BaTiO_(3)/p-GaN/Au self-driven UV photodetector with bipolar photocurrent controlled by ferroelectric polarization

Ferroelectric materials are promising candidates for ultraviolet photodetectors due to their ferroelectric effect.In this work,a BaTiO_(3)/p-GaN/Au hybrid heterojunction-Schottky self-driven ultraviolet photodetector was fabricated with excellent bipolar photoresponse property.At 0 V bias,the direction of the photocurrent can be switched by flipping the depolarization field of BaTiO_(3),which allows the performance of photodetectors to be controlled by the ferroelectric effect.Meanwhile,a relatively large responsivity and a fast response speed can be also observed.In particular,when the depolarization field of BaTiO_(3) is in the same direction of the built-in electric field of the Au/p-GaN Schottky junction(up polarized state),the photodetector exhibits a high responsivity of 18 mA/W at 360 nm,and a fast response speed of<40 ms at 0 V.These findings pave a new way for the preparation of high-performance photodetectors with bipolar photocurrents.

Global,regional and national burdens of bipolar disorders in adolescents and young adults:a trend analysis from 1990 to 2019

Background Bipolar disorder is identified as a cause of severe damage to the physical,psychological and social functioning of adolescents and young adults.Aims The aim of this study is to ascertain the trends in the burden of bipolar disorder among individuals aged 10-24 years at global,regional and national levels from 1990 to 2019.Methods The data analysed in this study were from the Global Burden of Diseases 2019.The numbers,rates per 100000 population,average annual percentage changes(AAPCs)of incidence,prevalence and years lived with disability(YLDs)of bipolar disorder are reported at the global,regional and national levels among individuals aged 10-24 years.Global trends by age,sex and Social Development Index(SDI)were further analysed.Results Globally,the incidence of bipolar disorder among adolescents and young adults increased from 79.21 per 100000 population(95%uncertainty interval(Ul):58.13 to 105.15)in 1990 to 84.97 per 100000 population(95%Ul:61.73 to 113.46)in 2019,AAPC 0.24(95%confidence interval(Cl):0.22 to 0.26).In the past three decades,there has been an increase in incidence,prevalence and YLDs in both males and females.The largest increase in incidence between 1990 and 2019 was observed in those aged 20-24 years old from 51.76 per 100000 population(95%Ul:26.81 to 87.20)in 1990 to 58.37 per 100000 population(95%UI:30.39 to 98.55)in 2019;AAPC 0.42(95%Cl:0.38 to 0.47).By the SDI quintile,the largest increase in incidence was observed in the middle SDl;however,the high SDI countries had the highest incidence.Regionally,the largest increase in incidence was observed in southern Latin America.At the national level,the most pronounced increase in the incidence was in Greenland.Conclusions The global increase in incidence among adolescents and young adults between 1990 and 2019 indicates that strategies to improve their mental health still need to be emphasised.

Advances in functional MRI research in bipolar disorder:from the perspective of mood states

Bipolar disorder is characterised by recurrent and alternating episodes of mania/hypomania and depression.Current breakthroughs in functional MRI techniques have uncovered the functional neuroanatomy of bipolar disorder.However,the pathophysiology underlying mood instability,mood switching and the development of extreme mood states is less well understood.This reviewpresents a comprehensive overviewof current evidence from functional MRI studies from the perspective of mood states.We first summarise the disrupted brain activation patterns and functional connectivity that have been reported in bipolar disorder,irrespective of the mood state.We next focus on research that solely included patients in a single mood state for a better understanding of the pathophysiology of bipolar disorder and research comparing patients with different mood states to dissect mood state-related effects.Finally,we briefly summarise current theoretical models and conclude this review by proposing potential avenues for future research.A comprehensive understanding of the pathophysiology with consideration of mood states could not only deepen our understanding of how acute mood episodes develop at a neurophysiological level but could also facilitate the identification of biological targets for personalised treatment and the development of new interventions for bipolar disorder.

COVID-19 pandemic amplified mortality rates among adolescents with bipolar disorder through family-related factors

BACKGROUND Recently,a growing number of adolescents have been afflicted with mental disorders,with annual morbidity rates on the rise.This trend has been exacerbated by the global coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)pandemic,leading to a surge in suicide and self-harm rates among this demographic.AIM To investigate the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on adolescent bipolar disorder(BD),along with the underlying factors contributing to heightened rates of suicide and self-harm among adolescents.METHODS A comprehensive statistical analysis was conducted utilizing clinical interviews and self-reports obtained from patients or their guardians.Diagnostic criteria for BDs were based on the Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders,international classification of diseases-11,and the National institute of mental health research domain criteria.Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS 26.0 software,with significance set at P<0.05.RESULTS A cohort of 171 adolescents diagnosed with BD between January 1,2018,and December 31,2022,was included in the analysis.The gender distribution was 2.8:1(female to male),with ages ranging from 11 to 18 years old.Major factors contributing to adolescent BDs included familial influences,academic stress,genetic predisposition and exposure to school-related violence.Notably,a significant increase in suicide attempts and self-harm incidents was observed among adolescents with BD during the COVID-19 pandemic.Statistical analysis indicated that the pandemic exacerbated familial discord and heightened academic stress,thereby amplifying the prevalence of suicidal behavior and self-harm among adolescents.CONCLUSION The COVID-19 pandemic has exacerbated familial tensions and intensified the incidence of suicide and self-harm among adolescents diagnosed with BD.This study underscores the urgent need for societal,familial and educational support systems to prioritize the well-being of adolescents and offers valuable insights and guidelines for the prevention,diagnosis and treatment of adolescent BDs.

Bipolar hip arthroplasty using conjoined tendon preserving posterior lateral approach in treatment of displaced femoral neck fractures

BACKGROUND Hip fractures account for 23.8%of all fractures in patients over the age of 75 years.More than half of these patients are older than 80 years.Bipolar hemiarthroplasty(BHA)was established as an effective management option for these patients.Various approaches can be used for the BHA procedure.However,there is a high risk of postoperative dislocation.The conjoined tendon-preserving posterior(CPP)lateral approach was introduced to reduce postoperative dislocation rates.AIM To evaluate the effectiveness and safety of the CPP lateral approach for BHA in elderly patients.METHODS We retrospectively analyzed medical data from 80 patients with displaced femoral neck fractures who underwent BHA.The patients were followed up for at least 1 year.Among the 80 patients,57(71.3%)were female.The time to operation averaged 2.3 d(range:1-5 d).The mean age was 80.5 years(range:67-90 years),and the mean body mass index was 24.9 kg/m^(2)(range:17-36 kg/m^(2)).According to the Garden classification,42.5%of patients were typeⅢand 57.5%of patients were typeⅣ.Uncemented bipolar hip prostheses were used for all patients.Torn conjoined tendons,dislocations,and adverse complications during and after surgery were recorded.RESULTS The mean postoperative follow-up time was 15.3 months(range:12-18 months).The average surgery time was 52 min(range:40-70 min)with an average blood loss of 120 mL(range:80-320 mL).The transfusion rate was 10%(8 of 80 patients).The gemellus inferior was torn in 4 patients(5%),while it was difficult to identify in 2 patients(2.5%)during surgery.The posterior capsule was punctured by the fractured femoral neck in 3 patients,but the conjoined tendon and the piriformis tendon remained intact.No patients had stem varus greater than 3 degrees or femoral fracture.There were no patients with stem subsidence more than 5 mm at the last follow-up.No postoperative dislocations were observed throughout the follow-up period.No significance was found between preoperative and postoperative mean Health Service System scores(87.30±2.98 vs 86.10±6.10,t=1.89,P=0.063).CONCLUSION The CPP lateral approach can effectively reduce the incidence of postoperative dislocation without increasing perioperative complications.For surgeons familiar with the posterior lateral approach,there is no need for additional surgical instruments,and it does not increase surgical difficulty.

A Robust Method of Bipolar Mental Illness Detection from Facial Micro Expressions Using Machine Learning Methods

Bipolar disorder is a serious mental condition that may be caused by any kind of stress or emotional upset experienced by the patient.It affects a large percentage of people globally,who fluctuate between depression and mania,or vice versa.A pleasant or unpleasant mood is more than a reflection of a state of mind.Normally,it is a difficult task to analyze through physical examination due to a large patient-psychiatrist ratio,so automated procedures are the best options to diagnose and verify the severity of bipolar.In this research work,facial microexpressions have been used for bipolar detection using the proposed Convolutional Neural Network(CNN)-based model.Facial Action Coding System(FACS)is used to extract micro-expressions called Action Units(AUs)connected with sad,happy,and angry emotions.Experiments have been conducted on a dataset collected from Bahawal Victoria Hospital,Bahawalpur,Pakistan,Using the Patient Health Questionnaire-15(PHQ-15)to infer a patient’s mental state.The experimental results showed a validation accuracy of 98.99%for the proposed CNN modelwhile classification through extracted featuresUsing SupportVectorMachines(SVM),K-NearestNeighbour(KNN),and Decision Tree(DT)obtained 99.9%,98.7%,and 98.9%accuracy,respectively.Overall,the outcomes demonstrated the stated method’s superiority over the current best practices.

High-Voltage Aqueous Zinc Batteries Achieved by Tri-functional Metallic Bipolar Electrodes

Aqueous rechargeable zinc batteries are very attractive for energy storage applications due to their low cost and high safety.However,low operating voltages limit their further development.For the first time,this work proposes a unique approach to increase the voltages of aqueous zinc batteries by using tri-functional metallic bipolar electrode with good electrochemical activity and ultrahigh electronic conductivity,which not only participates in redox reactions,but also functions as an electrical highway for charge transport.Furthermore,bipolar electrode can replace expensive ion selective membrane to separate electrolytes with different pH;thus,redox couples with higher potential in acid condition and Zn=Zn(OH)^(2-)_(4) couple with lower potential in alkaline condition can be employed together,leading to high voltages of aqueous zinc batteries.Herein,two types of metallic bipolar electrodes of Cu and Ag are utilized based on three kinds of aqueous zinc batteries:Zn–MnO_(2),Zn–I_(2),and Zn–Br_(2).The voltage of aqueous Zn–MnO_(2) battery is raised to 1.84 V by employing one Cu bipolar electrode,which shows no capacity attenuation after 3500 cycles.Moreover,the other Ag bipolar electrode can be adopted to successfully construct Zn–I_(2) and Zn–Br_(2) batteries exhibiting much higher voltages of 2.44 and 2.67 V,which also show no obvious capacity degradation for 1000 and 800 cycles,representing decent cycle stability.Since bipolar electrode can be applied in a large family of aqueous batteries,this work offers an elaborate high-voltage concept based on tri-functional metallic bipolar electrode as a model system to open a door to explore high-voltage aqueous batteries.

Bipolar ionomer electrolytes with desirable self-discharge suppression for supercapacitors

Supercapacitors based on electric double layers are prone to serious self-discharge due to electrolyte ion desorption and the resulting energy loss severely limits the application range of supercapacitors.Rational design of polymer electrolyte systems to address this problem shows considerable generality and high feasibility.Herein,we reported a quasi-solid-state bipolar ionomer electrolyte prepared by an in-situ layer-by-layer ultraviolet-curing method,which has an integrated Janus structure with an intermediate binding layer.Based on the synergistic effect of confining impurity ions by ionizable groups and electrostatic repulsion to stabilize the electric double layers and superimposing synergies on both sides,the assembled device not only possesses ideal supercapacitor characteristics,but also exhibits an ultrahigh voltage retention of 71% after being left to stand for 100 h after being fully charged.Furthermore,through the quasi-in-situ energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy linear scanning,the characteristics of ion diffusion in this ionomer electrolyte are revealed,suggesting its correlation with self-discharge behavior.

SiC gate-controlled bipolar field effect composite transistor with polysilicon region for improving on-state current

A novel silicon carbide gate-controlled bipolar field effect composite transistor with poly silicon region(SiC GCBTP)is proposed.Different from the traditional electrode connection mode of SiC vertical diffused MOS(VDMOS),the P+region of P-well is connected with the gate in SiC GCBTP,and the polysilicon region is added between the P+region and the gate.By this method,additional minority carriers can be injected into the drift region at on-state,and the distribution of minority carriers in the drift region will be optimized,so the on-state current is increased.In terms of static characteristics,it has the same high breakdown voltage(811 V)as SiC VDMOS whose length of drift is 5.5μm.The on-state current of SiC GCBTP is 2.47×10^(-3)A/μm(V_(G)=10 V,V_(D)=10 V)which is 5.7 times of that of SiC IGBT and 36.4 times of that of SiC VDMOS.In terms of dynamic characteristics,the turn-on time of SiC GCBTP is only 0.425 ns.And the turn-off time of SiC GCBTP is similar to that of SIC insulated gate bipolar transistor(IGBT),which is 114.72 ns.

Residual Stresses and Forming Quality of Metal Bipolar Plates for PEMFC During the Stamping Process

Stamping is a critical step in the manufacture of metallic bipolar plates.Typically,residual stress and a spring back effect appear on the bipolar plate after the stamping process,which impacts on the performance and lifetime of the proton exchange membrane fuel cell(PEMFC).The residual stress and spring back behavior which occur as a result of stamping a bipolar plate are investigated in this study.The effects of the punch radius,the die radius,the channel depth,and the clearance between the punch and the die on the residual stress and forming quality of the bipolar plate are examined.The stamping process can be divided into three stages.The high stress area and the middle section residual stress area were selected to study the formation process and to obtain the composition of the residual stress regions.Spring back was mainly related to the position of the fixed end of the sheet and the degree of plastic deformation,and the sheet thickness have increased by 2μm after spring back.Based on the results of finite element analysis,as described by the distribution of residual stress,the formation,the thickness of the middle cross section and the equivalent plastic strain,it was found that all the tool parameters affected the distribution of the residual stress.This research can provide a design reference for the manufacture of metallic bipolar plates based on the stamping process.

A comparative study of the electrical characteristics of positive and negative narrow bipolar events

Narrow bipolar events(NBEs)are intriguing intra-cloud discharge that have attracted enormous interest in the lightning community.They come with two polarities that dominate at different altitudes in thunderclouds.The sources of negative NBEs are usually located near the top of thunderclouds;those of positive NBEs are at the middle levels.NBEs may occur at the onset of lightning.The electrical properties of NBEs remain poorly understood.We present here the first comparative study of the electrical characteristics of negative and positive NBEs.To derive electrical parameters from the fast electric field change waveforms of 1673 positive NBEs and 364 negative NBEs recorded by the Jianghuai Area Sferic Array(JASA)in China,we use an improved method based on the transmission line model.This approach concludes that negative NBEs occurring at high altitudes tend to produce a narrower current pulse and take a shorter time to traverse the channel than their positive counterparts.Moreover,compared to positive NBEs,a larger portion of negative NBEs are associated with slightly greater peak current moments but smaller overall charge moments.The differences reported herein between electrical properties of negative and positive NBEs suggest that charge distribution in NBE-producing thunderstorms tends to vary systematically with altitude.

Differences in Non-suicidal Self-injury Behaviors between Unipolar Depression and Bipolar Depression in Adolescent Outpatients

Objective Non-suicidal self-injury(NSSI)has a higher prevalence in adolescents with depressive disorders than in community adolescents.This study examined the differences in NSSI behaviors between adolescents with unipolar depression(UD)and those with bipolar depression(BD).Methods Adolescents with UD or BD were recruited from 20 general or psychiatric hospitals across China.The methods,frequency,and function of NSSI were assessed by Functional Assessment of Self-Mutilation.The Beck Suicide Ideation Scale was used to evaluate adolescents’suicidal ideation,and the 10-item Kessler Psychological Distress Scale to estimate the anxiety and depression symptoms.Results The UD group had higher levels of depression(19.16 vs.17.37,F=15.23,P<0.001)and anxiety symptoms(17.73 vs.16.70,F=5.00,P=0.026)than the BD group.Adolescents with BD had a longer course of NSSI than those with UD(2.00 vs.1.00 year,Z=−3.39,P=0.001).There were no statistical differences in the frequency and the number of methods of NSSI between the UD and BD groups.Depression(r=0.408,P<0.01)and anxiety(r=0.391,P<0.01)were significantly and positively related to NSSI frequency.Conclusion Adolescents with BD had a longer course of NSSI than those with UD.More importantly,NSSI frequency were positively and strongly correlated with depression and anxiety symptoms,indicating the importance of adequate treatment of depression and anxiety in preventing and intervening adolescents’NSSI behaviors.

Temperature dependence of single-event transients in SiGe heterojunction bipolar transistors for cryogenic applications

We experimentally demonstrate that the dominant mechanism of single-event transients in silicon-germanium heterojunction bipolar transistors(SiGe HBTs)can change with decreasing temperature from+20℃to-180℃.This is accomplished by using a new well-designed cryogenic experimental system suitable for a pulsed-laser platform.Firstly,when the temperature drops from+20℃to-140℃,the increased carrier mobility drives a slight increase in transient amplitude.However,as the temperature decreases further below-140℃,the carrier freeze-out brings about an inflection point,which means the transient amplitude will decrease at cryogenic temperatures.To better understand this result,we analytically calculate the ionization rates of various dopants at different temperatures based on Altermatt's new incomplete ionization model.The parasitic resistivities with temperature on the charge-collection pathway are extracted by a two-dimensional(2D)TCAD process simulation.In addition,we investigate the impact of temperature on the novel electron-injection process from emitter to base under different bias conditions.The increase of the emitter-base junction's barrier height at low temperatures could suppress this electron-injection phenomenon.We have also optimized the built-in voltage equations of a high current compact model(HICUM)by introducing the impact of incomplete ionization.The present results and methods could provide a new reference for effective evaluation of single-event effects in bipolar transistors and circuits at cryogenic temperatures,and could provide a new evidence of the potential of SiGe technology in applications in extreme cryogenic environments.

Role of adjunctive nonpharmacological strategies for treatment of rapid-cycling bipolar disorder

Rapid-cycling bipolar disorder(RCBD)is a phase of bipolar disorder defined by the presence of≥4 mood episodes in a year.It is a common phenomenon characterized by greater severity,a predominance of depression,higher levels of disability,and poorer overall outcomes.It is resistant to treatment by conventional pharmacotherapy.The existing literature underlines the scarcity of evidence and the gaps in knowledge about the optimal treatment strategies for RCBD.However,most reviews have considered only pharmacological treatment options for RCBD.Given the treatment-refractory nature of RCBD,nonpharmacological interventions could augment medications but have not been adequately examined.This review carried out an updated and comprehensive search for evidence regarding the role of nonpharmacological therapies as adjuncts to medications in RCBD.We identified 83 reviews and meta-analyses concerning the treatment of RCBD.Additionally,we found 42 reports on adjunctive nonpharmacological treatments in RCBD.Most of the evidence favoured concomitant electroconvulsive therapy as an acute and maintenance treatment.There was preliminary evidence to suggest that chronotherapeutic treatments can provide better outcomes when combined with medications.The research on adjunctive psychotherapy was particularly scarce but suggested that psychoeducation,cognitive behavioural therapy,family interventions,and supportive psychotherapy may be helpful.The overall quality of evidence was poor and suffered from several methodological shortcomings.There is a need for more methodologically sound research in this area,although clinicians can use the existing evidence to select and individualize nonpharmacological treatment options for better management of RCBD.Patient summaries are included to highlight some of the issues concerning the implementation of adjunctive nonpharmacological treatments.

Transurethral Resection of Bladder Tumour: Safe Implementation of Bipolar Technique

Background: Traditionally, monopolar transurethral resection was the standard surgery for bladder tumors. After developing the bipolar technique, it was noticed that patients’ morbidity was reduced. We aim to compare bipolar and monopolar transurethral resection of bladder tumors in terms of efficacy, safety, and oncological outcomes. Patients and Methods: Clinical records of sixty patients with newly diagnosed bladder cancer who underwent either monopolar or bipolar transurethral resection between March 2019 and April 2021 were prospectively reviewed. Results: Thirty patients were included in each group. The mean age in monopolar and bipolar arms was 59.9 and 57.5 years, respectively. The obturator reflex occurred in 13.33% and 36.66% of the bipolar and monopolar arms, respectively (p = 0.032). Bladder perforation was reported in 2 cases in the monopolar arm. The resection time was significantly longer for the monopolar arm (25.45 Vs 22.85 minutes). Also, the monopolar arm reported longer mean irrigation (23.34 Vs 20.11, p = 0.039), with 1 TUR syndrome reported in the monopolar arm. The mean hemoglobin drop was more in the monopolar arm (0.9 Vs 0.5 gm/dl, p = 0.041). No statistical significance was reported regarding the histopathology results, and one patient in the monopolar group did not have muscle in his specimen. There was no statistically significant difference in recurrence and prognosis between both groups. Conclusions: The bipolar technique has demonstrated its reliability and efficiency as a surgical procedure, providing various advantages while minimizing the risk of complications.

Bipolar Transurethral Resection of the Prostate (B-TURP) Including Large Prostate Glands in Kinshasa, DR Congo

Context: In DR Congo, prostate adenoma was treated solely by open surgery till the practice of minimally invasive surgery in 2012. Surgical management of large prostate glands has greatly improved over the last years. Even if open adenomectomy is indicated for prostate glands > 80 ml, TURP is currently the gold standard. We report the resection time of TURP procedure, quality of life of the patients, the postoperative complications and outcomes of 152 patients with large prostate glands who went under Bipolar TURP from 2021 to 2022. Patients and Methods: This is a prospective and evaluative study of 152 patients who underwent surgery for benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) from January 2021 to December 2022 using bipolar transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP). The study variables were age, low urinary tract symptoms (LUTS), paraclinical parameters, prostate volume, resection time, length of hospital stay, results of histopathological analysis of resected tissues (prostate chips), complications and postoperative outcomes of the patients. All the patients underwent saline bipolar TURP. Results: The mean age of the patients was 66.5 ± 9.3 years. Dysuria and acute urinary retention were the most predominant symptoms, 46.1% and 23.03% respectively. Arterial hypertension was the most common medical history (29.7%), or associated with diabetes mellitus (18.4%). The most frequent surgical history was the repair of the inguinal hernia in 21.7% of cases. Most of the patients had a prostate volume ≥ 80 ml (n = 91) in a relative frequency of 60% of cases. The mean prostate volume was 104.8 ± 60.4 ml. The volume of the prostate was correlated with the age of the patients (r = 0.321;p 15 ml/s (96%) postoperatively. The post-void residual (PVR) was significant in the group of patients with prostate volume ≥ 80 ml (p Conclusion: Although conventional surgery (open adenomectomy) has been a standard treatment for large prostate adenomas, progress in minimally invasive techniques, mainly Bipolar TURP, seems to confer more advantages such as the low rate of complications, reduced length of hospital stay and improved quality of life for the patients.

Atypical Symptoms of Early Onset Bipolar Disorder

Juvenile bipolar disorder can be a challenging diagnosis, given its atypical presentation and tendency to have other comorbid psychiatric disorders. In this case study, we describe a case of a young patient with some atypical symptoms of early-onset bipolar disorder.

Multi-Attribute Group Decision-Making Method under Spherical Fuzzy Bipolar Soft Expert Framework with Its Application

Spherical fuzzy soft expert set(SFSES)theory blends the perks of spherical fuzzy sets and group decision-making into a unified approach.It allows solutions to highly complicated uncertainties and ambiguities under the unbiased supervision and group decision-making of multiple experts.However,SFSES theory has some deficiencies such as the inability to interpret and portray the bipolarity of decision-parameters.This work highlights and overcomes these limitations by introducing the novel spherical fuzzy bipolar soft expert sets(SFBSESs)as a powerful hybridization of spherical fuzzy set theory with bipolar soft expert sets(BSESs).Followed by the development of certain set-theoretic operations and properties of the proposed model,important problems,including the selection of non-powered dam(NPD)sites for hydropower conversion are discussed and solved under the proposed approach.These problems mainly focus on the need for an efficient tool capable of considering the bipolarity of parameters,complicated ambiguities,and multiple opinions.Supporting the new approach by a detailed comparative analysis,it is concluded that the proposed model is more comprehensive and reliable for multi-attribute group decisionmaking(MAGDM)than the previous tools,particularly considering the bipolarity of parameters under SFSES environment.

Simulation analysis on microscopic discharge characteristics of the bipolar corona of a floating conductor

A floating conductor exhibits a bipolar corona phenomenon with microscopic discharge characteristics that are still unclear.In this study,a plasma simulation model of the bipolar corona with 108 chemical reaction equations is established by combining hydrodynamics and plasma chemical reactions.The evolution characteristics of electrons,positive ions,negative ions and neutral particles,as well as the distribution characteristics of space charges are analyzed,and the evolutionary flow of microscopic particles is summarized.The results indicate that the positive end of the bipolar corona initiates discharge before the negative end,but the plasma chemistry at the negative end is more vigorous.The electron generation rate can reach 1240 mol(m^(3) s)^(-1),and the dissipation rate can reach 34 mol(m^(3) s)^(-1).The positive ion swarm is dominated by O_(4)^(+),and the maximum generation rate can reach 440 mol((m^(3) s)^(-1).The negative ion swarm is mainly O_(2) and O_(4).The O_(2) content is approximately 1.5-3 times that of O_(4),and the maximum reaction rate can reach 51 mol(m^(3) s)^(-1).The final destination of neutral particles is an accumulation in the form of O_(3) and NO,and the amount of O3 produced is approximately 4-6 times that of NO.The positive end of the bipolar corona is dominated by positive space charges,which continue to develop and spread outwards in the form of a pulse wave.The negative end exhibits a space charge distribution structure of concentrated positive charges and diffused negative charges.The validity of the microscopic simulation analysis is verified by the macroscopic discharge phenomenon.

Analysis of TOPSIS techniques based on bipolar complex fuzzy N-soft setting and their applications in decision-making problems

A novel model termed a bipolar complex fuzzy N-soft set(BCFN-SS)is initiated for tackling information that involves positive and negative aspects,the second dimension,and parameterised grading simultaneously.The theory of BCFN-SS is the generalisation of two various theories,that is,bipolar complex fuzzy(BCF)and N-SS.The invented model of BCFN-SS helps decision-makers to cope with the genuine-life dilemmas containing BCF information along with parameterised grading at the same time.Further,various algebraic operations,including the usual type of union,intersection,complements,and a few others types,are invented.Certain primary operational laws for BCFNSS are also invented.Moreover,a technique for order preference by similarity to the ideal solution(TOPSIS)approach is devised in the setting of BCFN-SS for managing strategic decision-making(DM)dilemmas containing BCFN-SS information.Keeping in mind the usefulness and benefits of the TOPSIS approach,two various types of TOPSIS approaches in the environment of BCFN-SS are devised and then a numerical example for exposing the usefulness of the devised TOPSIS approach is interpreted.To disclose the prominence and benefits of the devised work,the devised approaches with numerous prevailing work are compared.