Restraint effect of partition wall on the tunnel floor heave in layered rock mass

The presence of horizontal layered rocks in tunnel engineering significantly impacts the stability and strength of the surrounding rock mass,leading to floor heave in the tunnel.This study focused on preparing layered specimens of rock-like material with varying thickness to investigate the failure behaviors of tunnel floors.The results indicate that thin-layered rock mass exhibits weak interlayer bonding,causing rock layers near the surface to buckle and break upwards when subjected to horizontal squeezing.With an increase in the layer thickness,a transition in failure mode occurs from upward buckling to shear failure along the plane,leading to a noticeable reduction in floor heave deformation.The primary cause of significant deformation in floor heave is upward buckling failure.To address this issue,the study proposes the installation of a partition wall in the middle of the floor to mitigate heave deformation of the rock layers.The results demonstrate that the partition wall has a considerable stabilizing effect on the floor,reducing the zone of buckling failure and minimizing floor heave deformation.It is crucial for the partition wall to be sufficiently high to prevent buckling failure and ensure stability.Through simulation calculations on an engineering example,it is confirmed that implementing a partition wall can effectively reduce floor heave and enhance the stability of tunnel floor.

The role of polyurethane foam compressible layer in the mechanical behaviour of multi-layer yielding supports for deep soft rock tunnels

The polyurethane foam(PU)compressible layer is a viable solution to the problem of damage to the secondary lining in squeezing tunnels.Nevertheless,the mechanical behaviour of the multi-layer yielding supports has not been thoroughly investigated.To fill this gap,large-scale model tests were conducted in this study.The synergistic load-bearing mechanics were analyzed using the convergenceconfinement method.Two types of multi-layer yielding supports with different thicknesses(2.5 cm,3.75 cm and 5 cm)of PU compressible layers were investigated respectively.Digital image correlation(DIC)analysis and acoustic emission(AE)techniques were used for detecting the deformation fields and damage evolution of the multi-layer yielding supports in real-time.Results indicated that the loaddisplacement relationship of the multi-layer yielding supports could be divided into the crack initiation,crack propagation,strain-hardening,and failure stages.Compared with those of the stiff support,the toughness,deformability and ultimate load of the yielding supports were increased by an average of 225%,61%and 32%,respectively.Additionally,the PU compressible layer is positioned between two primary linings to allow the yielding support to have greater mechanical properties.The analysis of the synergistic bearing effect suggested that the thickness of PU compressible layer and its location significantly affect the mechanical properties of the yielding supports.The use of yielding supports with a compressible layer positioned between the primary and secondary linings is recommended to mitigate the effects of high geo-stress in squeezing tunnels.

Mechanics model and numerical analysis of floor heave in soft rock roadway

The mechanism of floor heave was analyzed by establishing mechanics models and solving differential equations. The amount of floor heave is proportional to the abutment pressure of surrounding rock, roadway width, and the distance of support pressure peak to the roadway and is inversely proportional to the elastic modulus of floor rock. Using FLAC2D to simulate floor rock grouting in soft rock roadway verifies the active role of floor rock grouting in the floor controlling of soft rock roadway; floor rock grouting and grouting range directly impact on the stability scope of surrounding rock, namely, with the increase of grouting range, the subsidence of roof, the approach of both sides, and the amount of floor heave decreased gradually, the stability of surrounding rock is enhanced

Control technology for floor heave of Jurassic soft rock in the Erdos Basin of China: A case study

The deformation of soft rock roadway caused by floor heave is a major challenge for coal mines in China western mining areas. To achieve security and stability of soft rock roadway, this work considered the headgate at panel 11505 of the Yushujing Coal Mine as background. First, based on the limit equilibrium method and slip line field theory,a model of floor heave was established, the mechanism of floor heave control was analyzed, and an optimized support method was proposed. Then, the displacement, stress and failure zones around the surrounding rock with the original and optimized support were studied by FLAC. Finally, the serviceability of the support method was verified by field application. The results showed that the main deformation form of soft rock roadway is floor heave, and 0.5 m is relatively reasonable thicknesses of the inverted arch. The extrusion failure zone and shear failure zone were mainly affected by tensile and shear failure, respectively. The modification of floor and the effective support are key points. The failure zone was consistent between numerical simulation and theoretical calculation. The maximum convergences of floor heave determined by numerical simulation and field measurement were 220 mm and 240 mm, respectively, which were reduced by 55% and 60% compared with the original support, and the convergence between sidewalls decreased considerably. The optimized support method controls the floor heave well.

Anchoring mechanism and application of hydraulic expansion bolts used in soft rock roadway floor heave control

Comparing with the resin bolt, the hydraulic expansion bolt has different anchoring mechanism and application advantage. According to the working mechanism of the hydraulic expansion bolt, its anchoring force is expressed in four forms including support anchoring force, tension anchoring force, expansion anchoring force and tangent anchoring force, and their values can be obtained on the basis of each calculation formula. Among them, the expansion anchoring force, which is the unique anchoring force of the hydraulic expansion bolt, can provide confining pressure to increase the strength of rock. Aiming at solving the problem of stability control in the soft rock roadway in Jinbaotun Coal Mine which has a double layer of 40 U-type sheds and cannot provide enough resistance support to control floor heave, the study reveals the mechanism of floor heave in the soft rock roadway, and designs the reasonable support parameters of the hydraulic expansion bolts. The observed results of floor convergence indicate that the hydraulic expansion bolts can prevent the development and flow of the plastic zone in the floor rock to control floor heave. Research results enrich the control technology in the soft rock roadway.

Deformation control of asymmetric floor heave in a deep rock roadway:A case study

In order to control asymmetric floor heave in deep rock roadways and deformation around the surrounding rock mass after excavation, in this paper we discuss the failure mechanism and coupling control countermeasures using the finite difference method （FLAC^3D） combined with comparative analysis and typical engineering application at Xingcun coal mine, It is indicated by the analysis that the simple symmetric support systems used in the past led to destruction of the deep rock roadway from the key zone and resulted in the deformation of asymmetric floor heave in the roadway. Suitable rein- forced support countermeasures are proposed to reduce the deformation of the floor heave and the potential risk during mining. The application shows that the present support technology can he used to better environmental conditions. The countermeasures of asymmetric coupling support can not only effectively reduce the discrepancy deformation at the key area of the surrounding rock mass, hut also effectively control floor heave, which helps realize the integration of support and maintain the stability of the deep rock roadways at Xingcun coal mine.

Floor heave in the west wing track haulage roadway of the Tingnan Coal Mine: Mechanism and control

Floor heave of a roadway is a dynamic phenomenon that often happens in the roadways of coal mines. It seriously affects safe production in the coal mine. Floor heave has long been one of the most difficult problems to be resolved during coal mining. An analysis of floor heave in the soft rock surrounding the roadway, and the factors influencing it, allowed the deformation mechanism in the west wing double track haulage roadway of the Tingnan Coal Mine to be deduced. Three types of floor heave are observed there: intumescent floor heave, extrusion and mobility floor heave, and compound floor heave. Control measures are proposed that have been adopted during a recent repair engineering project. Control of the floor heave in the west wing track haulage roadway was demonstrated. The reliability and rationality of a combined support technology including floor anchors, an inverted arch, and anchoring of both sides was verified by mine pressure data and the field observations. Waterproofing measures were also under-taken to assist in the control of floor heave.

Analysis of the Harmfulness of Water-Inrush from Coal Seam Floor Based on Seepage Instability Theory

A theory of seepage instability was used to estimate the harmfulness of water-inrush from a coal seam floor in a particular coal mine of the Mining Group,Xuzhou. Based on the stratum column chart in this coal mine,the distribu-tion of stress in mining floors when the long-wall mining was respectively pushed along to 100 m and to 150 m was simulated by using the numerical software (RFPA2D). The permeability parameters of the coal seam floor are described given the relationship between permeability parameters. Strain and the water-inrush-indices were calculated. The wa-ter-inrush-index was 67.2% when the working face was pushed to 100 m,showing that water-inrush is possible and it was 1630% when the working face was pushed to 150 m,showing that water-inrush is quite probable. The results show that as long-wall mining is pushed along,the failure zone is enlarged,the strain increased,and fissures developed cor-respondingly,resulting in the formation of water-inrush channels. Accompanied by the failure of the strata,the perme-ability increased exponentially. In contrast,the non-Darcy flow β factor and the acceleration coefficient decreased ex-ponentially,while the increase in the water-inrush-index was nearly exponential and the harmfulness of water-inrush in the coal mine increased accordingly.

Application of the coal mine floor rating(CMFR)to assess the floor stability in a Central Appalachian Coal Mine

Estimating the overall floor stability in a coal mine using deterministic methods which require complex engineering properties of floor strata is desirable,but generally it is impractical due to the difficulty of gathering essential input data.However,applying a quantitative methodology to describe floor quality with a single number provides a practical estimate for preliminary assessment of floor stability.The coal mine floor rating(CMFR)system,developed by the University of New South Wales(UNSW),is a rockmass classification system that provides an indicator for the competence of floor strata.The most significant components of the CMFR are uniaxial compressive strength and discontinuity intensity of floor strata.In addition to the competence of the floor,depth of cover and stress notch angle are input parameters used to assess the preliminary floor stability.In this study,CMFR methodology was applied to a Central Appalachian Coal Mine that intermittently experienced floor heave.Exploratory drill core data,overburden maps,and mine plans were utilized for the study.Additionally,qualitative data(failure/non-failure)on floor conditions of the mine entries near the core holes was collected and analyzed so that the floor quality and its relation to entry stability could be estimated by statistical methods.It was found that the current CMFR classification system is not directly applicable in assessing the floor stability of the Central Appalachian Coal Mine.In order to extend the applicability of the CMFR classification system,the methodology was modified.A calculation procedure of one of the CMFR classification system’s components,the horizontal stress rating(HSR),was changed and new parameters were added to the HSR.

Analysis of soft rock roadway deformation mechanism in Zhangshuanglou Mine

On basis of ground stress surveying and analysis of physical nature and mechanics character of rock, the deformation mechanism of west main roadway in Zhangshuanglou Mine is studied. It is put forward that engineering mechanics nature, infiltration of water and concentrated stress on pillar are the main factors to affect stability of the west main roadway. The overall thinking used to restore the roadway is raised.

Lateral Stress Concentration in Localized Interlayer Rock Stratum and the Impact on Deep Multi-Seam Coal Mining

To explore the impact of lateral stress concentration in interlayer rock stratum on the exploitation of protected coal seam, a field experiment was carried out in a multi-seam mining structure. Lateral stress redistribution and interlayer rock failure behavior were surveyed. Then an assistant numerical investigation was implemented to evolve the effect of liberated seam mining and its influence on stress reconstruction in surrounding rock mass. The cause of lateral stress concentration and its impact were discussed finally. Key findings turn out that a certain lateral stress increases in interlayer rock stratum and concentrates on its lower region. Lateral stress concentration and interlayer rock failure are interactional. The former is an inducing factor of the latter;the latter promotes the increase of concentration degree. Extent of lateral stress concentration increases to the maximum as seam distance is about 50 m. But the efficacy of liberated seam mining decreases as the seam spacing gets larger. Protected seam mining is then classified based upon the impact of lateral stress concentration, which helps to prevent the rock burst hazard and then to achieve a reliable mining in deep mines.

DETERMINATION OF THE CRITICAL HYDRAULIC PRESSURE EQUATION OF THE EXTREMELY EASY RUPTURE POINTS WITHIN THE FLOOR OF MINING AREA IN ZIBO COAL FIELD

Based on the principles of rock mass mechanics, the author analyzed in detail several main influence factors resulting of water gush in Zibo coal field. A basic law is presented in this paper.In large quantity of water gush facts prove that the ends of microcracks within coal bed floor are the major locations concentrating stress, and consequently the weak points leading to water gush.This should be carefully taken account when a critical hydraulic pressure equation is constructed.The Griffith’s intensity condilion presupposing microcrocks exist is media, therefore,is applied to the determination of the critical hydraulic pres.pressure equation of the extremely easy rupture points within the floor of mining area in Zibo coal field.There is equation as follows:

陕西省煤矿典型水灾隐患特征及治理技术

陕西省煤炭资源丰富,2022年煤炭产量达7.46亿t,是我国主要产煤省份之一。由于全省煤矿区地质及水文地质条件差异明显,煤矿水灾类型多样,随着近年煤炭开采强度的增大,水灾事故时有发生,防治水形势较为严峻。以煤炭赋存条件为基础,系统总结区域水文地质结构特征,界定典型水灾类型及各类水灾影响区域分布,论述典型水灾的形成机理及特征,并提出了相应的防控技术。研究表明:(1)陕西省主要煤炭产区分为陕北、黄陇、渭北三大区,陕北侏罗纪煤田主要有顶板松散沙层水灾隐患、厚层砂岩水灾隐患、溃水溃沙灾害,局部区域分布有烧变岩对煤矿造成水灾隐患;黄陇煤田主要受顶板巨厚砂岩水灾隐患、离层溃水隐患、泥砂溃涌灾害隐患威胁;陕北石炭—二叠纪煤田和渭北煤田,主要受到煤层底板奥陶系灰岩水灾隐患威胁。(2)陕北侏罗系煤田顶板水灾隐患主要为顶板含水层受开采导水裂隙带扰动形成,导水裂隙波及砂岩含水层或松散沙层可形成持续大流量涌水,部分区域充水强度较大,在短时间水量较大超过排水系统能力时造成顶板水灾,在薄基岩区域垮落带直接导通松散沙层时可转变为溃水溃沙灾害,导水裂隙带影响到烧变岩富水区域时可形成瞬时水量大且持续的烧变岩水灾;黄陇煤田顶板巨厚砂岩含水层受采动导水裂隙带波及形成高强度持续涌水并可能形成顶板水灾,当含水层下部隔水层厚度较大时,可能形成离层溃水灾害,当近煤层顶板岩层松软遇水易崩解时可转变为泥砂溃涌灾害;陕北石炭—二叠纪煤田和渭北煤田,煤层开采底板扰动破坏带或断层等构造导通奥陶系灰岩含水层时,会引发极为严重的底板突水灾害,该类灾害具突发性强、瞬时水量大的特征。(3)各区域的顶板水灾隐患治理技术主要包括钻孔疏泄、注浆治理、开采参数控制等,底板水灾隐患治理技术主要包括区域注浆加固及封堵等;烧变岩水灾隐患主要采取帷幕注浆与钻孔探放有机结合的防治技术。

西准噶尔构造带包古图组的岩石组合及其时限

包古图组是新疆西准噶尔增生造山带西北缘石炭纪密西西比亚纪重要沉积记录。确认其完整的沉积序列、岩石组合及其与上覆和下伏地层的接触关系,对解析本区晚古生代盆地构造演化具有重要意义。本文新实测的白碱滩北红山梁剖面上,出露了岩石组合截然有别,色调区分性极强的两大套地层,上部深灰—灰黑色调“(含碳)细碎屑岩”与其下伏鲜红色调的“硅质岩-凝灰质硅质粉砂岩间夹中基性火山岩”为连续沉积(整合接触),分属包古图组和红山梁组。本文于包古图组底部和红山梁组顶部分别获得345.1 Ma和365.9 Ma的LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄,限定其时代分别为密西西比亚纪和晚泥盆世。这一新发现,不仅确立了包古图组是区内石炭纪最老地层单位,佐证了包古图组老于希贝库拉斯组这一久争悬疑,而且使得区内密西西比亚系有了完整的地层序列,揭秘了石炭系最底部的沉积建造及其岩石组合,也为完整认识泥盆纪—石炭纪这一重要时期的盆地沉积特征及其构造演化提供了新资料。

水平层状碳质页岩地层高速铁路大断面隧道基底变形机理研究

我国西部、西南部地区在建及建成的高速铁路隧道常发生仰拱隆起病害,严重威胁着隧道施工进度及运营安全。依托兴山东隧道典型的水平层状碳质页岩地层,开展仰拱基底隆起机理研究,对仰拱基底以下的围岩进行模型简化,应用构件试验定性分析、数值模拟定量计算的方法,揭示了不同层厚、层间黏聚力以及材料强度对层状岩体破坏模式的影响,分析导致水平层状围岩隧道底鼓的原因,并提出相应的底鼓控制处置技术。研究结果表明:(1)层厚的减小降低了层状复合岩体抵抗变形和破坏的能力,主要表现为弹性阶段的缩短和变形速率的加快;层间黏结强度的降低破坏了层状复合岩体的整体性,导致层状岩体加速进入单一岩层受力阶段,但对极限承载力劣化效应不明显;(2)岩体本身材料强度降低极大地降低了层状复合岩层的承载能力,使得破坏过程显著加快,影响程度和范围进一步加深,结合数值模拟结果进一步证明了岩体本身强度在层状岩体的变形和破坏当中占据主导位置;(3)列车振动的疲劳损伤、地下水聚集的弱化作用以及围岩的长期力学性能均将影响隧道仰拱的稳定性,变形控制效果排序为:加深仰拱>基底注浆>仰拱锚杆。

深埋矿井沿空留巷切顶卸压底板变形控制

目前有关巷道底鼓的研究与实践主要探讨巷道底板的变形机理及控制技术,对沿空留巷切顶卸压前后底板力学分析不全面。针对该问题,基于煤体分区破坏特征构建了切顶前后巷道围岩和底板力学模型,分析实体煤、巷旁支护及采空区对底板的作用,获得切顶前后巷道底鼓解析解,得出巷旁煤帮弹塑性区、巷道支护体及顶板下沉区底板所受载荷共同影响巷道底鼓量大小。采用数值模拟验证切顶卸压前后沿空留巷围岩破坏特征、应力分布及底鼓量变化,结果表明:切顶卸压技术可有效缩小巷道实体煤侧面及顶部的破坏区域,维持巷道围岩结构稳定;巷道底板最大应力、巷旁支护阻力、巷道底鼓量均下降,平均降幅分别为25.78%,56.14%,54.07%。现场应用结果表明,厚硬顶板沿空留巷底鼓量由709.3451 mm降至320.9658 mm,切顶卸压技术可以优化巷道围岩应力结构,抑制巷道底鼓,有效改善底板破坏情况。

深井高应力软岩巷道底鼓力学机理及控制技术研究

为解决林西矿深井高应力软岩巷道底鼓问题,论文通过理论分析和现场实测相结合方法,研究分析出了深井高应力软岩巷道底鼓力学机理及控制技术,得出了如下结论:(1)推导出了巷道两侧底板极限破坏深度、极限破坏宽度以及沿滑移面有效滑动力的计算公式;(2)判断出了林西矿1791-2工作面回风巷底板破坏为挤压流动性底鼓,全断面破坏鼓起形式;(3)分析出了巷道底鼓机理、底鼓原因以及控制途径;(4)提出了“顶、帮、底同治”控制巷道底鼓技术,顶帮采用高强预应力锚杆网+锚索支护,底板采用预应力锚索锚注加固+混凝土铺底技术;(5)现场工业试验表明巷道底鼓得到了有效遏止,能够满足正常使用要求。

近距离煤层采空区下综放工作面巷道合理位置研究

近距离煤层综放工作面开采空间大,采动强度高,下位煤层回采巷道受上煤层采动影响存在应力集中、巷道支护困难等问题,因此近距离煤层综放工作面巷道合理位置的选取对后期支护控制起到关键性作用。以西露天煤矿2煤层和1煤层1分层为研究对象,综合考虑了上煤层开采时的底板应力降低区域和下煤层开采时的极限平衡区域,确定了下煤层巷道的合理位置应在距离实体煤柱内错22.79 m以上的区域。基于上述理论计算结果,分析了上煤层开采后底板应力分布规律及不同内错距下巷道围岩变形破坏特征及规律,结果表明:①距离采空区底板越近,应力最大值与最小值相差越明显;②随着内错距不断增大,围岩应力和应力集中系数呈现急剧降低-缓慢增大-稳定的趋势,在内错距20~25 m内应力及应力集中系数相对较小;③巷道围岩塑性区范围呈现先减小后增大的趋势,当巷道处于内错20,25 m时巷道围岩破坏相对较小;④巷道变形量随着内错距增大而逐渐减小,当内错距增加至25 m时,巷道围岩移进量基本保持不变;⑤确定巷道合理内错距为20~25 m。工程应用结果表明:巷道采用内错距24 m布置时,巷道围岩松动破坏深度及变形量均在可控范围内,进一步证明了该内错距的合理性。

深井不同层位底板岩巷与煤巷相互影响研究

深井煤巷掘进突出危险性高,布置底板岩巷条带预抽煤层瓦斯是降低煤层瓦斯压力、掩护煤巷安全掘进的有效方法。底板岩巷的层位布置及其与上部煤巷之间的相互影响是值得研究的问题。本研究通过数值分析方法,以首山一矿为工程背景,基于采面地质条件建立了离散元数值模型;根据巷道掘进先后关系,从岩层应力变化、围岩变形、损伤分布分析了不同垂距下底板岩巷与上部煤巷之间的相互影响。研究结果表明:底板岩巷对上部煤层有一定的卸压作用,随着两巷垂距的增加,煤体应力降低幅度减小;煤巷掘进对底板岩巷围岩变形有较大影响,增加垂距会降低影响程度;底板岩巷的围岩损伤受底板岩巷层位选择的影响较大,损伤区域主要发生在软岩层、薄岩层附近。首山一矿工作面最终确定底板岩巷与煤巷的垂距为12 m,现场考察结果表明此垂距下底板岩巷和煤巷稳定性良好。

底板岩层冲击倾向性分类及指数测定方法

底板型冲击是冲击地压灾害的显现方式之一,明确底板内在冲击属性可以更好地评估底板型冲击危险性,指导底板型冲击地压灾害防治。在参照顶板岩层冲击倾向性分类及指数测定方法基础上,通过简化简支梁受力模型,借助小变形位移相等、岩梁长度相等方法,将底板岩层受力作用等效为均布载荷,基于薄板理论推导临界应力表达式,确定底板主控岩层位置和弯曲变形岩层层数,计算底板岩层弯曲能量指数,判断底板岩冲击倾向性,基于此建立底板岩层冲击倾向性分类和鉴定流程;以义马矿区跃进煤矿为例对该方法进行了验证,应用结果表明跃进煤矿2-1煤底板岩层的冲击倾向性由弱变强,更符合结合现场实际情况,证明了该方法的合理性和可行性。