Significance of achieving carbon neutrality by 2060 on China's energy transition pathway: A multi-model comparison analysis

China has proposed to achieve carbon neutrality by 2060.Although previous studies have assessed net-zero emissions pathways in China,the diversity observed in these studies in terms of model construction and parameter setting has led to inconsistent conclusions on some key issues,such as energy transition.This study employs a multi-model comparison method to examine the significance of China's carbon neutrality target on its energy systems by assessing 67 carbon neutrality scenarios in China that are collected from the ADVANCE database,and identifying the differences between energy transition pathways under BEF60 scenarios(i.e.scenarios realising carbon neutrality by 2060)and AFT60 scenarios(i.e.scenarios realising carbon neutrality after 2060).Results show that China needs a larger deployment of low-carbon electricity,a higher electrification rate and more carbon sequestration amount under BEF60 scenarios than those under AFT60 scenarios.Meanwhile,the magnitude of the difference between the two categories of scenarios varies significantly in terms of different outcome indicators.Those that present significant disparities include the deployment scale of solar power(increasing by 160%),the electrification rate of the building sector(increasing by 27%)and the carbon sequestration amount of biomass power with carbon capture and storage(increasing by 380%).In addition,this study selects six indicators to present the technological and economic characteristics of various energy systems of China at the point of net-zero emissions.Exploring the relationships between characteristics,this research identifies the common features among various net-zero energy systems.A great share of non-biomass renewable power generation is always associated with a relatively high per capita energy use,implying that high renewables penetration may relax restrictions on energy consumption,which should be addressed for China when making efforts to promote energy transition.

Identification of cell surface markers for acute myeloid leukemia prognosis based on multi-model analysis

Given the extremely high inter-patient heterogeneity of acute myeloid leukemia(AML),the identification of biomarkers for prognostic assessment and therapeutic guidance is critical.Cell surface markers(CSMs)have been shown to play an important role in AML leukemogenesis and progression.In the current study,we evaluated the prognostic potential of all human CSMs in 130 AML patients from The Cancer Genome Atlas(TCGA)based on differential gene expression analysis and univariable Cox proportional hazards regression analysis.By using multi-model analysis,including Adaptive LASSO regression,LASSO regression,and Elastic Net,we constructed a 9-CSMs prognostic model for risk stratification of the AML patients.The predictive value of the 9-CSMs risk score was further validated at the transcriptome and proteome levels.Multivariable Cox regression analysis showed that the risk score was an independent prognostic factor for the AML patients.The AML patients with high 9-CSMs risk scores had a shorter overall and event-free survival time than those with low scores.Notably,single-cell RNA-sequencing analysis indicated that patients with high 9-CSMs risk scores exhibited chemotherapy resistance.Furthermore,PI3K inhibitors were identified as potential treatments for these high-risk patients.In conclusion,we constructed a 9-CSMs prognostic model that served as an independent prognostic factor for the survival of AML patients and held the potential for guiding drug therapy.

Efficacy of fexuprazan compared with rebamipide in Korean patients with gastritis:A matching-adjusted indirect comparison

BACKGROUND Gastritis is one of the most frequently diagnosed diseases requiring medical treatment in South Korea.Fexuprazan,a novel potassium-competitive acid blocker,has been approved for treating gastritis and erosive esophagitis.Meanwhile,rebamipide is the most commonly used mucoprotective agent for acute and chronic gastritis in real-world settings in South Korea.However,there have been no studies comparing the efficacy of these two drugs yet.AIM To compare the efficacy of fexuprazan with that of rebamipide for acute and chronic gastritis.METHODS This was a matching-adjusted indirect comparison.Individual patient data from a phase III study of fexuprazan(10 mg BID)were compared with cumulative data from two matching studies of rebamipide(100 mg TID).Erosion improvement and healing rates were compared between two weeks of fexurapan,two weeks of rebamipide,and four weeks of rebamipide.The two main outcome variables were presented as percentages,and the risk differences(RD)and 95%confidence intervals(CI)were calculated for the relative treatment effects.RESULTS In the primary analysis,the erosion improvement and healing rates after a twoweek treatment with fexuprazan were 64.5%and 53.2%,respectively,while a twoweek treatment with rebamipide resulted in erosion improvement and healing rates of 43.6%(RD:21.0%;95%CI:9.6-32.3;P<0.01)and 35.6%(RD:17.6%;95%CI:6.1-29.2;P=0.003),respectively.In the additional analysis,the erosion improvement and healing rates for the two-week fexuprazan treatment(64.2%and 51.2%,respectively)were similar to those obtained during a four-week treatment with rebamipide(60.6%;RD:3.6%;95%CI:-9.8,17.0;P=0.600 and 53.5%;RD:-2.3%;95%CI:-16.1,11.5;P=0.744,respectively).CONCLUSION The two-week fexuprazan treatment was superior to the two-week rebamipide treatment and similar to the fourweek rebamipide treatment for patients with gastritis.

Multi-party semi-quantum private comparison protocol of size relation based on two-dimensional Bell states

Currently,all quantum private comparison protocols based on two-dimensional quantum states can only compare equality,via using high-dimensional quantum states that it is possible to compare the size relation in existing work.In addition,it is difficult to manipulate high-dimensional quantum states under the existing conditions of quantum information processing,leading to low practicality and engineering feasibility of protocols for comparing size relation.Considering this situation,we propose an innovative protocol.The proposed protocol can make size comparison by exploiting more manageable two-dimensional Bell states,which significantly enhances its feasibility with current quantum technologies.Simultaneously,the proposed protocol enables multiple participants to compare their privacies with the semi-quantum model.The communication process of the protocol is simulated on the IBM Quantum Experience platform to verify its effectiveness.Security analysis shows that the proposed protocol can withstand common attacks while preserving the privacies of all participants.Thus,the devised protocol may provide an important reference for implementation of quantum private size comparison protocols.

A Bayesian multi-model inference methodology for imprecise momentindependent global sensitivity analysis of rock structures

Traditional global sensitivity analysis(GSA)neglects the epistemic uncertainties associated with the probabilistic characteristics(i.e.type of distribution type and its parameters)of input rock properties emanating due to the small size of datasets while mapping the relative importance of properties to the model response.This paper proposes an augmented Bayesian multi-model inference(BMMI)coupled with GSA methodology(BMMI-GSA)to address this issue by estimating the imprecision in the momentindependent sensitivity indices of rock structures arising from the small size of input data.The methodology employs BMMI to quantify the epistemic uncertainties associated with model type and parameters of input properties.The estimated uncertainties are propagated in estimating imprecision in moment-independent Borgonovo’s indices by employing a reweighting approach on candidate probabilistic models.The proposed methodology is showcased for a rock slope prone to stress-controlled failure in the Himalayan region of India.The proposed methodology was superior to the conventional GSA(neglects all epistemic uncertainties)and Bayesian coupled GSA(B-GSA)(neglects model uncertainty)due to its capability to incorporate the uncertainties in both model type and parameters of properties.Imprecise Borgonovo’s indices estimated via proposed methodology provide the confidence intervals of the sensitivity indices instead of their fixed-point estimates,which makes the user more informed in the data collection efforts.Analyses performed with the varying sample sizes suggested that the uncertainties in sensitivity indices reduce significantly with the increasing sample sizes.The accurate importance ranking of properties was only possible via samples of large sizes.Further,the impact of the prior knowledge in terms of prior ranges and distributions was significant;hence,any related assumption should be made carefully.

Accuracy comparison and improvement for state of health estimation of lithium-ion battery based on random partial recharges and feature engineering

State of health(SOH)estimation of e-mobilities operated in real and dynamic conditions is essential and challenging.Most of existing estimations are based on a fixed constant current charging and discharging aging profiles,which overlooked the fact that the charging and discharging profiles are random and not complete in real application.This work investigates the influence of feature engineering on the accuracy of different machine learning(ML)-based SOH estimations acting on different recharging sub-profiles where a realistic battery mission profile is considered.Fifteen features were extracted from the battery partial recharging profiles,considering different factors such as starting voltage values,charge amount,and charging sliding windows.Then,features were selected based on a feature selection pipeline consisting of filtering and supervised ML-based subset selection.Multiple linear regression(MLR),Gaussian process regression(GPR),and support vector regression(SVR)were applied to estimate SOH,and root mean square error(RMSE)was used to evaluate and compare the estimation performance.The results showed that the feature selection pipeline can improve SOH estimation accuracy by 55.05%,2.57%,and 2.82%for MLR,GPR and SVR respectively.It was demonstrated that the estimation based on partial charging profiles with lower starting voltage,large charge,and large sliding window size is more likely to achieve higher accuracy.This work hopes to give some insights into the supervised ML-based feature engineering acting on random partial recharges on SOH estimation performance and tries to fill the gap of effective SOH estimation between theoretical study and real dynamic application.

Efficacy comparison of multipoint and single point scanning panretinal laser photocoagulation in non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy treatment

BACKGROUND Non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy(NPDR)poses a significant challenge in diabetes management due to its microvascular changes in the retina.Laser photocoagulation,a conventional therapy,aims to mitigate the risk of progressing to proliferative diabetic retinopathy(PDR).AIM To compare the efficacy and safety of multi-spot vs single-spot scanning panretinal laser photocoagulation in NPDR patients.METHODS Forty-nine NPDR patients(86 eyes)treated between September 2020 and July 2022 were included.They were randomly allocated into single-spot(n=23,40 eyes)and multi-spot(n=26,46 eyes)groups.Treatment outcomes,including bestcorrected visual acuity(BCVA),central macular thickness(CMT),and mean threshold sensitivity,were assessed at predetermined intervals over 12 months.Adverse reactions were also recorded.RESULTS Energy levels did not significantly differ between groups(P>0.05),but the multi-spot group exhibited lower energy density(P<0.05).BCVA and CMT improvements were noted in the multi-spot group at one-month posttreatment(P<0.05).Adverse reaction incidence was similar between groups(P>0.05).CONCLUSION While energy intensity and safety were comparable between modalities,multi-spot scanning demonstrated lower energy density and showed superior short-term improvements in BCVA and CMT for NPDR patients,with reduced laser-induced damage.

Global Research Progress on Municipal Waste and Future Prospect Based on the Cross-national Comparisons

Due to the acceleration of urbanization,the municipal waste(MW)problem has transformed into a global challenge for urb-an sustainability.To elucidate historical trends,current focal points,and future directions in MW research,we conducted a bibliometric analysis and employed knowledge graph visualization to scrutinize a total of 34212 articles,which were published between 1991 and 2021 in the Web of Science(WoS)core database.The results indicated that current major research themes encompass waste classifica-tion and recycling,waste management and public behavior,waste disposal methods and technologies,as well as environmental impact and evaluation.There has been a shift in the research focus from the environmental impacts of waste incineration to sustainable manage-ment related issues.A comparison of research from six typical countries revealed the differences in research priorities and techniques advantages.Scholars from the USA and Britain initiated MW research earlier than other countries and investigated management issues in depth,such as public behavior and willingness to pay.Meanwhile,Japanese,German,and Swedish scholars conducted extensive studies on advanced waste treatment technologies,such as disposal and recycling,risk assessment,and waste-to-energy techniques.Chinese scholars placed particular emphasis on end-of-pipe treatments and their associated environmental impacts.Hotspots and poten-tial future frontiers were identified by burst detection analysis.Keywords with high value of burst index(BI)worldwide are food waste and circular economy.Chinese scholars have put great efforts on waste environmental impact and its recycling technologies,while we’re expecting to further investigating vulnerable population.Furthermore,this study contributes to bridging the regional gap of scientific research among different countries and fostering international collaboration.

Comparison and Selection of Water Restoration Techniques for Artificial Landscape Lakes in Nantong City

As an important part of urban infrastructure,urban water system is of great and far-reaching significance for ensuring urban flood control and waterlogging safety,protecting ecological environment and building livable homes.Taking the urban water system of Nantong as an example,Nantong Water Resources Bureau issued R evision of Nantong Urban Water System Planning in 2017,and put forward the construction of the"two circles,eight lakes and nine veins"water system layout,giving new vitality to the urban water system.In view of problems existing in newly excavated artificial landscape lakes,such as fragile water ecosystem,strong eutrophication trend,poor environmental sensory effect and unsatisfactory water landscape effect,it is urgent to study the in-situ water ecological restoration technique of"algae-controlling zooplankton+submerged plant community"to build a"grass-type clear water"ecosystem for artificial landscape lakes,so as to improve the water sensory index and self-purification ability and finally realize the double improvement of"sensory effect and water quality"of artificial landscape lakes.

Direct Pointwise Comparison of FE Predictions to StereoDIC Measurements:Developments and Validation Using Double Edge-Notched Tensile Specimen

To compare finite element analysis(FEA)predictions and stereovision digital image correlation(StereoDIC)strain measurements at the same spatial positions throughout a region of interest,a field comparison procedure is developed.The procedure includes(a)conversion of the finite element data into a triangular mesh,(b)selection of a common coordinate system,(c)determination of the rigid body transformation to place both measurements and FEA data in the same system and(d)interpolation of the FEA nodal information to the same spatial locations as the StereoDIC measurements using barycentric coordinates.For an aluminum Al-6061 double edge notched tensile specimen,FEA results are obtained using both the von Mises isotropic yield criterion and Hill’s quadratic anisotropic yield criterion,with the unknown Hill model parameters determined using full-field specimen strain measurements for the nominally plane stress specimen.Using Hill’s quadratic anisotropic yield criterion,the point-by-point comparison of experimentally based full-field strains and stresses to finite element predictions are shown to be in excellent agreement,confirming the effectiveness of the field comparison process.

Does US Dollar Supply Trigger House Price Fluctuations?An International Comparison

Cyclical fluctuations in asset prices are closely related to the overall stability of the macroeconomy and have thus become a significant topic in academic and professional exploration.Among these fluctuations,changes in the supply of the U.S.dollar,the global reserve,and primary settlement currency have a broad and far-reaching impact on international financial markets.Since COVID-19,asset prices across various countries have shown differing trends due to fluctuations in the U.S.dollar supply.Housing prices,a key focus in asset pricing research,have been affected to varying degrees.This thesis utilizes seven house price indices from representative cities worldwide from 2020 to 2023 to compare the differential impacts across various countries using an empirical approach.The results indicate that the impact of the U.S.dollar money supply(M2)diminishes in a gradient from the U.S.to East Asia,and then to Europe.

Comparison of the Development of CDMO at Home and Abroad and Its Enlightment to China

Objective To analyze the development status of contract development manufacturing organization(CDMO)at home and abroad,and to make some suggestions for the development of CDMO in China.Methods The relevant literature was searched and reviewed,and the development status of CDMOs in the United States,France,Japan and China was compared from the aspects of market scale,development process,development focus,advantages and disadvantages,and policy support.Then,some suggestions for the development of CDMO enterprises in China were summarized.Results and Conclusion Through the comparison of CDMO development at home and abroad,it can be seen that China started CDMO late,there were many technical barriers and its globalization layout were not sufficient.However,the development trend was good and it focused on the field of chemical drugs and biological drugs to constantly develop innovative drugs.China needs to continuously improve its own technical capabilities to carry out innovative research.Therefore,cost reduction and efficiency increase will be the key elements for the development of CDMOs,and they are expected to have a rapid and comprehensive development in the future.

Comparison of stand structure and growth between artificial and natural forests of Pinus sylvestiris var. mongolica on sandy land

Mongolian pine (Pinus sylvestiris Linnaeus var. mongolica Litvinov) as a valuable conifer tree species has been broadly introduced to the sandy land areas in 揟hree North?regions (North, northwest and northeast of China), but many problems occurred in the earliest Mongolian pine plantations in Zhanggutai, Zhangwu County, Liaoning Province (ZZL). In order to clarify the reason, comprehensive investigations were carried out on differences in structure characteristics, growth processes and ecological factors between artificial stands (the first plantation established in ZZL in 1950s) and natural stands (the origin forests of the tree species in Honghuaerji, Inner Mongolia) on sandy land. The results showed that variation of diameter-class distributions in artificial stands and natural stands could be described by Weibull and Normal distribution models, respectively. Chapman-Richards growth model was employed to reconstruct the growth process of Mongolian pine based on the data from field investigation and stem analysis. The ages of maximum of relative growth rate and average growth rate of DBH, height, and volume of planted trees were 11, 22 years, 8, 15 years and 35, 59 years earlier than those of natural stand trees, respectively. In respect of the incremental acceleration of volume, the artificial and natural stands reached their maximum values at 14 years and 33 years respectively. The quantitative maturity ages of artificial stands and natural stands were 43 years and 102 years respectively. It was concluded that the life span of the Mongolian pine trees in natural stands was about 60 years longer than those in artificial stands. The differences mentioned above between artificial and natural Mongolian pine forests on sandy land were partially attributed to the drastic variations of ecological conditions such as latitude, temperature, precipitation, evaporation and height above sea level. Human beings' disturbances and higher density in plantation forest may be ascribed as additional reasons. Those results may be potentially useful for the management and afforestation of Mongolian pine plantations on sandy land in arid and semi-arid areas.

Comparison of the City Water Consumption Short-Term Forecasting Methods

There are a lot of methods in city water consumption short-term forecasting both inside and outside the country. But among these methods there exist many advantages and shortcomings in model establishing, solving and predicting accuracy, speed, applicability. This article draws lessons from other realm mature methods after many years′ study. It′s systematically studied and compared to predict the water consumption in accuracy, speed, effect and applicability among the time series triangle function method, artificial neural network method, gray system theories method, wavelet analytical method.

Cross-cultural Comparison of Cognitive Structure and Behavior of Waterfront Landscape between Subjects of China,Japan and Britain

In order to explore the cultural value of waterfront in urban landscape,from the perspective of cross-cultural comparison psychology,the subjects from Britain,Japan and China have been surveyed to obtain their cognitive structure and behavior on waterfront landscape.Based on the comparison of quantitative statistic results of life value,cognitive structure of waterfront space,and water-loving,a quantitative analysis has been conducted on the relevance between each factor by using Quantification Theory III.Then,it has analyzed the types and purpose of behavior in waterfront space,and the influence brought by cultural value difference.

NEW PRINCIPLE FOR DIRECTIONAL COMPARISON CARRIER PROTECTION OF EHV TRANSMISSION LINES

The increasing scale and complexity of power systems require high performance and high reliability of power system protection.Protective relaying based on directional comparison with power line carrier or microwave channels is the most suitable protection scheme for long distance EHV transmission lines and is widely used in power systems.The key element of such protection is a directional relay used to discriminate the fault direction.In order to overcome the disadvantages of conventional directional relays,the authors of this paper put forward the directional comparison carrier protection based on the artificial neural network(ANN).The protection is extensively tested using electromagnetic transient program (EMTP) under various electric power system operating and fault conditions.It is proved that the directional comparison carrier protection based on ANN,which can recognize various fault patterns of the protected transmission line(such as fault direction,fault phases etc.)correctly in any kind of operating and fault conditions and the whole process,is satisfactory for EHV transmission line protection.

Economic Competitiveness of China and the US:Comparison,Dynamic Change and Global Position

Research of competitiveness of China and the United States is of great significance to enhancing China＇s economic competitiveness and achieving the objective of national rejuvenation. By creating a competitiveness framework and a system of heterogeneous indicators, this paper investigates the competitiveness of China and the US in terms of current status, historic change and global environment. Our research led to the following findings： core factors determine the level of competitiveness for China and the US; the national competitiveness of both countries is evolving towards structural homogeneity; and China and the US lead most countries in many common areas. China has the potential to overtake the US in competitiveness in the future. We suggest that China increase its competitiveness by promoting its advantages, addressing its weaknesses and focusing on core areas.

Comparison on Winter Wheat Yield Estimating Models Based on Radarsat-2 and HJ Satellite in Huaihe River Region

The establishment of crop yield estimating model based on microwave and optical satellite images can conduct the mutual verification of the accuracy of the reported crop yield and the precision of the estimating model. With Shou County and Huaiyuan County of Anhui Province as the experimental fields of winter wheat producing areas, the linear winter wheat yield estimating models were established by adopting backscattering coefficient and Normalized Difference Vegetation Index（NDVI） based on images from the synthetic aperture radar（SAR）—RDARSAT-2 and HJ satellite photographed in mid-April and early May, 2014, and then comparisons were conducted on the accuracy of the yield estimating models. The accuracies of the yield estimating models established using co-polarized（HH） and cross-polarized（HV） modes of SAR in Jiangou Town, Shou County were 68.37% and 74.01%, respectively, while the accuracies in Longkang Town, Huaiyuan County were 63.10%and 69.10%, respectively. Accuracies of yield estimating models established by HJ satellite data were 69.52% and 66.43% in Shou County and Huaiyuan County, respectively. Accuracies of winter yield estimating model based on HJ satellite data and that based on SAR were closed, and the yield difference of winter wheat in the lodging region was analyzed in detail. The model results laid the foundation and accumulated experience for the verification, parameters correction and promotion of the winter wheat yield estimating model.

Comparison of Chinese Taboo and English Taboo

Taboo is a popular language phenomenon, which constrains people's language and their social behavior in daily life. Through comparison of Chinese taboo and English taboo in religion, privacy, sexy language etc., this paper is to make people understand the differ ence between Chinese taboo and English taboo, thereby improving their intercultural communication ability.

A Comparison between Chinese and Western Cultures

Cultural awareness, which plays a big part in our efforts of culture development, comes from active comparison and contrast of different cultures, especially between the domestic and foreign cultures. Though the Chinese culture and the western cultures have much in common, they differ in value and morality concepts, Social customs, etiquette, relations, the spirit of individuality and so on. We should bear in mind this cultural awareness when making cultural policies, or having cross-cultural communications, which enables us to become more active in culture development.