An internal ballistic model of electromagnetic railgun based on PFN coupled with multi-physical field and experimental validation

To accelerate the practicality of electromagnetic railguns,it is necessary to use a combination of threedimensional numerical simulation and experiments to study the mechanism of bore damage.In this paper,a three-dimensional numerical model of the augmented railgun with four parallel unconventional rails is introduced to simulate the internal ballistic process and realize the multi-physics field coupling calculation of the rail gun,and a test experiment of a medium-caliber electromagnetic launcher powered by pulse formation network(PFN)is carried out.Various test methods such as spectrometer,fiber grating and high-speed camera are used to test several parameters such as muzzle initial velocity,transient magnetic field strength and stress-strain of rail.Combining the simulation results and experimental data,the damage condition of the contact surface is analyzed.

Multi-Physics Coupled Acoustic-Mechanics Analysis and Synergetic Optimization for a Twin-Fluid Atomization Nozzle

Fine particulate matter produced during the rapid industrialization over the past decades can cause significant harm to human health.Twin-fluid atomization technology is an effective means of controlling fine particulate matter pollution.In this paper,the influences of the main parameters on the droplet size,effective atomization range and sound pressure level(SPL)of a twin-fluid nozzle(TFN)are investigated,and in order to improve the atomization performance,a multi-objective synergetic optimization algorithm is presented.A multi-physics coupled acousticmechanics model based on the discrete phase model(DPM),large eddy simulation(LES)model,and Ffowcs Williams-Hawkings(FW-H)model is established,and the numerical simulation results of the multi-physics coupled acoustic-mechanics method are verified via experimental comparison.Based on the analysis of the multi-physics coupled acoustic-mechanics numerical simulation results,the effects of the water flow on the characteristics of the atomization flow distribution were obtained.A multi-physics coupled acoustic-mechanics numerical simulation result was employed to establish an orthogonal test database,and a multi-objective synergetic optimization algorithm was adopted to optimize the key parameters of the TFN.The optimal parameters are as follows:A gas flow of 0.94 m^(3)/h,water flow of 0.0237 m^(3)/h,orifice diameter of the self-excited vibrating cavity(SVC)of 1.19 mm,SVC orifice depth of 0.53 mm,distance between SVC and the outlet of nozzle of 5.11 mm,and a nozzle outlet diameter of 3.15 mm.The droplet particle size in the atomization flow field was significantly reduced,the spray distance improved by 71.56%,and the SPL data at each corresponding measurement point decreased by an average of 38.96%.The conclusions of this study offer a references for future TFN research.

Verification of a self-developed CFD-based multi-physics coupled code MPC-LBE for LBE-cooled reactor

To perform an integral simulation of a pool-type reactor using CFD code,a multi-physics coupled code MPC-LBE for an LBE-cooled reactor was proposed by integrating a point kinetics model and a fuel pin heat transfer model into self-developed CFD code.For code verification,a code-to-code comparison was employed to validate the CFD code.Furthermore,a typical BT transient benchmark on the LBE-cooled XADS reactor was selected for verification in terms of the integral or system performance.Based on the verification results,it was demonstrated that the MPC-LBE coupled code can perform thermal-hydraulics or safety analyses for analysis for processes involved in LBE-cooled pool-type reactors.

Coupled Numerical Simulation of Electromagnetic and Flow Fields in a Magnetohydrodynamic Induction Pump

Magnetohydrodynamic(MHD)induction pumps are contactless pumps able to withstand harsh environments.The rate of fluid flow through the pump directly affects the efficiency and stability of the device.To explore the influence of induction pump settings on the related delivery speed,in this study,a numerical model for coupled electromagnetic and flow field effects is introduced and used to simulate liquid metal lithium flow in the induction pump.The effects of current intensity,frequency,coil turns and coil winding size on the velocity of the working fluid are analyzed.It is shown that the first three parameters have a significant impact,while changes in the coil turns have a negligible influence.The maximum increase in working fluid velocity within the pump for the parameter combination investigated in this paper is approximately 618%.As the frequency is increased from 20 to 60 Hz,the maximum increase in the mean flow rate of the working fluid is approximately 241%.These research findings are intended to support the design and optimization of these devices.

Development and application of a multi-physics and multi-scale coupling program for lead-cooled fast reactor

In this study,a multi-physics and multi-scale coupling program,Fluent/KMC-sub/NDK,was developed based on the user-defined functions(UDF)of Fluent,in which the KMC-sub-code is a sub-channel thermal-hydraulic code and the NDK code is a neutron diffusion code.The coupling program framework adopts the"master-slave"mode,in which Fluent is the master program while NDK and KMC-sub are coupled internally and compiled into the dynamic link library(DLL)as slave codes.The domain decomposition method was adopted,in which the reactor core was simulated by NDK and KMC-sub,while the rest of the primary loop was simulated using Fluent.A simulation of the reactor shutdown process of M2LFR-1000 was carried out using the coupling program,and the code-to-code verification was performed with ATHLET,demonstrating a good agreement,with absolute deviation was smaller than 0.2%.The results show an obvious thermal stratification phenomenon during the shutdown process,which occurs 10 s after shutdown,and the change in thermal stratification phenomena is also captured by the coupling program.At the same time,the change in the neutron flux density distribution of the reactor was also obtained.

Transient multi-physics behavior of an insert high temperature superconducting no-insulation coil in hybrid superconducting magnets with inductive coupling

A transient multi-physics model incorporated with an electromagneto-thermomechanical coupling is developed to capture the multi-field behavior of a single-pancake(SP)insert no-insulation(NI)coil in a hybrid magnet during the charging and discharging processes.The coupled problem is resolved by means of the finite element method(FEM)for the magneto-thermo-elastic behaviors and the Runge-Kutta method for the transient responses of the electrical circuits of the hybrid superconducting magnet system.The results reveal that the transient multi-physics responses of the insert NI coil primarily depend on the charging/discharging procedure of the hybrid magnet.Moreover,a reverse azimuthal current and a compressive hoop stress are induced in the insert NI coil during the charging process,while a forward azimuthal current and a tensile hoop stress are observed during the discharging process.The induced voltages in the insert NI coil can drive the currents flowing across the radial turns where the contact resistance exists.Therefore,it brings forth significant Joule heat,causing a temperature rise and a uniform distribution of this heat in the coil turns.Accordingly,a thermally/mechanically unstable or quenching event may be encountered when a high operating current is flowing in the insert NI coil.It is numerically predicted that a quick charging will induce a compressive hoop stress which may bring a risk of buckling instability in the coil,while a discharging will not.The simulations provide an insight of hybrid superconducting magnets under transient start-up or shutdown phases which are inevitably encountered in practical applications.

Research on heat dissipation characteristics of magnetic fluid bearings under multiple field coupling effects

This paper analyzes the sources of heat losses in magnetic fluid bearings,proposes various cou-pling relationships of physical fields,divides the coupled heat transfer surfaces while ensuring the continuity of heat flux density,and analyzes the overall heat dissipation pathways of the bearings.By changing parameters such as input current,rotor speed,and inlet oil flow rate,the study applies a multi-physics field coupling method to investigate the influence of different parameters on the temper-ature field and heat dissipation patterns of the bearings,which is then validated through experi-ments.This research provides a theoretical basis for the optimal design of magnetic fluid bearing sys-tems.

弱旋预混火焰中热声振荡多模态转换的实验与模拟研究

为研究弱旋预混火焰在当量比变化过程中热声不稳定的频率迁移、模态转换特征及内在机理,通过傅里叶变换、相空间重构、OH*时序及平均火焰图像等方法对实验中出现的极限环、拍振、间歇性振荡等典型燃烧不稳定状态进行分析;结合低阶热声网络与n-τ模型,对热声振荡过程中发生的模态转换现象进行模拟,其中延迟时间τ使用了对流延迟时间进行近似,其基于未燃混合物长度计算得到。实验结果表明,在当量比φ=0.5~0.7内,随着当量比的增加,一阶振荡频率向更高频率迁移;在φ=0.8时,振荡主频从一阶模态转换到二阶模态;φ=0.9~1.2内,一阶振荡频率降低,变化幅度最高达41.48%;并且当φ=1.1时,振荡主频从二阶模态转换回一阶模态;在整个当量比区间内,二阶振荡频率变化幅度小于5%。计算结果显示,振荡频率的预测值与实验值整体吻合良好,尤其是当φ=0.8时,二阶频率的增长率大于一阶频率的增长率,对应实验中发生的一阶模态到二阶模态的转换。同时在部分工况下,预测的振荡频率与实验值也有偏移,其原因是增益的增加导致偏离增大,一阶频率的最大误差为26.4%,二阶频率的最大误差小于12%。本研究表明,对流延迟时间与振荡主频的分布存在反比关系,对流延迟时间的缩短会使得一阶频率向高频迁移,过程中振荡模态会由一阶转换到二阶模态。

Multi-physics analysis of permanent magnet tubular linear motors under severe volumetric and thermal constraints

Permanent magnet tubular linear motors(TLMs) arranged in multiple rows and multiple columns used for a radiotherapy machine were studied. Due to severe volumetric and thermal constraints, the TLMs were at high risk of overheating. To predict the performance of the TLMs accurately, a multi-physics analysis approach was proposed. Specifically, it considered the coupling effects amongst the electromagnetic and the thermal models of the TLMs, as well as the fluid model of the surrounding air. To reduce computation cost, both the electromagnetic and the thermal models were based on lumped-parameter methods. Only a minimum set of numerical computation(computational fluid dynamics, CFD) was performed to model the complex fluid behavior. With the proposed approach, both steady state and transient state temperature distributions, thermal rating and permissible load can be predicted. The validity of this approach is verified through the experiment.

Methodology for Comparing Coupling Algorithms for Fluid-Structure Interaction Problems

The multi-physics simulation of coupled fluid-structure interaction problems, with disjoint fluid and solid domains, requires one to choose a method for enforcing the fluid-structure coupling at the interface between solid and fluid. While it is common knowledge that the choice of coupling technique can be very problem dependent, there exists no satisfactory coupling comparison methodology that allows for conclusions to be drawn with respect to the comparison of computational cost and solution accuracy for a given scenario. In this work, we develop a computational framework where all aspects of the computation can be held constant, save for the method in which the coupled nature of the fluid-structure equations is enforced. To enable a fair comparison of coupling methods, all simulations presented in this work are implemented within a single numerical framework within the deal.ii [1] finite element library. We have chosen the two-dimensional benchmark test problem of Turek and Hron [2] as an example to examine the relative accuracy of the coupling methods studied;however, the comparison technique is equally applicable to more complex problems. We show that for the specific case considered herein the monolithic approach outperforms partitioned and quasi-direct methods;however, this result is problem dependent and we discuss computational and modeling aspects which may affect other comparison studies.

考虑热障涂层及冷却结构影响的某F级燃气轮机火焰筒数值研究

以某F级燃气轮机燃烧室火焰筒为研究对象,考虑热障涂层及冷却结构对火焰筒气动传热影响,基于流热固耦合方法对额定工况下的火焰筒进行了内部流场、温度场和应力场分析,并将数值分析结果与火焰筒实际损伤情况进行对比。结果表明:数值分析结果的火焰筒高应力区域与火焰筒实际损伤区域基本吻合,采用流热固耦合方法可以预测火焰筒实际损伤情况;不同位置的热障涂层陶瓷层隔热效果相近;基体和热障涂层陶瓷层在冷却结构附近的区域均为高应力区域。

基于双向耦合的燃烧室与冷却通道的传热研究

为研究超燃冲压发动机燃烧室与再生冷却通道的耦合传热特性,采用双向弱耦合迭代计算方法,研究燃烧室和冷却通道的特征参数对耦合传热特性的影响规律。结果表明:当量比的增加导致燃烧反应区域和壁面高温区域后移,当量比增大至0.75时,部分壁面高温区后移至超出燃烧段范围,在燃烧室的当量比设计时需考虑冷却通道范围的限制;喷射角度的增大会提高燃烧段壁面平均温度,喷射角度由30°增大到75°时,冷却通道出口裂解率由8%增长到11%;增大冷却剂的工作压力和流量能增强冷却剂的吸热能力,降低燃烧室内壁面温度,最大下降幅度约200 K。

Thermal management by manipulating electromagnetic parameters

Electromagnetic absorbing materials may convert electromagnetic energy into heat energy and dissipate it.However,in a high-power electromagnetic radiation environment,the temperature of the absorbing material rises significantly and even burns.It becomes critical to ensure electromagnetic absorption performance while minimizing temperature rise.Here,we systematically study the coupling mechanism between the electromagnetic field and the temperature field when the absorbing material is irradiated by electromagnetic waves.We find out the influence of the constitutive parameters of the absorbing materials(including uniform and non-uniform)on the temperature distribution.Finally,through a smart design,we achieve better absorption and lower temperature simultaneously.The accuracy of the model is affirmed as simulation results aligned with theoretical analysis.This work provides a new avenue to control the temperature distribution of absorbing materials.

Multi-physical field coupling simulation of TCVI process for preparing carbon/carbon composites

To prepare Carbon/Carbon (C/C) composites with advanced performance, the thermal gradient chemical vapor infiltration (TCVI) process has been optimized by simulation. A 2D axisymmetric unstable model was built, which included convection, conduction, diffusion, densification reactions in the pores and the evolution of the porous medium. The multi-physical field coupling model was solved by finite element method (FEM) and iterative calculation. The time evolution of the fluid, temperature and preform density field were obtained by the calculation. It is indicated that convection strongly affects the temperature field. For the preform of carbon/carbon composites infiltrated for 100 h by TCVI, the radial average densities from simulation agrees well with those from experiment. The model is validated to be reliable and the simulation has capability of forecasting the process.

Influence of coupled characteristics on the internally-staged combustor under low-power operation

An ultra-low emissions combustor,namely low emission stirred swirl(LESS)combustor was studied,based on a scheme of internally-staged/lean premixed and prevaporized(LPP)combustion.The LESS combustor consists of central pilot stage and outer surrounded coaxially main stage,between which there exists aphysical isolation,namely the step height.The existence of step height delayed the pilot and main jets mixing.Experimental and numerical studies were carried out to investigate the influence of the step height on the combustion performance.A single dome rectangular combustor was utilized to conduct the lean lightoff and blowout experiments,and pollutant emission experiments.The experimental results showed that with the increase of step height by 38%,the lean lightoff and blowout fuel air ratio decreased by 57.4% and 37.5%,the NOx emission increased by 35.1%,and the combustion efficiency increased by 1.78%;while the CO,unburned hydrocarbons(UHC)emissions decreased.Furthermore,the total pressure loss was kept nearly constant.Non-reacting and reacting flow fields were numerically investigated to analyze the coupled characteristics of pilot and main jets with different step heights.A comparison of flow characteristics,spray structure,and combustion component as well as temperature field with different step heights was conducted.The numerical results showed that the increase of the step height shifted the peak velocity outwards.The enlargement of the primary recirculation zone(PRZ)resulted in the increase of the combustion efficiency and NOx emission,while the CO,UHC emissions decreeased.

基于热-流-固耦合方法火焰筒壁温三维数值模拟

准确地确定火焰筒壁温分布是对其进行热结构分析的前提和基础.基于ANSYS/CFX程序平台,采用基于燃烧模型的热-流-固耦合有限元方法,对某环形回流燃烧室的整个流场、温度场进行数值模拟,得出火焰筒壁温三维温度场分布.计算中考虑了燃烧热源和热辐射,燃烧和流场变化对换热的影响,以及燃气、煤油和固体物性参数随温度的变化.数值模拟结果表明,将流场和固壁进行耦合求解,能更精确反映流场和温度场的整个形态,可以模拟出较为合理的流场和温度场分布以及相应的流动换热特性.所做工作对火焰筒结构设计具有重要的工程应用价值.

壁面热特性对超声速燃烧室热环境的影响

在分析燃烧室壁面的对流-辐射耦合换热特性基础上,考虑燃烧室热环境与冷却系统间的相互关系,提出了一种以燃烧室材料许用温度为约束的非均匀冷却壁面热特性设计方法。以某型超声速燃烧室为例,采用混合分数平衡化学反应和液滴离散相模型,计算分析了壁面热特性对燃烧室壁面热流构成、热环境及冷却系统热负荷的影响。结果表明,壁面热特性对超声速燃烧室热环境的影响值得重视,非均匀冷却壁面热特性设计能有效减少燃烧室热损失。

火焰筒浮动瓦块的热-流-结构耦合数值分析

对火焰筒浮动瓦块结构进行了热-流-结构耦合数值分析研究。采用整场求解的热-流耦合方法计算瓦块结构的温度分布;并利用热-结构间接耦合的有限元分析方法计算瓦块的结构强度。研究表明:瓦块结构的应力和变形主要由温度载荷决定,机械载荷对结构变形和最小应力有较大影响,因此对火焰筒浮动瓦块进行结构分析时需要同时考虑温度载荷与压力载荷。建立的浮动瓦块结构热-流-结构耦合分析方法是可行的。

燃气轮机模型燃烧室的大涡模拟

燃烧室内的燃油雾化、蒸发以及和空气进行混合过程对燃烧过程有重要影响。提出1种基于大涡模拟的数学模型来模拟燃烧室内燃料喷射、蒸发和混合过程。被空间滤波掉的亚网格尺度涡对大尺度涡的影响由求单方程SGS湍流模型进行模拟。采用拉格朗日法和蒙特卡洛技术对流场中的喷雾粒子进行采样跟踪,采样喷雾粒子在流场中作为点源项与气相进行质量、动量和能量的双向耦合。提出1个基于SGS湍流动能的双向耦合模型来模拟SGS脉动速度对喷雾粒子运动的影响以及喷雾相对SGS湍流动能的影响。通过对1个同轴模型燃烧室中的喷雾蒸发及混合过程的大涡模拟,将预测结果和试验值进行了比较,预测值和试验值吻合良好,验证了模型的可靠性。

发动机燃烧室主动冷却管道的热-力耦合分析

为了准确高效地进行发动机冷却管道结构的热-力耦合数值分析,基于边界单元法提出一种冷却介质中结构对流换热过程的新型计算方法,计算过程中采用径向积分法将对流换热边界积分方程中的域积分转换为等效的边界积分,从而显著降低计算难度。采用改进后的边界单元法和有限元方法分别进行发动机燃烧室主动冷却管道处的热-力耦合分析,计算并获得了该处的温度场、位移场和应力场,发现了不同物理量随管道轴向的变化规律。通过比较基于两种不同数值方法的计算结果可以发现本文数值方法在显著降低计算模型复杂度的同时,取得了合理的计算结果。因此利用本文方法可以简便有效地进行发动机燃烧室主动冷却管道结构的热-力耦合分析。