This paper presents the problem of robust H∞?load frequency controller design and robust H¥ based approach called advanced frequency control (AFC). The objective is to split the task of balancing frequency ...This paper presents the problem of robust H∞?load frequency controller design and robust H¥ based approach called advanced frequency control (AFC). The objective is to split the task of balancing frequency deviations introduced by renewable energy source (RES) and load variations according to the capabilities of storage and generators. The problem we address is to design an output feedback controller such that, all admissible parameter uncertainties, the closed-loop system satisfies not only the prespecified H∞? norm constraint on the transfer function from the disturbance input to the system output. The conventional generators mainly balance the low-frequency components and load variations while the energy storage devices compensate the high- frequency components. In order to enable the controller design for storage devices located at buses with no generators, a model for the frequency at such a bus is developed. Then, AEC controllers are synthesized through decentralized static output feedback to reduce the complexity. The conditions for the existence of desired controllers are derived in terms of a linear matrix inequality (LMI) algorithm is improved. From the simulation results, the system responses with the proposed controller are the best transient responses.展开更多
Mobility is one of the major new paradigms of the current Internet, and this is driving most of the research activity in networking throughout the World. The Mobility of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) has become a hot...Mobility is one of the major new paradigms of the current Internet, and this is driving most of the research activity in networking throughout the World. The Mobility of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) has become a hot research theme in recent years due to its wide range of applications ranging from medical research to military. The widely adopted standard for wireless sensor network platform is IEEE 802.15.4/ZigBee. The IEEE 802.15.4/ZigBee is considered the “technology of choice” due to low-power, cost-effective communication and the reliability they provide. In this paper, we perform extensive network evaluation, to study the Effect of coordinator mobility on ZigBee mesh network, using OPNET Modeler. In mobile coordinator, the type of the trajectory along with the node density and the traffic are the major factors that decide the system performance. The results obtained from the wide analysis of ZigBee mesh network shows variation when the routers are placed at Hexagonal configuration with a mobile coordinator. In this paper, variations in load metric is analyzed in hexagonal configuration by enabling and disabling ACK. Thus the status of ACK also plays a critical role in analysing load metrics.展开更多
Traditional seawater desalination requires high amounts of energy, with correspondingly high costs and limited benefits, hindering wider applications of the process. To further improve the comprehensive economic benef...Traditional seawater desalination requires high amounts of energy, with correspondingly high costs and limited benefits, hindering wider applications of the process. To further improve the comprehensive economic benefits of seawater desalination, the desalination load can be combined with renewable energy sources such as solar energy, wind energy, and ocean energy or with the power grid to ensure its effective regulation. Utilizing energy internet(EI) technology, energy balance demand of the regional power grid, and coordinated control between coastal multi-source multi-load and regional distribution network with desalination load is reviewed herein. Several key technologies, including coordinated control of coastal multi-source multi-load system with seawater desalination load, flexible interaction between seawater desalination and regional distribution network, and combined control of coastal multi-source multi-load storage system with seawater desalination load, are discussed in detail. Adoption of the flexible interaction between seawater desalination and regional distribution networks is beneficial for solving water resource problems, improving the ability to dissipate distributed renewable energy, balancing and increasing grid loads, improving the safety and economy of coastal power grids, and achieving coordinated and comprehensive application of power grids, renewable energy sources, and coastal loads.展开更多
针对传统比例-积分-微分(proportional integral derivative,PID)控制和模型论控制方法难以应对新型电力系统背景下微电网面临的运行场景复杂多变的问题,提出了基于模糊神经网络的微电网荷储协调智能控制方法。首先确定了微电网模糊控...针对传统比例-积分-微分(proportional integral derivative,PID)控制和模型论控制方法难以应对新型电力系统背景下微电网面临的运行场景复杂多变的问题,提出了基于模糊神经网络的微电网荷储协调智能控制方法。首先确定了微电网模糊控制输入及输出变量,以平抑净负荷波动及减少储能充放电频次为目的,将微电网控制经验总结成模糊规则表,采用神经网络深度学习算法修正模糊控制模型的隶属度函数中心、宽度和输出权重来提高模型的自适应能力,从而制定了可调控负荷和储能的功率控制系数;进而针对模糊神经网络控制输出的负荷调控需求量在各可调控负荷间分配的问题,提出了基于灵活性供给指标排序的负荷调控优先级选择方法,最终完成了微电网系统储能单元和可调控负荷控制策略的制定。某典型微电网系统算例仿真结果表明,所提方法制定的各可调控负荷与储能控制策略能在避免储能频繁和过度充放电的同时,在并网状态下有效减弱并网功率对上级电网造成的随机扰动,在孤岛状态下能够有效平抑系统功率波动,提升系统运行稳定性。展开更多
在新型电力系统中,亟待深度挖掘需求侧资源以提升系统灵活性和新能源消纳能力。在“新基建”背景下,5G基站作为一种新型需求侧资源正迅速发展。研究如何在保证基站备用需求的前提下,由铁塔公司组建含大规模5G基站的虚拟电厂(virtual pow...在新型电力系统中,亟待深度挖掘需求侧资源以提升系统灵活性和新能源消纳能力。在“新基建”背景下,5G基站作为一种新型需求侧资源正迅速发展。研究如何在保证基站备用需求的前提下,由铁塔公司组建含大规模5G基站的虚拟电厂(virtual power plant,VPP)并常态化参与需求响应。首先,提出了考虑储能动态备用容量的5G基站运行可行域构建方法,建立了5G基站VPP的聚合模型。然后,建立了5G基站VPP响应负荷准线的日前优化模型,提出了适合对大规模5G基站进行协调控制的日内解聚合方法。最后,建立了含高比例新能源的区域电网仿真算例。仿真结果表明,聚合大规模基站参与准线型需求响应,可以显著降低5G基站的运行成本,同时提高电网的新能源消纳能力。展开更多
Emerging as a prominent area of focus in energy conversion and storage technologies,the development of highly active metal-based single-atom catalysts(SACs)holds great significance in searching alternatives to replace ...Emerging as a prominent area of focus in energy conversion and storage technologies,the development of highly active metal-based single-atom catalysts(SACs)holds great significance in searching alternatives to replace precious metals toward the efficient,stable,and low-cost hydrogen evolution reaction(HER),as well as the oxygen evolution reaction(OER)and the oxygen reduction reaction(ORR).Combining the tremendous tunability of ligand and coordination environment with rich metal-based electrocatalysts can create breakthrough opportunities for achieving both high stability and activity.Herein,we propose a novel and stable holey graphene-like carbon nitride monolayer g-C_(16)N5(N_(4)@g-C_(16)N_(3))stoichiometries interestingly behaving as a natural substrate for constructing SACs((TM-N_(4))@g-C_(16)N_(3)),whose evenly distributed holes map rich and uniform nitrogen coordination positions with electron-rich lone pairs for anchoring transition metal(TM)atoms.Then,we employed density functional theory(DFT)calculations to systematically investigate the electrocatalytic activity of(TM-N_(4))@g-C_(16)N_(3) toward HER/OER/ORR,meanwhile considering the synergistic modulation of H-loading and O-coordination((TM-N_(x)O_(4-x))@g-C_(16)N_(3)^(-)H_(3),x=0–4).Together a“four-step procedure”screening mechanism with the first-principles high-throughput calculations,we find that(Rh-N_(4))and(Ir-N_(2)O_(2)-II)distributed on g-C_(16)N_(3)^(-)H_(3) can modulate the adsorption strength of the adsorbates,thus achieving the best HER/OER/ORR performance among 216 candidates,and the lowest overpotential of 0.098/0.3/0.46 V and 0.06/0.48/0.45 V,respectively.Additionally,the d-band center,crystal orbital Hamilton population(COHP),and molecular orbitals are used to reveal the OER/ORR activity source.Particularly,the Rh/Ir-d orbital is dramatically hybridized with the O-p orbital of the oxygenated adsorbates,so that the lone-electrons incipiently locate at the antibonding orbital pair up and populate the downward bonding orbital,allowing oxygenated intermediates to be adsorbed onto(TM-N_(x)O_(4-x))@g-C_(16)N_(3)^(-)H_(3) appropriately.展开更多
文摘This paper presents the problem of robust H∞?load frequency controller design and robust H¥ based approach called advanced frequency control (AFC). The objective is to split the task of balancing frequency deviations introduced by renewable energy source (RES) and load variations according to the capabilities of storage and generators. The problem we address is to design an output feedback controller such that, all admissible parameter uncertainties, the closed-loop system satisfies not only the prespecified H∞? norm constraint on the transfer function from the disturbance input to the system output. The conventional generators mainly balance the low-frequency components and load variations while the energy storage devices compensate the high- frequency components. In order to enable the controller design for storage devices located at buses with no generators, a model for the frequency at such a bus is developed. Then, AEC controllers are synthesized through decentralized static output feedback to reduce the complexity. The conditions for the existence of desired controllers are derived in terms of a linear matrix inequality (LMI) algorithm is improved. From the simulation results, the system responses with the proposed controller are the best transient responses.
文摘Mobility is one of the major new paradigms of the current Internet, and this is driving most of the research activity in networking throughout the World. The Mobility of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) has become a hot research theme in recent years due to its wide range of applications ranging from medical research to military. The widely adopted standard for wireless sensor network platform is IEEE 802.15.4/ZigBee. The IEEE 802.15.4/ZigBee is considered the “technology of choice” due to low-power, cost-effective communication and the reliability they provide. In this paper, we perform extensive network evaluation, to study the Effect of coordinator mobility on ZigBee mesh network, using OPNET Modeler. In mobile coordinator, the type of the trajectory along with the node density and the traffic are the major factors that decide the system performance. The results obtained from the wide analysis of ZigBee mesh network shows variation when the routers are placed at Hexagonal configuration with a mobile coordinator. In this paper, variations in load metric is analyzed in hexagonal configuration by enabling and disabling ACK. Thus the status of ACK also plays a critical role in analysing load metrics.
基金supported by the State Grid Science and Technology Project, “Study on Multi-source and Multiload Coordination and Optimization Technology Considering Desalination of Sea Water” (No. SGTJDK00DWJS1800011)
文摘Traditional seawater desalination requires high amounts of energy, with correspondingly high costs and limited benefits, hindering wider applications of the process. To further improve the comprehensive economic benefits of seawater desalination, the desalination load can be combined with renewable energy sources such as solar energy, wind energy, and ocean energy or with the power grid to ensure its effective regulation. Utilizing energy internet(EI) technology, energy balance demand of the regional power grid, and coordinated control between coastal multi-source multi-load and regional distribution network with desalination load is reviewed herein. Several key technologies, including coordinated control of coastal multi-source multi-load system with seawater desalination load, flexible interaction between seawater desalination and regional distribution network, and combined control of coastal multi-source multi-load storage system with seawater desalination load, are discussed in detail. Adoption of the flexible interaction between seawater desalination and regional distribution networks is beneficial for solving water resource problems, improving the ability to dissipate distributed renewable energy, balancing and increasing grid loads, improving the safety and economy of coastal power grids, and achieving coordinated and comprehensive application of power grids, renewable energy sources, and coastal loads.
文摘针对传统比例-积分-微分(proportional integral derivative,PID)控制和模型论控制方法难以应对新型电力系统背景下微电网面临的运行场景复杂多变的问题,提出了基于模糊神经网络的微电网荷储协调智能控制方法。首先确定了微电网模糊控制输入及输出变量,以平抑净负荷波动及减少储能充放电频次为目的,将微电网控制经验总结成模糊规则表,采用神经网络深度学习算法修正模糊控制模型的隶属度函数中心、宽度和输出权重来提高模型的自适应能力,从而制定了可调控负荷和储能的功率控制系数;进而针对模糊神经网络控制输出的负荷调控需求量在各可调控负荷间分配的问题,提出了基于灵活性供给指标排序的负荷调控优先级选择方法,最终完成了微电网系统储能单元和可调控负荷控制策略的制定。某典型微电网系统算例仿真结果表明,所提方法制定的各可调控负荷与储能控制策略能在避免储能频繁和过度充放电的同时,在并网状态下有效减弱并网功率对上级电网造成的随机扰动,在孤岛状态下能够有效平抑系统功率波动,提升系统运行稳定性。
文摘在新型电力系统中,亟待深度挖掘需求侧资源以提升系统灵活性和新能源消纳能力。在“新基建”背景下,5G基站作为一种新型需求侧资源正迅速发展。研究如何在保证基站备用需求的前提下,由铁塔公司组建含大规模5G基站的虚拟电厂(virtual power plant,VPP)并常态化参与需求响应。首先,提出了考虑储能动态备用容量的5G基站运行可行域构建方法,建立了5G基站VPP的聚合模型。然后,建立了5G基站VPP响应负荷准线的日前优化模型,提出了适合对大规模5G基站进行协调控制的日内解聚合方法。最后,建立了含高比例新能源的区域电网仿真算例。仿真结果表明,聚合大规模基站参与准线型需求响应,可以显著降低5G基站的运行成本,同时提高电网的新能源消纳能力。
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.21905175).
文摘Emerging as a prominent area of focus in energy conversion and storage technologies,the development of highly active metal-based single-atom catalysts(SACs)holds great significance in searching alternatives to replace precious metals toward the efficient,stable,and low-cost hydrogen evolution reaction(HER),as well as the oxygen evolution reaction(OER)and the oxygen reduction reaction(ORR).Combining the tremendous tunability of ligand and coordination environment with rich metal-based electrocatalysts can create breakthrough opportunities for achieving both high stability and activity.Herein,we propose a novel and stable holey graphene-like carbon nitride monolayer g-C_(16)N5(N_(4)@g-C_(16)N_(3))stoichiometries interestingly behaving as a natural substrate for constructing SACs((TM-N_(4))@g-C_(16)N_(3)),whose evenly distributed holes map rich and uniform nitrogen coordination positions with electron-rich lone pairs for anchoring transition metal(TM)atoms.Then,we employed density functional theory(DFT)calculations to systematically investigate the electrocatalytic activity of(TM-N_(4))@g-C_(16)N_(3) toward HER/OER/ORR,meanwhile considering the synergistic modulation of H-loading and O-coordination((TM-N_(x)O_(4-x))@g-C_(16)N_(3)^(-)H_(3),x=0–4).Together a“four-step procedure”screening mechanism with the first-principles high-throughput calculations,we find that(Rh-N_(4))and(Ir-N_(2)O_(2)-II)distributed on g-C_(16)N_(3)^(-)H_(3) can modulate the adsorption strength of the adsorbates,thus achieving the best HER/OER/ORR performance among 216 candidates,and the lowest overpotential of 0.098/0.3/0.46 V and 0.06/0.48/0.45 V,respectively.Additionally,the d-band center,crystal orbital Hamilton population(COHP),and molecular orbitals are used to reveal the OER/ORR activity source.Particularly,the Rh/Ir-d orbital is dramatically hybridized with the O-p orbital of the oxygenated adsorbates,so that the lone-electrons incipiently locate at the antibonding orbital pair up and populate the downward bonding orbital,allowing oxygenated intermediates to be adsorbed onto(TM-N_(x)O_(4-x))@g-C_(16)N_(3)^(-)H_(3) appropriately.