2.9 - 8.4 GHz Filter Bank Using Stub-Loaded Multi-Mode Resonators

This paper consolidates the activity of design and fabrication of 2.9 - 4.32 GHz, 4.3 - 6.42 GHz, and 6.4 - 8.4 GHz filter bank. Novel compact microstrip bandpass filters with stub-loaded multi-mode resonators are proposed. Simulated results indicate that all the filters exhibit insertion losses less than 1.5 dB with passband ripples of 1 dB and sharp attenuations of above 40 dB in their stopbands. The maximums of input and output VSWRs are 1.742 and 1.734, respectively. Due to fabrication error, the initial measured passbands show frequency shifts and insertion losses in upper passbands deteriorate seriously. After tuning of the filter bank, measured results imply that the input and output VSWRs are found lower than 2.135 and 2.187, and the insertion loss in 1 dB bandwidth is less than 2.52 dB. Filter bank has a sharp skirt and out-of-band rejection levels approaching to 40 dB in all desired stopbands except at the frequencies near 2f0.

Non-volatile dynamically switchable color display via chalcogenide stepwise cavity resonators

High-resolution multi-color printing relies upon pixelated optical nanostructures,which is crucial to promote color display by producing nonbleaching colors,yet requires simplicity in fabrication and dynamic switching.Antimony trisulfide(Sb_(2)S_(3))is a newly rising chalcogenide material that possesses prompt and significant transition of its optical characteristics in the visible region between amorphous and crystalline phases,which holds the key to color-varying devices.Herein,we proposed a dynamically switchable color printing method using Sb_(2)S_(3)-based stepwise pixelated Fabry-Pérot(FP)cavities with various cavity lengths.The device was fabricated by employing a direct laser patterning that is a less timeconsuming,more approachable,and low-cost technique.As switching the state of Sb_(2)S_(3) between amorphous and crystalline,the multi-color of stepwise pixelated FP cavities can be actively changed.The color variation is due to the profound change in the refractive index of Sb_(2)S_(3) over the visible spectrum during its phase transition.Moreover,we directly fabricated sub-50 nm nano-grating on ultrathin Sb_(2)S_(3) laminate via microsphere 800-nm femtosecond laser irradiation in far field.The minimum feature size can be further decreased down to~45 nm(λ/17)by varying the thickness of Sb_(2)S_(3) film.Ultrafast switchable Sb_(2)S_(3) photonic devices can take one step toward the next generation of inkless erasable papers or displays and enable information encryption,camouflaging surfaces,anticounterfeiting,etc.Importantly,our work explores the prospects of rapid and rewritable fabrication of periodic structures with nano-scale resolution and can serve as a guideline for further development of chalcogenide-based photonics components.

Tunable superconducting resonators via on-chip control of local magnetic field

Superconducting microwave resonators play a pivotal role in superconducting quantum circuits.The ability to finetune their resonant frequencies provides enhanced control and flexibility.Here,we introduce a frequency-tunable superconducting coplanar waveguide resonator.By applying electrical currents through specifically designed ground wires,we achieve the generation and control of a localized magnetic field on the central line of the resonator,enabling continuous tuning of its resonant frequency.We demonstrate a frequency tuning range of 54.85 MHz in a 6.21-GHz resonator.This integrated and tunable resonator holds great potential as a dynamically tunable filter and as a key component of communication buses and memory elements in superconducting quantum computing.

Optimization Control of Multi-Mode Coupling All-Wheel Drive System for Hybrid Vehicle

The all-wheel drive(AWD)hybrid system is a research focus on high-performance new energy vehicles that can meet the demands of dynamic performance and passing ability.Simultaneous optimization of the power and economy of hybrid vehicles becomes an issue.A unique multi-mode coupling(MMC)AWD hybrid system is presented to realize the distributed and centralized driving of the front and rear axles to achieve vectored distribution and full utilization of the system power between the axles of vehicles.Based on the parameters of the benchmarking model of a hybrid vehicle,the best model-predictive control-based energy management strategy is proposed.First,the drive system model was built after the analysis of the MMC-AWD’s drive modes.Next,three fundamental strategies were established to address power distribution adjustment and battery SOC maintenance when the SOC changed,which was followed by the design of a road driving force observer.Then,the energy consumption rate in the average time domain was processed before designing the minimum fuel consumption controller based on the equivalent fuel consumption coefficient.Finally,the advantage of the MMC-AWD was confirmed by comparison with the dynamic performance and economy of the BYD Song PLUS DMI-AWD.The findings indicate that,in comparison to the comparative hybrid system at road adhesion coefficients of 0.8 and 0.6,the MMC-AWD’s capacity to accelerate increases by 5.26%and 7.92%,respectively.When the road adhesion coefficient is 0.8,0.6,and 0.4,the maximum climbing ability increases by 14.22%,12.88%,and 4.55%,respectively.As a result,the dynamic performance is greatly enhanced,and the fuel savings rate per 100 km of mileage reaches 12.06%,which is also very economical.The proposed control strategies for the new hybrid AWD vehicle can optimize the power and economy simultaneously.

Fake News Detection Based on Text-Modal Dominance and Fusing Multiple Multi-Model Clues

In recent years,how to efficiently and accurately identify multi-model fake news has become more challenging.First,multi-model data provides more evidence but not all are equally important.Secondly,social structure information has proven to be effective in fake news detection and how to combine it while reducing the noise information is critical.Unfortunately,existing approaches fail to handle these problems.This paper proposes a multi-model fake news detection framework based on Tex-modal Dominance and fusing Multiple Multi-model Cues(TD-MMC),which utilizes three valuable multi-model clues:text-model importance,text-image complementary,and text-image inconsistency.TD-MMC is dominated by textural content and assisted by image information while using social network information to enhance text representation.To reduce the irrelevant social structure’s information interference,we use a unidirectional cross-modal attention mechanism to selectively learn the social structure’s features.A cross-modal attention mechanism is adopted to obtain text-image cross-modal features while retaining textual features to reduce the loss of important information.In addition,TD-MMC employs a new multi-model loss to improve the model’s generalization ability.Extensive experiments have been conducted on two public real-world English and Chinese datasets,and the results show that our proposed model outperforms the state-of-the-art methods on classification evaluation metrics.

Layered metastructure containing freely-designed local resonators for wave attenuation

Combining periodic layered structure with three-dimensional cylindrical local resonators,a hybrid metastructure with improved wave isolation ability was designed and investigated through theoretical and numerical approaches.The metastructure is composed of periodic rubber layers and concrete layers embedded with three-dimensional resonators,which can be freely designed with multi local resonant frequencies to attenuate vibrations at required frequencies and widen the attenuation bandgap.The metastructure can also effectively attenuate seismic responses.Compared with layered rubber-based structures,the metastructure has more excellent wave attenuation effects with greater attenuation and wider bandgap.

Disorder effects in NbTiN superconducting resonators

Disordered superconducting materials like NbTiN possess a high kinetic inductance fraction and an adjustable critical temperature, making them a good choice for low-temperature detectors. Their energy gap(D), critical temperature(T_(c)),and quasiparticle density of states(QDOS) distribution, however, deviate from the classical BCS theory due to the disorder effects. The Usadel equation, which takes account of elastic scattering, non-elastic scattering, and electro–phonon coupling,can be applied to explain and describe these deviations. This paper presents numerical simulations of the disorder effects based on the Usadel equation to investigate their effects on the △, Tc, QDOS distribution, and complex conductivity of the NbTiN film. Furthermore, NbTiN superconducting resonators with coplanar waveguide(CPW) structures are fabricated and characterized at different temperatures to validate our numerical simulations. The pair-breaking parameter α and the critical temperature in the pure state T_(c)^(P) of our NbTiN film are determined from the experimental results and numerical simulations. This study has significant implications for the development of low-temperature detectors made of disordered superconducting materials.

Staging liver fibrosis with various diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging models

BACKGROUND Diffusion-weighted imaging(DWI)has been developed to stage liver fibrosis.However,its diagnostic performance is inconsistent among studies.Therefore,it is worth studying the diagnostic value of various diffusion models for liver fibrosis in one cohort.AIM To evaluate the clinical potential of six diffusion-weighted models in liver fibrosis staging and compare their diagnostic performances.METHODS This prospective study enrolled 59 patients suspected of liver disease and scheduled for liver biopsy and 17 healthy participants.All participants underwent multi-b value DWI.The main DWI-derived parameters included Mono-apparent diffusion coefficient(ADC)from mono-exponential DWI,intravoxel incoherent motion model-derived true diffusion coefficient(IVIM-D),diffusion kurtosis imaging-derived apparent diffusivity(DKI-MD),stretched exponential model-derived distributed diffusion coefficient(SEM-DDC),fractional order calculus(FROC)model-derived diffusion coefficient(FROC-D)and FROC model-derived microstructural quantity(FROC-μ),and continuous-time random-walk(CTRW)model-derived anomalous diffusion coefficient(CTRW-D)and CTRW model-derived temporal diffusion heterogeneity index(CTRW-α).The correlations between DWI-derived parameters and fibrosis stages and the parameters’diagnostic efficacy in detecting significant fibrosis(SF)were assessed and compared.RESULTS CTRW-D(r=-0.356),CTRW-α(r=-0.297),DKI-MD(r=-0.297),FROC-D(r=-0.350),FROC-μ(r=-0.321),IVIM-D(r=-0.251),Mono-ADC(r=-0.362),and SEM-DDC(r=-0.263)were significantly correlated with fibrosis stages.The areas under the ROC curves(AUCs)of the combined index of the six models for distinguishing SF(0.697-0.747)were higher than each of the parameters alone(0.524-0.719).The DWI models’ability to detect SF was similar.The combined index of CTRW model parameters had the highest AUC(0.747).CONCLUSION The DWI models were similarly valuable in distinguishing SF in patients with liver disease.The combined index of CTRW parameters had the highest AUC.

A Multi-mode Electronic Load Sensing Control Scheme with Power Limitation and Pressure Cut-off for Mobile Machinery

In mobile machinery,hydro-mechanical pumps are increasingly replaced by electronically controlled pumps to improve the automation level,but diversified control functions(e.g.,power limitation and pressure cut-off)are integrated into the electronic controller only from the pump level,leading to the potential instability of the overall system.To solve this problem,a multi-mode electrohydraulic load sensing(MELS)control scheme is proposed especially considering the switching stability from the system level,which includes four working modes of flow control,load sensing,power limitation,and pressure control.Depending on the actual working requirements,the switching rules for the different modes and the switching direction(i.e.,the modes can be switched bilaterally or unilaterally)are defined.The priority of different modes is also defined,from high to low:pressure control,power limitation,load sensing,and flow control.When multiple switching rules are satisfied at the same time,the system switches to the control mode with the highest priority.In addition,the switching stability between flow control and pressure control modes is analyzed,and the controller parameters that guarantee the switching stability are obtained.A comparative study is carried out based on a test rig with a 2-ton hydraulic excavator.The results show that the MELS controller can achieve the control functions of proper flow supplement,power limitation,and pressure cut-off,which has good stability performance when switching between different control modes.This research proposes the MELS control method that realizes the stability of multi-mode switching of the hydraulic system of mobile machinery under different working conditions.

Preoperative prediction of perineural invasion of rectal cancer based on a magnetic resonance imaging radiomics model:A dual-center study

BACKGROUND Perineural invasion(PNI)has been used as an important pathological indicator and independent prognostic factor for patients with rectal cancer(RC).Preoperative prediction of PNI status is helpful for individualized treatment of RC.Recently,several radiomics studies have been used to predict the PNI status in RC,demonstrating a good predictive effect,but the results lacked generalizability.The preoperative prediction of PNI status is still challenging and needs further study.AIM To establish and validate an optimal radiomics model for predicting PNI status preoperatively in RC patients.METHODS This retrospective study enrolled 244 postoperative patients with pathologically confirmed RC from two independent centers.The patients underwent preoperative high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging(MRI)between May 2019 and August 2022.Quantitative radiomics features were extracted and selected from oblique axial T2-weighted imaging(T2WI)and contrast-enhanced T1WI(T1CE)sequences.The radiomics signatures were constructed using logistic regression analysis and the predictive potential of various sequences was compared(T2WI,T1CE and T2WI+T1CE fusion sequences).A clinical-radiomics(CR)model was established by combining the radiomics features and clinical risk factors.The internal and external validation groups were used to validate the proposed models.The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve(AUC),DeLong test,net reclassification improvement(NRI),integrated discrimination improvement(IDI),calibration curve,and decision curve analysis(DCA)were used to evaluate the model performance.RESULTS Among the radiomics models,the T2WI+T1CE fusion sequences model showed the best predictive performance,in the training and internal validation groups,the AUCs of the fusion sequence model were 0.839[95%confidence interval(CI):0.757-0.921]and 0.787(95%CI:0.650-0.923),which were higher than those of the T2WI and T1CE sequence models.The CR model constructed by combining clinical risk factors had the best predictive performance.In the training and internal and external validation groups,the AUCs of the CR model were 0.889(95%CI:0.824-0.954),0.889(95%CI:0.803-0.976)and 0.894(95%CI:0.814-0.974).Delong test,NRI,and IDI showed that the CR model had significant differences from other models(P<0.05).Calibration curves demonstrated good agreement,and DCA revealed significant benefits of the CR model.CONCLUSION The CR model based on preoperative MRI radiomics features and clinical risk factors can preoperatively predict the PNI status of RC noninvasively,which facilitates individualized treatment of RC patients.

Achieving Ultra-Broad Microwave Absorption Bandwidth Around Millimeter-Wave Atmospheric Window Through an Intentional Manipulation on Multi-Magnetic Resonance Behavior

The utilization of electromagnetic waves is rapidly advancing into the millimeter-wave frequency range,posing increasingly severe challenges in terms of electromagnetic pollution prevention and radar stealth.However,existing millimeter-wave absorbers are still inadequate in addressing these issues due to their monotonous magnetic resonance pattern.In this work,rare-earth La^(3+)and non-magnetic Zr^(4+)ions are simultaneously incorporated into M-type barium ferrite(BaM)to intentionally manipulate the multi-magnetic resonance behavior.By leveraging the contrary impact of La^(3+)and Zr^(4+)ions on magnetocrystalline anisotropy field,the restrictive relationship between intensity and frequency of the multi-magnetic resonance is successfully eliminated.The magnetic resonance peak-differentiating and imitating results confirm that significant multi-magnetic resonance phenomenon emerges around 35 GHz due to the reinforced exchange coupling effect between Fe^(3+)and Fe^(2+)ions.Additionally,Mosbauer spectra analysis,first-principle calculations,and least square fitting collectively identify that additional La^(3+)doping leads to a profound rearrangement of Zr^(4+)occupation and thus makes the portion of polarization/conduction loss increase gradually.As a consequence,the La^(3+)-Zr^(4+)co-doped BaM achieves an ultra-broad bandwidth of 12.5+GHz covering from 27.5 to 40+GHz,which holds remarkable potential for millimeter-wave absorbers around the atmospheric window of 35 GHz.

Multi-mode Multi-frequency GNSS-IR Combination System for Sea Level Retrieval

With the development of Global Navigation Satellite Systems(GNSS),geodetic GNSS receivers have been utilized to monitor sea levels using GNSS-Interferometry Reflectometry(GNSS-IR)technology.The multi-mode,multi-frequency signals of GPS,GLONASS,Galileo,and Beidou can be used for GNSS-IR sea level retrieval,but combining these retrievals remains problematic.To address this issue,a GNSS-IR sea level retrieval combination system has been developed,which begins by analyzing error sources in GNSS-IR sea level retrieval and establishing and solving the GNSS-IR retrieval equation.This paper focuses on two key points:time window selection and equation stability.The stability of the retrieval combination equations is determined by the condition number of the coefficient matrix within the time window.The impact of ill-conditioned coefficient matrices on the retrieval results is demonstrated using an extreme case of SNR data with only ascending or descending trajectories.After determining the time window and removing ill-conditioned equations,the multi-mode,multi-frequency GNSS-IR retrieval is performed.Results from three International GNSS Service(IGS)stations show that the combination method produces high-precision,high-resolution,and high-reliability sea level retrieval combination sequences.

Vibration attenuation of meta-mortar with spring-mass resonators

Metamaterial based on local resonance has excellent vibration attenuation ability in low frequency.In this research,an attempt was performed to make meta-mortar with spring-mass resonators to attenuate vibration and shock hazards.Single-spring-mass resonators and dual-spring-mass resonators were designed and made using lead or aluminum blocks and SWPB springs encased by PMMA(polymethyl methacrylate)or aluminum frames.These resonators were placed into mortar blocks to make metamortar specimens.Vibration attenuation effect was investigated by sweeping vibration with frequency from 50 Hz to 2000 Hz.All these meta-mortar blocks exhibit excellent vibration attenuation ability in the designed band gaps.With dual-spring-mass resonators,meta-mortar blocks have two distinct vibration attenuation bands.

Electrode design for multimode suppression of aluminum nitride tuning fork resonators

This paper is focused on electrode design for piezoelectric tuning fork resonators.The relationship between the performance and electrode pattern of aluminum nitride piezoelectric tuning fork resonators vibrating in the in-plane flexural mode is investigated based on a set of resonators with different electrode lengths,widths,and ratios.Experimental and simulation results show that the electrode design impacts greatly the multimode effect induced from torsional modes but has little influence on other loss mechanisms.Optimizing the electrode design suppresses the torsional mode successfully,thereby increasing the ratio of impedance at parallel and series resonant frequencies(R_(p)/R_(s))by more than 80%and achieving a quality factor(Q)of 7753,an effective electromechanical coupling coefficient(kt_(eff)^(2))of 0.066%,and an impedance at series resonant frequency(R_(m))of 23.6 kΩ.The proposed approach shows great potential for high-performance piezoelectric resonators,which are likely to be fundamental building blocks for sensors with high sensitivity and low noise and power consumption.

Current status of magnetic resonance imaging radiomics in hepatocellular carcinoma:A quantitative review with Radiomics Quality Score

BACKGROUND Radiomics is a promising tool that may increase the value of magnetic resonance imaging(MRI)for different tasks related to the management of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC).However,its implementation in clinical practice is still far,with many issues related to the methodological quality of radiomic studies.AIM To systematically review the current status of MRI radiomic studies concerning HCC using the Radiomics Quality Score(RQS).METHODS A systematic literature search of PubMed,Google Scholar,and Web of Science databases was performed to identify original articles focusing on the use of MRI radiomics for HCC management published between 2017 and 2023.The methodological quality of radiomic studies was assessed using the RQS tool.Spearman’s correlation(ρ)analysis was performed to explore if RQS was correlated with journal metrics and characteristics of the studies.The level of statistical significance was set at P<0.05.RESULTS One hundred and twenty-seven articles were included,of which 43 focused on HCC prognosis,39 on prediction of pathological findings,16 on prediction of the expression of molecular markers outcomes,18 had a diagnostic purpose,and 11 had multiple purposes.The mean RQS was 8±6.22,and the corresponding percentage was 24.15%±15.25%(ranging from 0.0% to 58.33%).RQS was positively correlated with journal impact factor(IF;ρ=0.36,P=2.98×10^(-5)),5-years IF(ρ=0.33,P=1.56×10^(-4)),number of patients included in the study(ρ=0.51,P<9.37×10^(-10))and number of radiomics features extracted in the study(ρ=0.59,P<4.59×10^(-13)),and time of publication(ρ=-0.23,P<0.0072).CONCLUSION Although MRI radiomics in HCC represents a promising tool to develop adequate personalized treatment as a noninvasive approach in HCC patients,our study revealed that studies in this field still lack the quality required to allow its introduction into clinical practice.

Magnetic resonance imaging of extraocular rectus muscles abnormalities in acute acquired concomitant esotropia

AIM:To investigate the difference of medial rectus(MR)and lateral rectus(LR)between acute acquired concomitant esotropia(AACE)and the healthy controls(HCs)detected by magnetic resonance imaging(MRI).METHODS:A case-control study.Eighteen subjects with AACE and eighteen HCs were enrolled.MRI scanning data were conducted in target-controlled central gaze with a 3-Tesla magnetic resonance scanner.Extraocular muscles(EOMs)were scanned in contiguous image planes 2-mm thick spanning the EOM origins to the globe equator.To form posterior partial volumes(PPVs),the LR and MR cross-sections in the image planes 8,10,12,and 14 mm posterior to the globe were summed and multiplied by the 2-mm slice thickness.The data were classified according to the right eye,left eye,dominant eye,and non-dominant eye,and the differences in mean cross-sectional area,maximum cross-sectional area,and PPVs of the MR and LR muscle in the AACE group and HCs group were compared under the above classifications respectively.RESULTS:There were no significant differences between the two groups of demographic characteristics.The mean cross-sectional area of the LR muscle was significantly greater in the AACE group than that in the HCs group in the non-dominant eyes(P=0.028).The maximum cross-sectional area of the LR muscle both in the dominant and non-dominant eye of the AACE group was significantly greater than the HCs group(P=0.009,P=0.016).For the dominant eye,the PPVs of the LR muscle were significantly greater in the AACE than that in the HCs group(P=0.013),but not in the MR muscle(P=0.698).CONCLUSION:The size and volume of muscles dominant eyes of AACE subjects change significantly to overcome binocular diplopia.The LR muscle become larger to compensate for the enhanced convergence in the AACE.

Angular control of multi-mode resonance frequencies in obliquely deposited CoZr thin films with rotatable stripe domains

We investigate the angular-dependent multi-mode resonance frequencies in CoZr magnetic thin films with a rotatable stripe domain structure.A variable range of multi-mode resonance frequencies from 1.86 GHz to 4.80 GHz is achieved by pre-magnetizing the CoZr films along different azimuth directions,which can be ascribed to the competition between the uniaxial anisotropy caused by the oblique deposition and the rotatable anisotropy induced by the rotatable stripe domain.Furthermore,the regulating range of resonance frequency for the CoZr film can be adjusted by changing the oblique deposition angle.Our results might be beneficial for the applications of magnetic thin films in microwave devices.

Topological resonators based on hexagonal-star valley photonic crystals

In valley photonic crystals, topological edge states can be gained by breaking the spatial inversion symmetry without breaking time-reversal symmetry or creating pseudo-spin structures, making highly unidirectional light transmission easy to achieve. This paper presents a novel physical model of a hexagonal-star valley photonic crystal. Simulations based on the finite element method(FEM) are performed to investigate the propagation of TM polarized mode and its application to ring resonators. The results show that such a topologically triangular ring resonator exhibits an optimum quality factor Q of about 1.25×104, and Q has a maximum value for both frequency and the cavity length L. Our findings are expected to have significant implications for developing topological lasers and wavelength division multiplexers.

Electro-mechanical coupling properties of band gaps in an with periodically attached “spring-mass” resonators

The model of a locally resonant (LR) epoxy/PZT-4 phononic crystal (PC)nanobeam with “spring-mass” resonators periodically attached to epoxy is proposed. The corresponding band structures are calculated by coupling Euler beam theory, nonlocal piezoelectricity theory and plane wave expansion (PWE) method. Three complete band gaps with the widest total width less than 10GHz can be formed in the proposed nanobeam by comprehensively comparing the band structures of three kinds of LR PC nanobeams with resonators attached or not. Furthermore, influencing rules of the coupling fields between electricity and mechanics,“spring-mass” resonator, nonlocal effect and different geometric parameters on the first three band gaps are discussed and summarized. All the investigations are expected to be applied to realize the active control of vibration in the region of ultrahigh frequency.

High-grade pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia diagnosed based on changes in magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography findings:A case report

BACKGROUND High-grade pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia(PanIN)exhibits no mass and is not detected by any examination modalities.However,it can be diagnosed by pancreatic juice cytology from indirect findings.Most previous cases were diagnosed based on findings of a focal stricture of the main pancreatic duct(MPD)and caudal MPD dilatation and subsequent pancreatic juice cytology using endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography(ERCP).We experienced a case of high-grade PanIN with an unclear MPD over a 20-mm range,but without caudal MPD dilatation on magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography(MRCP).CASE SUMMARY A 60-year-old female patient underwent computed tomography for a follow-up of uterine cancer post-excision,which revealed pancreatic cysts.MRCP revealed an unclear MPD of the pancreatic body at a 20-mm length without caudal MPD dilatation.Thus,course observation was performed.After 24 mo,MRCP revealed an increased caudal MPD caliber and a larger pancreatic cyst.We performed ERCP and detected atypical cells suspected of adenocarcinoma by serial pancreatic juice aspiration cytology examination.We performed a distal pancreatectomy and obtained a histopathological diagnosis of high-grade PanIN.Pancreatic parenchyma invasion was not observed,and curative resection was achieved.CONCLUSION High-grade Pan-IN may cause MPD narrowing in a long range without caudal MPD dilatation.