Semi-implantable device based on multiplexed microfilament electrode cluster for continuous monitoring of physiological ions

Modern medicine is increasingly interested in advanced sensors to detect and analyze biochemical indicators.Ion sensors based on potentiometric methods are a promising platform for monitoring physiological ions in biological subjects.Current semi-implantable devices are mainly based on single-parameter detection.Miniaturized semi-implantable electrodes for multiparameter sensing have more restrictions on the electrode size due to biocompatibility considerations,but reducing the electrode surface area could potentially limit electrode sensitivity.This study developed a semi-implantable device system comprising a multiplexed microfilament electrode cluster(MMEC)and a printed circuit board for real-time monitoring of intra-tissue K^(+),Ca^(2+),and Na^(+)concentrations.The electrode surface area was less important for the potentiometric sensing mechanism,suggesting the feasibility of using a tiny fiber-like electrode for potentiometric sensing.The MMEC device exhibited a broad linear response(K^(+):2–32 mmol/L;Ca^(2+):0.5–4 mmol/L;Na^(+):10–160 mmol/L),high sensitivity(about 20–45 mV/decade),temporal stability(>2weeks),and good selectivity(>80%)for the above ions.In vitro detection and in vivo subcutaneous and brain experiment results showed that the MMEC system exhibits good multi-ion monitoring performance in several complex environments.This work provides a platform for the continuous real-time monitoring of ion fluctuations in different situations and has implications for developing smart sensors to monitor human health.

Gyroresonance Between Electromagnetic Ion Cyclotron Waves and Particles in a Multi-ion Plasma

The gyroresonant interaction between electromagnetic ion cyclotron （EMIC） waves and energetic particles was studied in a multi-ion （H^＋, He^＋, and O^＋） plasma. The minimum resonant energy Emin, resonant wave frequency w, and pitch angle diffusion coefficient Daa were calculated at the center location of the symmetrical ring current： r ≈3.5RE with RE the Earth＇s radius. Emin is found to decrease rapidly from 10 MeV to a few keV with the increase in ca in three bands： H^＋-band, He^＋-band and O^＋-band. Moreover, EMIC waves have substantial potential to scatter energetic （～100 keV） ions （mainly H^＋ and He^＋） into the loss cone and yield precipitation loss, suggesting that wave-particle interactions contribute to ring current decay.

Head-on collision between single-and multi-soliton heavy ion acoustic waves in multi-ion plasmas

Head-on collisions among the single-and multi-soliton’s heavy ion acoustic waves(HIAWs) of multi-ion plasma are studied. The plasma consists of adiabatic positively charged inertial heavy ions, Boltzmann energy distributed light ions and kappa energy distributed electrons. The extended poincaré-Lighthill-Kuo(e PLK) method is applied for the derivation of two-sided Korteweg–de Vries(KdV) equations(KdVEs). The KdV single-soliton solutions(KdVSSs) are determined using the hyperbolic secant method and the KdV multi-soliton solutions(KdVMSs)are obtained using the Hirota method. The effects of superthermality of electrons, temperature ratios of electron to light ion and heavy ion to electron, and the density ratio of electron to heavy ion on phase shifts are investigated for the head-on collisions between two-soliton HIAWs. The effects of plasma parameters on angular frequency, phase speed, production of multi-soliton structures, and the head-on collisions among single-, double-, triple-, quadruple-, and quintuplesolitons are also studied.

Generation of Multi-ion Graph States with Trapped Ions in Thermal Motion

We propose a scheme for generating multi-ion graph states using many trapped ions in thermal motion.Our generation scheme is insensitive to external state since the interaction between ions and laser fields does not involvethe external degree of freedom.The scheme can be well realized within the current experimental technique.

Achieving Tunable Cold/Warm White‑Light Emission in a Single Perovskite Material with Near‑Unity Photoluminescence Quantum Yield

Single materials that exhibit efficient and stable white-light emission are highly desirable for lighting applications.This paper reports a novel zero-dimensional perovskite,Rb_(4)CdCl_(6):Sn^(2+),Mn^(2+),which demonstrates exceptional white-light properties including adjustable correlated color temperature,high color rendering index of up to 85,and near-unity photoluminescence quantum yield of 99%.Using a co-doping strategy involving Sn^(2+)and Mn^(2+),cyan-orange dual-band emission with complementary spectral ranges is activated by the self-trapped excitons and d-d transitions of the Sn^(2+)and Mn^(2+)centers in the Rb_(4)CdCl_(6)host,respectively.Intriguingly,although Mn^(2+)ions doped in Rb_(4)CdCl_(6)are difficult to excite,efficient Mn^(2+)emission can be realized through an ultra-high-efficient energy transfer between Sn^(2+)and Mn^(2+)via the formation of adjacent exchange-coupled Sn–Mn pairs.Benefiting from this efficient Dexter energy transfer process,the dual emission shares the same optimal excitation wavelengths of the Sn^(2+)centers and suppresses the non-radiative vibration relaxation significantly.Moreover,the relative intensities of the dual-emission components can be modulated flexibly by adjusting the fraction of the Sn^(2+)ions to the Sn–Mn pairs.This co-doping approach involving short-range energy transfer represents a promising avenue for achieving high-quality white light within a single material.

Sequential over-barrier ionization of multi-electron atoms in the tens-to-hundreds keV/u energy range

Our previous work on the classical over-barrier ionization model for helium double ionization is extended to the complex multi-electron system of Ne. The total and q-fold ionization cross sections are calculated at energies ranging from a few tens to several hundred keV/u. The calculation results are in good agreement with the experimental data, and the energy dependence of the cross sections suggests that the multi-ionization of a strong perturbated complex atom is probably the sequential over-barrier ionization process.

Multiple ionization of Ne induced by 10keV/u-500keV/u C^(q+)(q=13)ions

The values of cross-section ratio Rkl of direct k-fold ionization cross section （σk） to direct single ionization cross section （σ1） of Ne impacted by Cq＋ （q = 1-3） ions in an energy range of 10 keV/u-500 keV/u are measured in this work. The experimental data are compared with the results from our multi-electron classical over-barrier ionization （ME-COBI） model, showing that the model can give a good estimate to the experimental data.

Kinetic Alfven Waves Excited by Cometary Newborn Ions with Large Perpendicular Energies

Stability of the kinetic Alfven wave in a plasma of hydrogen, oxygen and electrons is studied. Each species is modeled by drifting ring distributions in the direction parallel to the magnetic field, while in the perpendicular direction the distribution is simulated with a loss cone type distribution obtained through the subtraction of two Maxwellian distributions with different temperatures. It is found that for frequencies ω＊ 〈 ωcH with ω＊ and ωcH the Doppler shifted and hydrogen ion gyro-frequencies, respectively, the growth rate of the kinetic Alfven wave increases with the increase in propagation angles and density of oxygen ions. On the other hand, for frequencies ω＊ 〈 ωco with ωco the oxygen ion gyro-frequency the growth rate is independent of the oxygen ion density.

Kadomstev-Petviashvilli-Burgers (KPB) Equation in a Five Component Cometary Plasma with Kappa Described Electrons and Ions

We investigate the existence of Ion-Acoustic solitary/shock waves in a five component cometary plasma consisting of positively and negatively charged oxygen ions, kappa described hydrogen ions, hot electrons and cold electrons. The KPB equation is derived for the system;its solution is plotted for different kappa values, as well as for the temperature ratios of ions. It is found that the amplitude of solitary structure increases with increasing kappa values and negatively charged oxygen ion densities. As the temperature of the positively charged oxygen ions increases, the amplitude of solitary wave also increases. We have also studied the dependence of coefficients of the KPB equation on physical parameters relevant to comet Halley.

High-frequency MnZn soft magnetic ferrite by engineering grain boundaries with multiple-ion doping

MnZn soft magnetic ferrites have been widely utilized in power electronics,owing to the combined merits of high permeability and low energy loss.However,their deployment would result in a drastic increase in power dissipation at>3 MHz,thus limiting the scope extent of miniaturization,together with their efficiency.Here,we report a high-performance MnZn ferrite by doping multiple ions(La,Ti,Si,Ca)at grain boundaries,achieving the most optimized power loss of 267 kW/m^(3) at 5 MHz(10 m T,100℃)and initial permeability of 644,which is much better than the previously reported results and commercial products.Such an improvement is attributed to weakened magnetic exchange coupling at grain-boundary regions,associated with a significant transition from the multi-to mono-domain structures,originating physically from large crystallographic mis-orientations(>25°).The present study bears important significance in understanding the intrinsic correlation between the crystallographic mis-orientation and magnetic domain structure,and provides an alternative way for optimizing high-frequency soft magnetic ferrites.

Multi-electron Reaction Materials for High-Energy-Density Secondary Batteries:Current Status and Prospective

To address increasing energy supply challenges and allow for the effective utilization of renewable energy sources,transformational and reliable battery chemistry are critically needed to obtain higher energy densities.Here,significant progress has been made in the past few decades in energetic battery systems based on the concept of multi-electron reactions to overcome existing barriers in conventional battery research and application.As a result,a systematic understanding of multi-electron chemistry is essential for the design of novel multi-electron reaction materials and the enhancement of corresponding battery performances.Based on this,this review will briefly present the advancements of multi-electron reaction materials from their evolutionary discovery from lightweight elements to the more recent multi-ion effect.In addition,this review will discuss representative multi-electron reaction chemistry and materials,including ferrates,metal borides,metal oxides,metal fluorides,lithium transition metal oxides,silicon,sulfur and oxygen.Furthermore,insertion-type,alloy-type and conversion-type multi-electron chemistry involving monovalent Li^(+) and Na^(+) cations,polyvalent Mg^(2+) and Al^(3+) cations beyond those of alkali metals as well as activated S^(2−) and O^(2−) anions are introduced in the enrichment and development of multi-electron reactions for electrochemical energy storage applications.Finally,this review will present the ongoing challenges and underpinning mechanisms limiting the performance of multi-electron reaction materials and corresponding battery systems.

Sensitivity analysis of the deterioration of concrete strength in marine environment to multiple corrosive ions

The corrosion degradation behavior of concrete materials plays a crucial role in the change of its mechanical properties under multi-ion interaction in the marine environment.In this study,the variation in the macrophysical and mechanical properties of concrete with corrosion time is investigated,and the source of micro-corrosion products under different salt solutions in seawater are analyzed.Regardless of the continuous hydration effect of concrete,the damage effects of various corrosive ions(Cl^(−),SO_(4)^(2−),and Mg^(2+),etc.)on the tensile and compressive strength of concrete are discussed based on measurement in different salt solutions.The sensitivity analysis method for concrete strength is used to quantitatively analyze the sensitivity of concrete strength to the effects of each ion in a multi-salt solution without considering the influence of continued hydration.The quantitative results indicate that the addition of Cl−can weaken the corrosion effect of SO_(4)^(2−) by about 20%,while the addition of Mg^(2+)or Mg^(2+)and Cl^(−)can strengthen it by 10%–20%during a 600-d corrosion process.