Research on Equivalent Modeling Method of AC-DC Power Networks Integrating with Renewable Energy Generation

Along with the increasing integration of renewable energy generation in AC-DC power networks,investigating the dynamic behaviors of this complex system with a proper equivalent model is significant.This paper presents an equivalent modeling method for the AC-DC power networks with doubly-fed induction generator(DFIG)based wind farms to decrease the simulation scale and computational burden.For the AC-DC power networks,the equivalent modeling strategy in accordance with the physical structure simplification is stated.Regarding the DFIG-based wind farms,the equivalent modeling based on the sequential identification of multi-machine parameters using the improved chaotic cuckoo search algorithm(ICCSA)is conducted.In light of the MATLAB simulation platform,a two-zone four-DC interconnected power grid with wind farms is built to check the efficacy of the proposed equivalentmodelingmethod.Fromthe simulation analyses and comparative validation in different algorithms and cases,the proposed method can precisely reflect the steady and dynamic performance of the demonstrated system under N-1 and N-2 fault scenarios,and it can efficiently achieve the parameter identification of the wind farms and fulfill the equivalent modeling.Consequently,the proposed approach’s effectiveness and suitability are confirmed.

Development of wind-energy modeling technology and standards

To ensure the stable operation of power systems with large proportions of wind power,China has published a series of national,industry,and enterprise standards for wind power.The increase in the number of standards and the expansion of their application scope have given rise to a situation where multiple standards overlap and conflict with regard to the establishment of models and their applicability,resulting in unclear standard application scenarios.Therefore,it is imperative to analyze the development of wind-turbine and wind-farm modeling,along with the relevant standards.This paper presents the methods for wind-turbine modeling,the equivalent model of wind farms based on the general model of wind turbines,and the technical provisions and application scenarios involved in the relevant domestic and international standards.The adaptability of the relevant standards is examined.The results of this study are helpful for advancing wind power generation in China and ensuring the safe and stable operation of large-scale wind power systems.

Impact of Wind Farms of DFIG Type on Power System Transient Stability

The impact of large-scale grid-connected wind farms of Doubly-fed Induction Generator (DFIG) type on power system transient stability is elaborately discussed in this paper. In accordance with an equivalent generator/converter model, the comprehensive numerical simulations with multiple wind farms of DFIG type involved are carried out to reveal the impact of wind farm on dynamic behavior of existing interconnected power system. Different load models involving nonlinear load model and induction motor model are considered during simulations. Finally, some preliminary conclusions are summarized and discussed.

Integrated Equivalent Model of Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator Based Wind Turbine for Large-scale Offshore Wind Farm Simulation

The high-speed simulation of large-scale offshore wind farms(OWFs) preserving the internal machine information has become a huge challenge due to the large wind turbine(WT) count and microsecond-range time step. Hence, it is undoable to investigate the internal node information of the OWF in the electro-magnetic transient(EMT) programs. To fill this gap,this paper presents an equivalent modeling method for largescale OWF, whose accuracy and efficiency are guaranteed by integrating the individual devices of permanent magnet synchronous generator(PMSG) based WT. The node-elimination algorithm is used while the internal machine information is recursively updated. Unlike the existing aggregation methods, the developed EMT model can reflect the characteristics of each WT under different wind speeds and WT parameters without modifying the codes. The access to each WT controller is preserved so that the time-varying dynamics of all the WTs could be simulated. Comparisons of the proposed model with the detailed model in PSCAD/EMTDC have shown very high precision and high efficiency. The proposed modeling procedures can be used as reference for other types of WTs once the structures and parameters are given.

基于PMU实测数据的DFIG风电场等值模型鲁棒性与适应性分析

对传统聚合方法无法解决风电场长期运行过程中产生的参数变化问题,该文基于实测数据建立双馈感应发电机(DFIG)风电场详细等值模型与初始化方法,分析时变参数的轨迹灵敏度,提出首先将非时变参数固定为聚合值,然后利用风电场公共并网点相量测量单元(PMU)数据针对时变参数采用基因学习粒子群(GLPSO)混合算法进行参数辨识的策略。采用WECC标准算例分析不同风速、尾流效应、部分风电机组离线、风速未知、不同短路故障位置与电压暂降深度情形下等值模型的鲁棒性与适应性。仿真算例表明所提出的参数辨识方法全局寻优能力远高于标准粒子群与遗传算法。而且,对于高灵敏度参数,参数辨识结果与真实值的最大偏差小于10%,远优于目前技术水平。

Transfer function based equivalent modeling method for wind farm

To effectively study the dynamics of power systems with large-scale wind farms(WFs), an equivalent model needs to be developed. It is well known that back-toback converters and their controllers are important for the dynamic responses of the wind turbine(WT) under disturbances. However, the detailed structure and parameters of the back-to-back converters and their controllers are usually unknown to power grid operators. Hence, it is difficult to build an accurate equivalent model for the WF using the component model-based equivalent modeling method. In this paper, a transfer function based equivalent modeling method for the WF is proposed. During modeling, the detailed structure and parameters of the WF are not required. The objective of the method is reproducing the output dynamics of the WF under the variation of the wind speed and power grid faults. A decoupled parameter-estimation strategy is also developed to estimate the parameters of the equivalent model. A WF that consists of 16 WTs is used to test the proposed equivalent model. Additionally,the proposed equivalent modeling method is applied to build the equivalent model for a real WF in Northwest China. The effectiveness of the proposed method is validated by the real measurement data.

Probabilistic equivalent model of DFIG-based wind farms and its application in stability analysis

A probabilistic equivalent method for doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) based wind farms is proposed in this paper.First,the wind farm equivalent model is assumed to be composed of three types of equivalent DFIGs with different dynamic characteristics.The structure of equivalent model remains constant,whereas the parameters change with the migration of different scenarios in the wind farm.Then,historical meteorological data are utilized to investigate the probability distribution of key equivalent parameters,such as capacity,wind speed and electrical impedance to the point of common coupling.Each type of equivalent DFIG is further clustered into several groups according to their active power output.Combinations are created to generate representative scenarios.The probabilistic equivalent model of wind farm is finally achieved after removing invalid combinations.Most matched representative scenarios can be predicted according to the real-time measurement.The equivalentmodel is applied to the probabilistic power flow calculation and the stability analysis of test systems.

计及低电压穿越及故障全过程动态的双馈风电场等值方法

在分析双馈感应发电机(DFIG)故障各阶段动态的基础上,提出了一种计及低电压穿越控制的双馈风电场等值方法。首先,讨论了低电压穿越控制策略,给出了含双馈风电场的电力系统故障稳态潮流计算方法。在考虑电压暂态过程的条件下,分析了外部系统短路故障后DFIG转子电流的变化机理,指出电压跌落深度及风电功率是影响短路电流的主要因素,可根据动作分界线判断撬棒是否动作。然后,根据初始风速及撬棒状态将风电场中的DFIG分为3群,并对等值DFIG及集电网络进行聚合。为提高等值模型在恢复阶段的精度,根据故障稳态电压对双馈风电场功率恢复曲线进行预估,并在此基础上对等值DFIG恢复速率进行分段修正。最后,对含双馈风电场的算例系统进行了等值计算。仿真结果表明,等值模型较好地保持了原系统在故障各阶段的动态,在保持较高精度的前提下有效简化了系统,提高了计算速度。

基于等效粗糙度模型的风电场尾流数值模拟方法

随着风电场规模的扩大和密度的增加,风电场整场的尾流效应也日益显著且备受关注。准确评估风电场尾流效应对于风电场的建设和开发具有重要的意义,但目前仍缺乏同时兼顾计算精度和效率的尾流计算方法。本文基于OpenFOAM平台中的雷诺时均方法,实现了风电场等效粗糙度模型和雷诺平均方法的嵌套。结果表明,该方法相较于工程中常用的Jensen尾流模型和尾流叠加模型,计算精度得到了大幅的提高,且因为其对于风电场建模简单,所需计算资源较少,是用在大型风电场的一种工程应用价值较高的下游尾流计算方法。

基于单机等值与主成分分析法的海上风电场等值建模研究

在借鉴海上风电场实际项目经验的基础上,重点分析了海上风电场集电线路的等效方式以及海上风电场的等值建模。综合目前风电场动态等值中单机等值与多机等值的优缺点,以实际风电场作为参考,提出了单机等值法和多机等值法相结合的双层等效方法。按风机的馈线分布对风电场进行一次单机等值,再以主成分分析法对一次等值后的机组提取主导变量,作为二次多机等值的分群指标并进行机组分群,保证风电场等值的精确度。该等值建模对海上风电场进行二次等效建模,通过仿真验证,将等效后的仿真模型与实际详细模型做对比,验证了该等效方法的可行性。

基于高斯混合模型聚类的双馈风电场动态等值建模方法

针对风电场动态运行条件下等值建模精度偏低、聚类依据不足的难题,提出一种基于高斯混合模型聚类思想的风电场等值建模方法。首先,分析单台双馈感应式风力发电机在低电压穿越期间的动态响应特性,根据响应特性的集群特征构建聚类指标。然后,提出基于高斯混合模型动态初步聚类、优化聚类数目的两阶段等值建模方法,推导出赤池信息和贝叶斯信息准则下聚类数目的寻优算法。以典型中等规模风电场为例,在Matlab/Simulink平台进行不同故障穿越条件的仿真测试,结果表明所提风电场等值建模方法聚类有效、精度高。

含DFIG的风电场仿真等值模型研究与稳定性分析

根据风轮机原理提出了等值风速的概念,以及一种建立风电场等值机模型的方法。就风电场三种不同分布形式,分别提出了等值机模型建立的方法。针对所建立模型在PSCAD/EMTDC上进行仿真分析,验证所建模型的正确性,同时根据动态特性说明所建模型的适应性。

风电场站等值模型综合评价体系

为实现多类风电场站等值模型综合评价,搭建全拓扑详细模型作为基准模型,通过集电网络等值与风电机组聚合分别得到单机等值模型、馈线等值模型2个评价对象。提出基于改进层次分析的等值模型综合评价体系,包含多工况的时空层面评价指标。针对所提评价指标,在PSCAD/EMTDC环境中对3个模型展开仿真测试,给出2个等值模型的综合评价结果:在对仿真速度要求不高时,馈线等值模型评价综合值更高,具备多种问题分析能力,普适性更好。所提综合评价体系从仿真层面出发,实现了对风电场站等值模型包括稳态运行点、小干扰、暂态运行条件、集电网络空间体征、仿真速度多项指标的全方位评价。

大规模海上风电场电磁暂态受控源解耦加速模型

随着风电装机容量及占比越来越大,大规模风电场电磁暂态仿真速度极慢的问题愈加凸显。针对现有建模方法复杂、无法反映风电场内部特性、灵活性不足等问题,提出一种大规模海上风电场电磁暂态受控源解耦加速模型。该方法通过受控源传递端口间电压和电流信息,实现风电机组内部元件之间以及不同风电机组之间端口的解耦,从而将系统解算过程中高阶矩阵分解为多个小矩阵以实现快速仿真。基于节点分析法和基尔霍夫定律证明了该方法的有效性。所提出的受控源解耦加速模型建模方法简单,通过仿真软件中现有模块拖拽即可搭建,可以准确仿真风电场的各种暂稳态工况,并且提速效果明显。同时,所提受控源解耦加速模型可与现有文献所提方法互补,扩展其灵活性。最后,在PSCAD/EMTDC中搭建了不同机组数量的风电场模型,验证了受控源解耦加速模型的仿真精度及加速效果。结果表明,所提受控源解耦加速模型可实现1~2个数量级的加速效果,且相比详细模型具有较高的仿真精度。

考虑撬棒与直流卸荷协同保护动作特性的双馈风电场通用等值建模方法

低电压穿越(low voltage ride through,LVRT)期间撬棒(Crowbar)保护和直流卸荷(Chopper)保护的工作状态均对双馈风电机组(doubly fed induction generator,DFIG)的暂态响应特性有重要影响。传统等值方法往往只能识别与表征撬棒保护动作情况及其暂态特性,对于目前普遍的硬件协同保护场景而言,将造成等值误差,进而难以从电网侧准确描述风电接入后的动态特性及作用规律,在高比例风电场景下这样的误差将被放大,严重时可能会对电力系统安全稳定分析造成影响。因此,该文充分考虑双馈感应风机(doubly fed induction generator,DFIG)低电压穿越控制策略,揭示风机低电压穿越下两种保护协同动作特性,提出一种双馈型风电场通用等值方法,通过MATLAB/Simulink验证理论分析的正确性,并与仅考虑Crowbar保护的等值方法对比,说明所提等值建模方法的准确性。

适用于柔直系统的风电场模型简化方法综述和仿真研究

大型风电场已向深远海发展,随着输电距离的增加,海上风电场通常经柔直系统接入岸上电网,系统面临风电变流器与柔直换流站相互作用产生系统振荡的风险,而分析系统振荡的基础是建立准确的风电场模型。风机变流器本身存在高阶非线性特性,汇集在交流母线后必须对风电场模型进行合理的简化和等效,而风电场等效建模方法较多,缺乏系统的综述和比较,因此总结了相关风电场主流建模方法,主要包括单机等效、多机等效和数据驱动等风电场建模方法,以及风电场聚簇和参数聚合算法等。最后基于单机等效模型搭建风电场并网的详细仿真模型,给出等效风机特性及其交流端口仿真波形,为后续深入研究风电场等效模型奠定基础。

计及尾流效应的风电场短路故障动态等值建模

快速、准确分析大型风电场短路特性具有重要的工程应用价值,而尾流效应影响下风电场各机组短路特性差异大,需建立风电场短路故障时等值模型.提出一种考虑尾流效应影响的风电场短路故障动态等值方法,首先定义尾流效应因子反映机组受尾流效应影响程度,并采用尾流效应因子作为分组依据,缩小尾流效应影响下组内各机组运行状态差异性.为提高非对称短路故障下的等值模型有效性,分析风电场短路时正、负、零三序网络的构成,提出适用于零序集电网络的等值方法,搭建平台并加以验证.仿真结果表明,该风电场短路故障动态等值模型能准确反映尾流效应影响下风电场有功、无功短路输出特性.

基于等值风机模型的海上风电送出系统工频过电压分析

海上风电送出系统工频过电压问题影响着风电外送及海缆输电能力。为解决上述问题,本文首先阐述了海上风电送出系统工频过电压产生机理,在PSCAD软件中搭建电网-海缆-海上风电场的送出系统模型,基于设备分群及等值算法进行风机等值模拟。针对容升效应、不对称接地故障、带故障甩负荷等三种产生暂时工频过电压的主要原因,进行仿真计算。计算结果显示,海缆中部发生单相接地甩负荷时产生的工频过电压最严重。通过在仿真计算改变海缆参数,进一步明确了海缆长度、导体层厚度、绝缘层厚度对工频过电压的影响,提出了关于降低暂时工频过电压的有效方法。

电力工业中新能源发电风力发电技术的研究

以直流汇集型风电场为分析对象,建立了等效风力机和等效发电机的数学模型,介绍了永磁同步电机的整流方式和原理,阐述了DC/DC变换器在交直流转换和升压控制中的作用。模拟小型直流汇集型结构和大规模直流汇集型风电场的汇流特点,与交流汇集型风电场进行对比,结果表明直流汇集模式具有更高的发电效率。

基于云模型的DFIG型风电场动态电压等值方法

几起大的风电场连锁切机事故分析表明风电场动态电压失稳是导致这类事件的共同原因,而现有关于风电场等值和建模的研究极少涉及风电场动态电压过程。以风电场动态电压为切入点,考虑风电机组的低电压穿越特性、无功补偿情况、风机出力随机性、风电场集电系统以及外部故障的随机性,借助能很好描述随机性和模糊性的云模型,提出基于云模型的风电场动态电压等值方法。建立基于云模型的风电机组分群指标,采用k-means聚类算法对风电场进行聚类等值,提出适合风电场动态电压等值的集电系统链式重构方法。将所建立的风电场动态电压等值模型应用于分析风电场连锁脱网事故,结果表明,所建等值模型能够很好地反映风电机组的连锁脱网动态过程,也为进一步分析含大型风电场的电力系统动态稳定提供模型支持。