Laboratory-scale investigation of response characteristics of liquid-filled rock joints with different joint inclinations under dynamic loading

In underground rock engineering,water-bearing faults may be subjected to dynamic loading,resulting in the coupling of hydraulic and dynamic hazards.Understanding the interaction mechanism between the stress waves induced by dynamic loadings and liquid-filled rock joints is therefore crucial.In this study,an auxiliary device for simulating the liquid-filled layer was developed to analyze the dynamic response characteristics of liquid-filled rock joints in laboratory.Granite and polymethyl methacrylate(PMMA)specimens were chosen for testing,and high-amplitude shock waves induced by a split Hopkinson pressure bar(SHPB)were used to produce dynamic loadings.Impact loading tests were conducted on liquid-filled rock joints with different joint inclinations.The energy propagation coefficient and peak liquid pressure were proposed to investigate the energy propagation and attenuation of waves propagating across the joints,as well as the dynamic response characteristics of the liquid in the liquid-filled rock joints.For the inclination angle range considered herein,the experimental results showed that the energy propagation coefficient gently diminished with increasing joint inclination,and smaller coefficient values were obtained for granite specimens compared with PMMA specimens.The peak liquid pressure exhibited a gradually decreasing trend with increasing joint inclination,and the peak pressure for granite specimens was slightly higher than that for PMMA specimens.Overall,this paper may provide a considerably better method for studying liquid-filled rock joints at the laboratory scale,and serves as a guide for interpreting the underlying mechanisms for interactions between stress waves and liquid-filled rock joints.

Nonlinear Modeling and Identification of Structural Joint by Response Control Vibration Test

Components of mechanical product are assembled by structural joints,such as bolting,riveting,welding,etc.Structural joints introduce nonlinearity to some engineering structures,and the nonlinearity need to be modeled precisely.To meet serious quality requirements,it is necessary to detect and identify nonlinearity of mechanical products for structural optimization.Modal test to acquire a dynamic response has been applied for decades,which provides reliable results for finite element(FE)model updating.Here response control vibration test for identification of nonlinearity is presented.A nonlinear system can be regarded as linearity for particular steady state response,and classical linear analysis tool is applicable to extract modal data for particular response.First,its applicability is illustrated by some numerical simulations.Subsequently,it is implemented on experimental setup with structural joints by shaking table.The stiffness and damping function dependent of relative displacement are fitted to describe its inherent nonlinearity.The spring and damping forces are identified by harmonic balance method(HBM)to predict output response.Based on the identified results,the procedure is recommended that it allows a reliable measurement of nonlinearity with a certain accuracy.

Joint probability density function of the stochastic responses of nonlinear structures

The joint probability density fimction （PDF） of different structural responses is a very important topic in the stochastic response analysis of nonlinear structures. In this paper, the probability density evolution method, which is successfully developed to capture the instantaneous PDF of an arbitrary single response of interest, is extended to evaluate the joint PDF of any two responses. A two-dimensional partial differential equation in terms of the joint PDF is established. The strategy of selecting representative points via the number theoretical method and sieved by a hyper-ellipsoid is outlined. A two-dimensional difference scheme is developed. The free vibration of an SDOF system is examined to verify the proposed method, and a flame structure exhibiting hysteresis subjected to stochastic ground motion is investigated. It is pointed out that the correlation of different responses results from the fact that randomness of different responses comes from the same set of basic random parameters involved. In other words, the essence of the probabilistic correlation is a physical correlation.

Finite element simulation for mechanical response of surface mounted solder joints under different temperature cycling

Nonlinear finite element simulation for mechanical response of surface mounted solder joint under different temperature cycling was carried out. Seven sets of parameters were used in order to evaluate the influence of temperature cycling profile parameters. The results show that temperature cycling history has significant effect on the stress response of the solder joint. Based on the concept of relative damage stress proposed by the authors, it is found that enough high temperature holding time is necessary for designing the temperature cycling profile in accelerated thermal fatigue test.

Optimal Design of the Modular Joint Drive Train for Enhancing Cobot Load Capacity and Dynamic Performance

Automation advancements prompts the extensive integration of collaborative robot(cobot)across a range of industries.Compared to the commonly used design approach of increasing the payload-to-weight ratio of cobot to enhance load capacity,equal attention should be paid to the dynamic response characteristics of cobot during the design process to make the cobot more flexible.In this paper,a new method for designing the drive train parameters of cobot is proposed.Firstly,based on the analysis of factors influencing the load capacity and dynamic response characteristics,design criteria for both aspects are established for cobot with all optimization design criteria normalized within the design domain.Secondly,with the cobot in the horizontal pose,the motor design scheme is discretized and it takes the joint motor diameter and gearbox speed ratio as optimization design variables.Finally,all the discrete values of the optimization objectives are obtained through the enumeration method and the Pareto front is used to select the optimal solution through multi-objective optimization.Base on the cobot design method proposed in this paper,a six-axis cobot is designed and compared with the commercial cobot.The result shows that the load capacity of the designed cobot in this paper reaches 8.4 kg,surpassing the 5 kg load capacity commercial cobot which is used as a benchmark.The minimum resonance frequency of the joints is 42.70 Hz.

Improved partial response maximum likelihood method combining modulation code for signal waveform modulation multi-level disc

In this paper, we describe an improved adaptive partial response maximum likelihood （PRML） method combining modulation code tbr signal waveform modulation multi-level disc. This improved adaptive PRML method employs partial response equalizer and adaptive viterbi detector combining modulation code. Compared with the traditional adaptive PRML detector, the improved PRML detector additionally employs illogical sequence detector and corrector. Illogical sequence detector and corrector can aw）id the appearance of illogical sequences effectively, which do not follow the law of modulation code for signal waveform modulation multi-level disc, and obtain the correct sequences. We implement the improved PRML detector using a DSP and an FPGA chip. The experimental results show good performance. The higher efficient and lower complexity can be obtained by using the improved PRML method than by using the previous PRML method. Meanwhile, resource utilization of the improved PRML detector is not changed, but the bit error rate （BER） is reduced by more than 20%.

Ideal Drift Response Curve for Robust Optimal Damper Design for Elastic-Plastic MDOF Structures under Multi-Level Earthquakes Dedicated to Professor Karl S.Pister for his 95th birthday

A new method of robust damper design is presented for elastic-plastic multi-degree-of-freedom(MDOF)building structures under multi-level ground motions(GMs).This method realizes a design that is effective for various levels of GMs.The robustness of a design is measured by an incremental dynamic analysis(IDA)curve and an ideal drift response curve(IDRC).The IDRC is a plot of the optimized maximum deformation under a constraint on the total damper quantity vs.the design level of the GMs.The total damper quantity corresponds to the total cost of the added dampers.First,a problem of generation of IDRCs is stated.Then,its solution algorithm,which consists of the sensitivity-based algorithm(SBA)and a local search method,is proposed.In the application of the SBA,the passive added dampers are removed sequentially under the specified-level GMs.On the other hand,the proposed local search method can search the optimal solutions for a constant total damper quantity under GMs’increased levels.In this way,combining these two algorithms enables the comprehensive search of the optimal solutions for various conditions of the status of the GMs and the total damper quantity.The influence of selecting the type of added dampers(oil,hysteretic,and so on)and the selection of the input GMs on the IDRCs are investigated.Finally,a robust optimal design problem is formulated,and a simple local search-based algorithm is proposed.A simple index using the IDRC and the IDA curve of the model is used as the objective function.It is demonstrated that the proposed algorithm works well in spite of its simplicity.

Seismic responses of high concrete face rockfill dams:A case study

Seismic responses of the Zipingpu concrete face rockfill dam were analyzed using the finite element method. The dynamic behavior of rockfill materials was modeled with a viscoelastic model and an empirical permanent strain model. The relevant parameters were obtained either by back analysis using the field observations or by reference to parameters of similar rockfill materials. The acceleration responses of the dam,the distribution of earthquake-induced settlement, and the gap propagation under the concrete slabs caused by the settlement of the dam were analyzed and compared with site investigations or relevant studies. The mechanism of failure of horizontal construction joints was also analyzed based on numerical results and site observations. Numerical results show that the input accelerations were considerably amplified near the top of the dam, and the strong shaking resulted in considerable settlement of the rockfill materials, with a maximum value exceeding 90 cm at the crest.As a result of the settlement of rockfill materials, the third-stage concrete slabs were separated from the cushion layer. The rotation of the cantilever slabs about the contacting regions, under the combined action of gravity and seismic inertial forces, led to the failure of the construction joints and tensile cracks appeared above the construction joints. The effectiveness and limitations of the so-called equivalent linear method are also discussed.

Analysis of the Dynamic Response of a Shield Tunnel in Soft Soil Under a Metro-Train Vibrating Load

This paper concerns the impact of an operating metro train on the structure of a shield tunnel lining and its soft foundation. An elastoplastic 3D dynamic finite difference model was established by using the FLAC3D numerical soft- ware. By fully considering the joints, the A-B-K segments and the soft stratum, the dynamic response of the shield tunnel buried in thick, soft soil under the vibrating load induced by a metro train was numerically simulated. The simulation result, for which the joint was considered, was compared with the result when the joint was not considered. The results show that an operating metro train induces a significant dynamic response in the structure of the lining of the shield tunnel and its soft foundation. The severe dynamic response zones of the lining structure are largely distributed in the range of the lower half of the segment-ring and the nearer to the bottom of the segment-ring, the more severe the response. Of two horizontally symmetric, corresponding places on the segment lining, the one near the joint is more severe in its dynamic response than that of the one far from the joint; the nearer the zone of the foundation soil to the lower half of the seg- ment-ring, the more severe the dynamic response. The maximum shear strain of the foundation soil takes place near the joint between two normal segments at the bottom. The dynamic response influenced by joints is more severe than the response not influenced by joints, showing that the non-joint assumption is somewhat impractical.

An inversion of site response and Lg attenuation using Lg waveform

Based on spectral ratio method, a joint inversion method was used to obtain parameters of Lg wave attenuation and site response. The inversion method allows simple and direct （two-parameter） determination of Lg wave attenuation and site response from sparse spectral data, which are not affected by radiation pattern factor and different response of same instrument after geometrical spreading. The method was used successfully for estimating site response of stations of Zhejiang Seismic Network and measuring Lg wave attenuation. The study is based on 20 earthquakes occurred in northeast of Taiwan with magnitude Ms5.0-6.7 and 960 seismic wave records from 16 stations in Zhejiang area from 2002 to 2005. The parameters of site response and Lg attenuation were calculated with a frequency interval of 0.2 Hz in the range of 0.5 Hz to 10 Hz. Lg wave attenuation coefficient corresponding to U-D, E-W and N-S components are γ（f）=0.00175f^0.43485, γ（f）=0.00145f^0.48467 and γ（f）=0.0021f^0.41241, respectively. It is found that the site response is component-independent. It is also found that the site response of QIY station is significant above the frequency of 1.5 Hz, and that the site response of NIB station is low for most frequency

Experimental Study of the Motion Modes of a Planar Mechanical System with Multi-Clearance Revolute Joints

Clearances in joints of a mechanical multibody system can induce impulsive forces, leading to vibrations that compromise the system’s reliability, stability, and lifespan. Through dynamic analysis, designers can investigate the effects of the clearances on the dynamics of the multibody system. A revolute joint with clearance exhibits three motions which are;free-flight, impact and continuous contact motion modes. Therefore, a multibody system with n-number of revolute clearance joints will exhibit 3n motion modes which are a combination of the three motions in each joint. This study investigates experimentally the nine motion modes in a mechanical system with two revolute clearance joints. A slider crank mechanism has been used as the demonstrative example. We observed that the experimental curve exhibits a greater impact compared to the simulation curve. In conclusion, this experimental investigation offers valuable insights into the dynamics of planar mechanical systems with multiple clearance revolute joints. Utilizing a slider-crank mechanism for data acquisition, the study successfully confirmed seven out of nine motion modes previously identified in numerical research. The missing modes are attributed to inherent complexities in real-world systems, such as journal-bearing misalignment.

Shear mechanical properties and fracturing responses of layered rough jointed rock-like materials

This study aims to investigate mechanical properties and failure mechanisms of layered rock with rough joint surfaces under direct shear loading.Cubic layered samples with dimensions of 100 mm×100 mm×100 mm were casted using rock-like materials,with anisotropic angle(α)and joint roughness coefficient(JRC)ranging from 15°to 75°and 2-20,respectively.The direct shear tests were conducted under the application of initial normal stress(σ_(n)) ranging from 1-4 MPa.The test results indicate significant differences in mechanical properties,acoustic emission(AE)responses,maximum principal strain fields,and ultimate failure modes of layered samples under different test conditions.The peak stress increases with the increasingαand achieves a maximum value atα=60°or 75°.As σ_(n) increases,the peak stress shows an increasing trend,with correlation coefficients R² ranging from 0.918 to 0.995 for the linear least squares fitting.As JRC increases from 2-4 to 18-20,the cohesion increases by 86.32%whenα=15°,while the cohesion decreases by 27.93%whenα=75°.The differences in roughness characteristics of shear failure surface induced byαresult in anisotropic post-peak AE responses,which is characterized by active AE signals whenαis small and quiet AE signals for a largeα.For a given JRC=6-8 andσ_(n)=1 MPa,asαincreases,the accumulative AE counts increase by 224.31%(αincreased from 15°to 60°),and then decrease by 14.68%(αincreased from 60°to 75°).The shear failure surface is formed along the weak interlayer whenα=15°and penetrates the layered matrix whenα=60°.Whenα=15°,as σ_(n) increases,the adjacent weak interlayer induces a change in the direction of tensile cracks propagation,resulting in a stepped pattern of cracks distribution.The increase in JRC intensifies roughness characteristics of shear failure surface for a smallα,however,it is not pronounced for a largeα.The findings will contribute to a better understanding of the mechanical responses and failure mechanisms of the layered rocks subjected to shear loads.

面向战区联合作战的空间需求响应任务规划

针对战区联合作战中的空间需求响应问题,描述了面向战区联合作战的空间需求响应任务规划的背景;从空间资源能力、空间需求响应机制、空间需求响应效益和代价等方面,分析了空间需求响应任务规划所需考虑的主要因素;定义并描述了任务规划模型,设计了任务规划计算方法,并结合战区联合作战实际进行了案例仿真与分析,验证了模型和方法的有效性,为战区联合作战中空间需求的有效响应提供了理论和方法支撑。

考虑碳排放流的电-气互联系统源荷互动低碳经济调度

为应对电力系统存在的弃风、碳排放较高等问题,基于碳排放流理论提出了一种电-气互联系统源荷互动低碳经济调度模型。基于电力系统碳排放流计算方法,推导得到考虑气网动态特性的天然气系统碳排放流计算方法;构建以储液罐装置为主的储碳系统(CSS),CSS与火电机组(TU)、风电机组(WT)、电转气(P2G)设备组成TU-CSS-P2G-WT的联合运行方式;源侧以系统日运行总成本最小计算得到能源网络的碳势时空分布,荷侧根据源侧的碳势信号,基于低碳响应机制建立激励型低碳需求响应模型,合理调整用能行为最小化用户购能总成本;建立源荷互动两阶段低碳经济调度模型,并利用GUROBI进行求解。通过改进由IEEE 39节点和比利时20节点构成的电-气互联系统进行算例分析,验证了所提模型的低碳经济性和灵活性。

不同方法干预3~6岁轻中度孤独症谱系障碍儿童共同注意的效果

目的比较回合操作教学法(DTT)、关键反应训练(PRT)及DTT结合PRT干预3~6岁轻中度孤独症谱系障碍(ASD)儿童共同注意的效果。方法2023年1月至2024年3月,上海市泰亿格儿童康复中心36~72月龄ASD儿童39例,随机分为DTT组、PRT组和混合组,分别接受DTT、PRT以及DTT结合PRT,共10周。干预前后采用ASD儿童共同注意评估量表进行评定。结果DTT组脱落2例,PRT组脱落1例,最终纳入36例。干预方法(F=11.225,P<0.001)和干预阶段(F=416.935,P<0.001)主效应均显著,交互效应显著(F=10.501,P<0.001),混合组干预期和迁移期评分最优(P<0.05)。结论DTT和PRT均能提升ASD儿童共同注意,两者结合效果更佳。

黄土场地条件下地铁车站诱导缝三维地震响应研究

自20世纪90年代地铁车站结构诱导缝概念提出以来,诱导缝已在我国大、中等城市地铁车站中得到广泛应用,但其抗震性能尚未得到验证。以西安黄土地区地铁车站工程建设为研究背景,基于ABAQUS非线性有限元软件平台,建立黄土场地与地铁车站结构动力相互作用三维数值模型,通过大型地震模拟振动台试验与数值模拟的对比研究,验证了数值模型及分析方法的可靠性。基于上述数值分析方法,进一步建立原型结构数值计算模型,研究不同频谱特性及不同峰值加速度地震波作用下黄土场地中地铁车站诱导缝的地震响应规律。研究结果表明:诱导缝断面处结构更易发生较大水平相对位移而产生破坏,为地铁车站结构的薄弱面,且其两侧结构水平相对滑动沿地铁车站结构从下往上逐渐增大;诱导缝两侧结构竖向相对错动沿地铁车站截面宽度方向呈现出两端较大、中间相对较小的规律;在低频成分丰富的西安人工波作用下,诱导缝处余留纵向钢筋塑性变形发展贯穿整个地震作用过程,塑性应变累积效果更显著。研究结果初步揭示了设诱导缝地铁车站的地震响应特征及规律,对进一步探索设诱导缝地铁车站在地震作用下的结构损伤、破坏发展的内在动力与作用机制有一定参考价值,可为黄土地区地铁地下结构诱导缝的抗震设计提供参考。

耳穴贴压联合电针对膝骨关节炎模型大鼠滑膜纤维化及内质网应激的抑制作用研究

目的观察耳穴贴压联合电针对膝骨关节炎模型大鼠滑膜纤维化及内质网应激的抑制作用。方法将60只Sprague-Dawley(SD)大鼠随机分为正常组(10只)和其余组(50只),其余组造模成功后再次随机分为模型组、耳穴组、电针组、联合组及药物组,每组10只。耳穴组使用磁珠贴于大鼠两侧肾耳穴进行干预,电针组予电针干预,联合组予耳穴磁珠贴压联合电针干预,药物组予塞来昔布水溶液灌胃干预。观察各组大鼠膝关节肿胀度的变化。观察各组大鼠血清白介素-1(interleukin-1,IL-1)、白介素-6(interleukin-6,IL-6)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(tumor necrosis factor-α,TNF-α)、锰超氧化物歧化酶(manganese superoxide dismutase,Mn-SOD)、过氧化氢酶(catalase,CAT)和丙二醛(malondialdehyde,MDA)的水平,观察关节液中环氧合酶-2(cyclooxygenase-2,COX-2)、前列腺素E2(prostaglandin E2,PGE2)和一氧化氮(nitric oxide,NO)的水平,观察各组大鼠滑膜组织中白介素-1β(interleukin-1β,IL-1β)及TNF-α的水平。观察大鼠软骨组织病理学变化,比较各组滑膜组织中葡萄糖调节蛋白78(glucose regulated protein 78,GRP78)、C/EBP同源蛋白(C/EBP-homologous protein,CHOP)、基质金属蛋白酶13(matrix metalloproteinase 13,MMP13)、α-平滑肌肌动蛋白(α-smooth muscle actin,α-SMA)、金属蛋白酶组织抑制剂1(tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 1,TIMP1)、胶原蛋白Ⅰ(collagenⅠ,Col-Ⅰ)、胶原蛋白Ⅱ(collagenⅡ,Col-Ⅱ)mRNA水平和蛋白水平。结果与正常组比较,模型组大鼠关节肿胀度,血清IL-1、IL-6、TNF-α和MDA水平,关节液COX-2、PGE2和NO水平,滑膜组织IL-1β和TNF-α水平,滑膜组织GRP78、CHOP、MMP-13、α-SMA、TIMP1、Col-Ⅰ、Col-ⅡmRNA及蛋白水平,均显著升高(P<0.05);模型组大鼠血清Mn-SOD和CAT水平显著降低(P<0.05)。与模型组比较,耳穴组、电针组、联合组和药物组大鼠关节肿胀度,血清IL-1、IL-6、TNF-α和MDA水平,关节液COX-2、PGE2和NO水平,滑膜组织IL-1β和TNF-α水平,滑膜组织GRP78、CHOP、MMP-13、α-SMA、TIMP1、Col-Ⅰ、Col-ⅡmRNA及蛋白水平,均显著降低(P<0.05);血清Mn-SOD和CAT水平显著升高(P<0.05);大鼠关节软骨组织病理学明显改善。与耳穴组和电针组比较,联合组大鼠关节肿胀度,血清IL-1、IL-6、TNF-α和MDA水平,关节液COX-2、PGE2和NO水平,滑膜组织IL-1β和TNF-α水平,滑膜组织GRP78、CHOP、MMP-13、α-SMA、TIMP1、Col-Ⅰ、Col-ⅡmRNA及蛋白水平,均显著降低(P<0.05);血清Mn-SOD和CAT水平均显著升高(P<0.05)。结论耳穴贴压联合电针能显著改善膝骨关节炎大鼠关节肿胀程度,抑制病理进展,缓解大鼠滑膜组织炎症反应,修复氧化应激损伤,进而修复膝骨关节炎大鼠滑膜组织纤维化及内质网应激反应。

低应变率冲击荷载下节理花岗岩的动力响应规律

岩体中节理面的存在是引起冲击应力波衰减的主要原因,会造成爆炸能量的衰减及降低爆破效果。为探讨低应变率下不同节理倾角花岗岩在冲击荷载作用下的动态力学性质、应力波传递规律和能量传递规律,利用分离式霍普金森压杆(split Hopkinson pressure bar,简称SHPB)试验装置对低应变率下3种不同冲击气压、4种不同倾角的节理花岗岩进行冲击试验。结果表明:(1)在含节理的岩样中,其峰值应力随节理倾角的增大呈下降趋势,随冲击荷载的增大呈上升趋势;(2)透射系数随节理倾角的增加先增大后减小,随冲击荷载的增大先减小后增大;(3)能量传递系数随节理倾角的增加先增高后降低,完整岩样、节理倾角θ=0º和45º的岩样,其能量传递系数都随着冲击荷载的增大而减小,而节理倾角θ=15º和30º的岩样,其能量传递系数随着冲击荷载的增大先减小后增大。

基于响应面法的铝合金角接激光焊工艺优化

文章选用板材厚度为2 mm的5754铝合金,采用角接的搭接形式,开展激光熔焊焊接试验。以激光功率P、焊接速度v、离焦量Z为试验参数,以焊接接头的最大拉力F为响应指标,建立响应面分析的数学模型。研究结果表明:激光功率、焊接速度、离焦量对最大拉力均有明显影响。激光功率越大、焊接速度和离焦量越小,最大拉力越大。分析所建立的数学模型,确定较优工艺区间,结合焊缝成形的宏观形貌,获取最优工艺参数组合。最大拉力相比于试验组中的最优组提升5.55%。

关节镜下微创有限清理术治疗KOA 患者的效果观察

目的:探讨关节镜下微创有限清理术治疗膝骨性关节炎(KOA)的效果。方法:根据治疗方案将108例KOA患者分为两组,各54例。观察组行关节镜下微创有限清理术,对照组行关节镜下广泛清理术。比较两组临床疗效。结果:两组手术相关指标、血清指标、Toll样受体4(TLR4)/髓样分化因子88(MyD88)/核因子-κB(NF-κB)信号通路指标、动态足底受力时间指标、疼痛程度及膝关节功能方面比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);两组术后并发症总发生率比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论:关节镜下微创治疗KOA能优化手术流程,减轻炎症,改善膝关节功能,缓解患者疼痛,且安全性较高。