The geometry of joints has a significant influence on the mechanical properties of rocks.To simplify the curved joint shapes in rocks,the joint shape is usually treated as straight lines or planes in most laboratory e...The geometry of joints has a significant influence on the mechanical properties of rocks.To simplify the curved joint shapes in rocks,the joint shape is usually treated as straight lines or planes in most laboratory experiments and numerical simulations.In this study,the computerized tomography (CT) scanning and photogrammetry were employed to obtain the internal and surface joint structures of a limestone sample,respectively.To describe the joint geometry,the edge detection algorithms and a three-dimensional (3D) matrix mapping method were applied to reconstruct CT-based and photogrammetry-based jointed rock models.For comparison tests,the numerical uniaxial compression tests were conducted on an intact rock sample and a sample with a joint simplified to a plane using the parallel computing method.The results indicate that the mechanical characteristics and failure process of jointed rocks are significantly affected by the geometry of joints.The presence of joints reduces the uniaxial compressive strength (UCS),elastic modulus,and released acoustic emission (AE) energy of rocks by 37%–67%,21%–24%,and 52%–90%,respectively.Compared to the simplified joint sample,the proposed photogrammetry-based numerical model makes the most of the limited geometry information of joints.The UCS,accumulative released AE energy,and elastic modulus of the photogrammetry-based sample were found to be very close to those of the CT-based sample.The UCS value of the simplified joint sample (i.e.38.5 MPa) is much lower than that of the CT-based sample (i.e.72.3 MPa).Additionally,the accumulative released AE energy observed in the simplified joint sample is 3.899 times lower than that observed in the CT-based sample.CT scanning provides a reliable means to visualize the joints in rocks,which can be used to verify the reliability of photogrammetry techniques.The application of the photogrammetry-based sample enables detailed analysis for estimating the mechanical properties of jointed rocks.展开更多
Side scan sonar(SSS)is an important means to detect and locate seafloor targets.Autonomous underwater vehicles(AUVs)carrying SSS stay near the seafloor to obtain high-resolution images and provide the outline of the t...Side scan sonar(SSS)is an important means to detect and locate seafloor targets.Autonomous underwater vehicles(AUVs)carrying SSS stay near the seafloor to obtain high-resolution images and provide the outline of the target for observers.The target feature information of an SSS image is similar to the background information,and a small target has less pixel information;therefore,accu-rately identifying and locating small targets in SSS images is challenging.We collect the SSS images of iron metal balls(with a diameter of 1m)and rocks to solve the problem of target misclassification.Thus,the dataset contains two types of targets,namely,‘ball’and‘rock’.With the aim to enable AUVs to accurately and automatically identify small underwater targets in SSS images,this study designs a multisize parallel convolution module embedded in state-of-the-art Yolo5.An attention mechanism transformer and a convolutional block attention module are also introduced to compare their contributions to small target detection accuracy.The performance of the proposed method is further evaluated by taking the lightweight networks Mobilenet3 and Shufflenet2 as the backbone network of Yolo5.This study focuses on the performance of convolutional neural networks for the detection of small targets in SSS images,while another comparison experiment is carried out using traditional HOG+SVM to highlight the neural network’s ability.This study aims to improve the detection accuracy while ensuring the model efficiency to meet the real-time working requirements of AUV target detection.展开更多
The parallel spectral-domain optical coherence tomography(PSDOCT) is described for high-speed optical coherence tomography(OCT) without lateral scanning. In this setup, the self-elimination of auto-correlation(AC) int...The parallel spectral-domain optical coherence tomography(PSDOCT) is described for high-speed optical coherence tomography(OCT) without lateral scanning. In this setup, the self-elimination of auto-correlation(AC) interference algorithm was used for eradicating the AC interference and ghost images. However, when performed in free space OCT, this algorithm still generated a weak DC component. The algorithm was improved by adding the background intensity part to compensate for the mutual interference between object and reference arms. The results demonstrate that the DC component can be eradicated. Compared with conventional OCT and complex Fourier-domain optical coherence tomography, the advantages of PSDOCT with the improved algorithm in free space are that it has no moving parts to generate consecutive phase shift, the structure of the object can be reconstructed immediately and automatically, and the speed is approximately 16 times faster than those of the other two in the same case.展开更多
Scanning Dammann lithography （SDL） is proposed and implemented, which uses a Danunann grating to generate multiple beams with sharp step boundary for writing large-sized gratings efficiently. One of the most attract...Scanning Dammann lithography （SDL） is proposed and implemented, which uses a Danunann grating to generate multiple beams with sharp step boundary for writing large-sized gratings efficiently. One of the most attractive advantages is that this technique can accelerate tile writing speed, e.g. 1×32 Damnlann grating can be 32 times faster than the single laser scanning system. More importantly, the uniformity of the multi-beams-written lines is much better than the single la.ser beam scanning system in consideration of the environlnental effects such as air turbulence, thermal instability, etc. Using the SDL system, a three-port high-efficiency beam splitter at visible wavelengths is fabricated quickly, and the theoretical and experimental diffraction efficiencies are both higher than 90%. Therefore, SDL should be a useful tool for fabrication of large-sized gratings.展开更多
扫描方式是激光金属沉积成形(Laser metal deposition shaping,LMDS)制造过程中的关键技术,在分析现有扫描方式及其对成形质量和成形效率影响的基础上,指出现有扫描方式的缺陷,并提出一种基于层面轮廓优化单调区分解的分区平行扫描方式...扫描方式是激光金属沉积成形(Laser metal deposition shaping,LMDS)制造过程中的关键技术,在分析现有扫描方式及其对成形质量和成形效率影响的基础上,指出现有扫描方式的缺陷,并提出一种基于层面轮廓优化单调区分解的分区平行扫描方式。该方式基于极值顶点可见性原理,对分层后的断面轮廓进行去除内环、非单调多边形的单调剖分等处理,可最大限度地减少分区数量,获得若干个单调子区域。针对各单调子区域采用适应性变间距平行路径填充,可减小扫描线的长度,并保证均匀致密性填充。试验表明这种扫描方式能够提高成形效率和成形质量。展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.42277150,41977219)Henan Provincial Science and Technology Research Project(Grant No.222102320271).
文摘The geometry of joints has a significant influence on the mechanical properties of rocks.To simplify the curved joint shapes in rocks,the joint shape is usually treated as straight lines or planes in most laboratory experiments and numerical simulations.In this study,the computerized tomography (CT) scanning and photogrammetry were employed to obtain the internal and surface joint structures of a limestone sample,respectively.To describe the joint geometry,the edge detection algorithms and a three-dimensional (3D) matrix mapping method were applied to reconstruct CT-based and photogrammetry-based jointed rock models.For comparison tests,the numerical uniaxial compression tests were conducted on an intact rock sample and a sample with a joint simplified to a plane using the parallel computing method.The results indicate that the mechanical characteristics and failure process of jointed rocks are significantly affected by the geometry of joints.The presence of joints reduces the uniaxial compressive strength (UCS),elastic modulus,and released acoustic emission (AE) energy of rocks by 37%–67%,21%–24%,and 52%–90%,respectively.Compared to the simplified joint sample,the proposed photogrammetry-based numerical model makes the most of the limited geometry information of joints.The UCS,accumulative released AE energy,and elastic modulus of the photogrammetry-based sample were found to be very close to those of the CT-based sample.The UCS value of the simplified joint sample (i.e.38.5 MPa) is much lower than that of the CT-based sample (i.e.72.3 MPa).Additionally,the accumulative released AE energy observed in the simplified joint sample is 3.899 times lower than that observed in the CT-based sample.CT scanning provides a reliable means to visualize the joints in rocks,which can be used to verify the reliability of photogrammetry techniques.The application of the photogrammetry-based sample enables detailed analysis for estimating the mechanical properties of jointed rocks.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2016YFC0301400).
文摘Side scan sonar(SSS)is an important means to detect and locate seafloor targets.Autonomous underwater vehicles(AUVs)carrying SSS stay near the seafloor to obtain high-resolution images and provide the outline of the target for observers.The target feature information of an SSS image is similar to the background information,and a small target has less pixel information;therefore,accu-rately identifying and locating small targets in SSS images is challenging.We collect the SSS images of iron metal balls(with a diameter of 1m)and rocks to solve the problem of target misclassification.Thus,the dataset contains two types of targets,namely,‘ball’and‘rock’.With the aim to enable AUVs to accurately and automatically identify small underwater targets in SSS images,this study designs a multisize parallel convolution module embedded in state-of-the-art Yolo5.An attention mechanism transformer and a convolutional block attention module are also introduced to compare their contributions to small target detection accuracy.The performance of the proposed method is further evaluated by taking the lightweight networks Mobilenet3 and Shufflenet2 as the backbone network of Yolo5.This study focuses on the performance of convolutional neural networks for the detection of small targets in SSS images,while another comparison experiment is carried out using traditional HOG+SVM to highlight the neural network’s ability.This study aims to improve the detection accuracy while ensuring the model efficiency to meet the real-time working requirements of AUV target detection.
文摘The parallel spectral-domain optical coherence tomography(PSDOCT) is described for high-speed optical coherence tomography(OCT) without lateral scanning. In this setup, the self-elimination of auto-correlation(AC) interference algorithm was used for eradicating the AC interference and ghost images. However, when performed in free space OCT, this algorithm still generated a weak DC component. The algorithm was improved by adding the background intensity part to compensate for the mutual interference between object and reference arms. The results demonstrate that the DC component can be eradicated. Compared with conventional OCT and complex Fourier-domain optical coherence tomography, the advantages of PSDOCT with the improved algorithm in free space are that it has no moving parts to generate consecutive phase shift, the structure of the object can be reconstructed immediately and automatically, and the speed is approximately 16 times faster than those of the other two in the same case.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.61307064 and 61127013)the Ministry of Science and Technology of the Peo-ple’s Republic of China(No.2012YQ170004).
文摘Scanning Dammann lithography （SDL） is proposed and implemented, which uses a Danunann grating to generate multiple beams with sharp step boundary for writing large-sized gratings efficiently. One of the most attractive advantages is that this technique can accelerate tile writing speed, e.g. 1×32 Damnlann grating can be 32 times faster than the single laser scanning system. More importantly, the uniformity of the multi-beams-written lines is much better than the single la.ser beam scanning system in consideration of the environlnental effects such as air turbulence, thermal instability, etc. Using the SDL system, a three-port high-efficiency beam splitter at visible wavelengths is fabricated quickly, and the theoretical and experimental diffraction efficiencies are both higher than 90%. Therefore, SDL should be a useful tool for fabrication of large-sized gratings.
文摘扫描方式是激光金属沉积成形(Laser metal deposition shaping,LMDS)制造过程中的关键技术,在分析现有扫描方式及其对成形质量和成形效率影响的基础上,指出现有扫描方式的缺陷,并提出一种基于层面轮廓优化单调区分解的分区平行扫描方式。该方式基于极值顶点可见性原理,对分层后的断面轮廓进行去除内环、非单调多边形的单调剖分等处理,可最大限度地减少分区数量,获得若干个单调子区域。针对各单调子区域采用适应性变间距平行路径填充,可减小扫描线的长度,并保证均匀致密性填充。试验表明这种扫描方式能够提高成形效率和成形质量。
