的1.3 h降为1.0 h,稳定循环进尺的同时极大降低了耗材费用,提高了隧道光面爆破效果。

首钢长钢8号高炉长寿生产实践

高炉长寿是一项系统工程,仅靠任何单一技术无法实现高炉长寿目标,必须统筹考虑高炉设计、砌筑、维护及操作等各个环节。首钢长钢8号高炉第二代炉龄在加强高炉长寿方面通过建立完善的监控设施、推行高炉长寿体检管控模式、建立数据化研判机制、推行护炉措施、控制边缘气流、在线更换冷却壁、炉衬喷补以及精细化高炉操作等措施,实现了高炉稳定顺行,单位炉容产铁量10 640 t/m^(3),达到长寿高炉标准。

榆林市谷瘟病和谷子叶斑病的发生与防治

随着我国西北地区暖湿化进程的发展,陕西省在榆林市降雨明显增加,谷瘟病和谷子叶斑病普遍发生,对谷子生产造成了严重损失。通过系统调查研究,明确了谷瘟病和叶斑病的发生特点、危害情况和发生原因,并提出了培育和引进抗病品种,强化预测预报,开展科学防控,加强宣传培训的综合防治措施,以减少病害损失,保障粮食生产安全。

基于有限元仿真的钛合金喷丸技术应用综述

喷丸强化工艺作为一种常用的表面强化技术,在钛合金相关零部件的表面强化中起到重要作用,有限元技术在探究喷丸强化工艺机理和强化效果中应用广泛。目前,多数喷丸仿真研究都是以钢和铝合金为材料,以钛合金为材料的喷丸仿真研究相对较少。本文总结了国内外学者关于钛合金传统喷丸仿真技术、钛合金新型喷丸仿真技术以及钛合金传统喷丸技术与新型喷丸仿真技术的联系,并对钛合金喷丸仿真方面的发展趋势进行展望。

基于PEMD-MPE算法的露天矿爆破振动信号降噪方法

为了去除露天矿山爆破振动信号中混入的噪声成分,提出了一种基于PEMD-MPE算法的降噪方法。该算法通过自适应性正交经验模态分解(PEMD)得到完全正交的本征模态函数(IMF)分量,然后对各个IMF分量进行多尺度排列熵(MPE)的随机性检测,成功确定其中的噪声分量并将其去除。采用该算法对实测的露天矿山爆破振动信号进行降噪处理。结果表明:相比EMD-MPE和EEMD-MPE算法,PEMD-MPE算法的信噪比分别提高了3.520 dB和1.107 dB,且重构标准差和均方根误差最小,说明该算法不仅能够有效去除爆破振动信号中的噪声成分,还能有效保留真实信号。

微差爆破挤淤处理抛石堤坡肩残留淤泥施工工艺研究

某机场陆域形成工程采用爆破挤淤形成抛石防波堤,在淤泥挤出侧形成了100 m~150 m的次生淤泥滩涂带,宽度较大,传统爆破挤淤工艺无法应用,如不处理又不能满足设计要求。针对上述情况,在东防波堤试验段通过陆上冲击钻成孔,将药包布置在坡肩残留淤泥中,同时在垂直海堤轴线海侧以外5m~7m处布置药包,采用两种延迟工艺的微差爆破挤淤施工。结果表明,采用以上药包布置方案,单孔药量为72 kg时,微差爆破可以有效处理抛石挤淤堤坡肩深层位置残留淤泥,钻孔结果表明无淤泥残留。该工艺可解决类似工程的淤泥残留,有现实指导作用。

舰艇爆炸毁伤与防护若干关键问题研究进展

大型水面舰船和潜艇是支撑海军空间立体化作战的主要装备和移动平台,随着战斗部毁伤威力和制导精度的日益提高,加之毁伤载荷的多元化,其生存环境面临愈加严峻的挑战,因而开展舰艇爆炸毁伤与防护研究具有十分重要的意义。爆炸载荷下舰艇结构的毁伤与防护是一个涉及爆炸力学、流体力学、结构动力学、材料学等多学科融合的交叉性问题,仍存在诸多难题有待研究。针对其中涉及的若干关键问题,围绕近年来国内外在舰艇爆炸载荷特性、毁伤响应机制及其防护技术与装备等方面的研究进展进行系统概述,指出当前研究存在的不足,并对舰艇爆炸毁伤与防护的发展趋势进行展望,旨在为未来舰艇高效毁伤与防护研究提供有价值的参考。

设施农业生物质高效节能热风炉的研究与应用

结合设施农业增温设备的发展现状,开发一种新型生物质高效节能热风炉,使其具有省工省力、高效节能的优点。使用生物质双炉双燃专利技术,可使生物质颗粒燃烧充分,燃料利用率高,且无烟排放、节能环保。从经济效益看,占地面积667m^(2)的标准百米棚中的冬季蔬菜生产需要加温设备具有热效率高、升温较快、抑制病害等特点,而试验设计的热风炉可满足设施农业冬春季节的增温需求,同时也可实现节能减排和省力化作业。

静态爆破剂水化速率对矿体力学及损伤作用机制研究

为了研究静态爆破剂水化速率对矿体力学及损伤作用机制,利用应力-损伤耦合模型进行了不同水化速率下矿体力学损伤数值模拟,分析了水化速率对矿体应力场及损伤区演化规律影响,揭示了钻孔布置模型对水化速率作用的机制。研究结果表明:静态爆破损伤区发育可以分为压实阶段、微损伤形成阶段、损伤区发育阶段、损伤区贯通阶段等4个阶段,其中损伤区发育、贯通阶段应力作用最为显著;矿体应力场及损伤区随着水化速率的增大而增加,并且在快速释能初期水化速率对应力场及损伤区影响差异性较小,快速释能后期水化速率对应力场及损伤区影响差异性显著;钻孔布置模型影响水化速率作用机制,其中单孔力学模型下水化速率促进膨胀压差异性,双孔力学模型下水化速率促进应力叠加,导向孔布置模型最为显著,初期水化速率加快应力运移,后期水化速率促进应力叠加,在时间维度和应力维度的共同作用下造成损伤区扩展、贯通;本次数值模拟和现场测试方案中,静态爆破剂水化速率1.8 MPa/min,钻孔直径113 mm,钻孔间距1000 mm,合理的孔间距与钻孔直径比η=9,导向孔布置模型可有效地致裂矿体、产生大量损伤区。该研究为提高静态爆破技术的致裂效果及施工布置提供了参考依据。