A guide for selecting the appropriate plot design to measure ungulate browsing

Ungulate browsing often impairs tree regeneration,thus preventing the achievement of economic or conservation goals.Forest ungulate management would thus benefit from a practical decision tool that facilitates method selection from a wide range of monitoring methods and indicators currently available.In this study,we first provide an overview of the different browsing-impact monitoring methods and indicators currently applied.We then present a newly developed decision matrix for method evaluation that can assist forest stakeholders in choosing the browsing-impact monitoring method best suited to their needs,based on the selected indicators.The first step involved two separate literature reviews to create an overview of the currently applied methods and to select the indicators best suited for measuring browsing impact.Three types of indicator groups with their respective parameters were considered important for method evaluation:browsing indicators(e.g.regeneration density,browsing incidents),performance indicators(e.g.expense,expertise)and data quality indicators(e.g.susceptibility to measurement errors).Subsequently,all parameters defined within each indicator group were categorised and a grade was assigned to each category.To create the final method-indicator matrix,each browsing-impact monitoring method received a grade for each parameter within all indicator groups,reflecting the specific advantages and disadvantages of implementing the respective parameter within a specific method.The utility of the matrix in selecting the most suitable monitoring method was then demonstrated using the example of Germany's national parks.Based on the weights added to the method-indicator matrix,as defined by national park representatives,and considering local requirements the nearest-tree method was favoured over the other two methods.This newly developed matrix provides a more scientific objectification of ungulate browsing-impact measures and can be easily used by forest managers to address their own requirements,based on a consideration of the advantages and disadvantages of the included methods.

Effective search with saliency-based matching and cluster-based browsing

Similarity matching and this paper, a saliency-based information presentation are two matching algorithm is proposed key factors in information retrieval. In for user-oriented search based on the psychological studies on human perception, and major emphasis on the saliently similar aspect of objects to be compared is placed and thus the search result is more agreeable for users. After relevant results are obtained, the cluster-based browsing algorithm is adopted for search result presentation based on social network analysis. By organizing the results in clustered lists, the user can have a general understanding of the whole collection by viewing only a small part of results and locate those of major interest rapidly. Experimental results demonstrate the advantages of the proposed algorithm over the traditional work.

A Behavioral Authentication Method for Mobile Based on Browsing Behaviors

The passwords for unlocking the mobile devices are relatively simple,easier to be stolen,which causes serious potential security problems.An important research direction of identity authentication is to establish user behavior models to authenticate users.In this paper,a mobile terminal APP browsing behavioral authentication system architecture which synthesizes multiple factors is designed.This architecture is suitable for users using the mobile terminal APP in the daily life.The architecture includes data acquisition,data processing,feature extraction,and sub model training.We can use this architecture for continuous authentication when the user uses APP at the mobile terminal.

Short-Term Influence of Burning on Species Abundance, Biomass Production, Wood Plant Density and Browsing Unit in an Albany Thicket of the Eastern Cape, South Africa

Fire is regarded as management practice for maintaining grasslands and savannas. The vegetation occurring in fire prone areas becomes highly adapted to fire occurrences in savannas and grasslands. However, documentation on the influence of burning on vegetation is still limited in an albany thicket biome. The aim of the study was to evaluate the short-term influence of burning on species abundance, biomass production, wood plant density and browsing unit. Six plots (2500 m2) were demarcated;in each plot two parallel transects of 120 m2 with 5 m distance apart were measured. Three plots were burned in spring season, while no burning was done on the other remaining plots. Forty points per plot were obtained using step-point method to determine the relative abundance at burned and unburned plots. Woody plants occurred within a transect were identified, counted and recorded to determine density and browsing unit. Three quadrats (i.e. 0.25 m2) per plot were randomly laid within the transect;aboveground plant material within a quadrat were harvested. A total of 18 samples were harvested and oven dried at 60˚C for 48 hours to determine biomass production. The results showed that Themeda triandra (14%) and Panicum maximum (10%) were most abundant grass species at the burned plots. Burned plots had significantly higher biomass production (4804 kg/ha) compared to unburned plots (3641 kg/ha). Vachellia karoo (burned: 65.85% & unburn: 13.70%) and Searsia pallens (burned: 26.83% & unburned: 6.85%) were most dominant wood plant species at both burned and unburned plots. Burned plots had the highest browsing unit (3221 BU/ha) compared to unburned plots (2058 BU/ha). The decrease of woody plants at the burned plots proved that fire has a tremendous potential for managing woody plants. This study provided information on short-term influence of burning, however further long-term trials are required to determine the effects of burning.

Effect of Browsing on the Growth of Jojoba Seedlings in the Dry-Lands of Kenya

Jojoba is a desert shrub,introduced in the marginal areas of Kenya during 1980s.Jojoba domestication is being faced by browsing problems due to pastoralism in these areas.Massive browsing of leaves lowers photosynthesis leading to decline in plant functions.An experiment was set up in Maungu,with the aim of determining the effect of browsing on jojoba seedlings.The experimental design was a randomized complete block design with three treatments replicated three times.The treatments consisted of varying levels of browsing as follows:non browsed,50%browsed and fully browsed.Seedlings were raised for six months before sampling.Variables assessed were:survival,height,root-collar diameter,leaf size,root length and number,internode length,sprout number,root/shoot ratio and total biomass.ANOVA was performed to determine differences among the treatments whilst significant differences among the means were separated using least significant difference(LSD)at p≤0.05.Results showed fully browsed seedlings were significantly lower in height(26.2 cm),internode length(9.7 mm),leaf length(18.3 mm)and width(10.4 mm)and total fresh plant biomass(11.0 g)compared to the non browsed ones which showed 31.1 cm,23.2,36.1 and 16.6 mm and 17.8 g,respectively.On the other hand,fully browsed seedlings showed significantly higher root/shoot ratio.Seedling growth was negatively affected by severity of browsing which resulted in stunted growth.The study recommended that browsing of seedlings should be prevented since it hinders plant growth.

基于Browser/Server开发的中国土壤系统分类检索系统

以土壤系统分类和土壤调查资料为依托 ,建立区域土壤类型、诊断土层及其诊断特性的数据库 ,以满足区域农业生产和科学研究对土壤信息的需要 ,是现代土壤科学研究的核心内容之一。在综合分析《中国土壤系统分类(修订方案 )》的指标体系 ,即土壤诊断土层和诊断特性的基础上 ,采用数据库管理、地理信息系统、面向对象编程技术、浏览器 /服务器模式和多层数据库技术等研究方法 ,使用 C++Builder4 .0开发工具 ,在土壤系统分类的计算机自动检索实现、网络实现及其应用领域以及土壤信息网上发布作了初步探索 ,开发了基于

CLIENT/SERVER与BROWSE/SERVER──从胖客户应用程序向瘦客户应用程序的转变

该文主要讨论了当前正在迅猛发展的从胖客户应用程序向瘦客户应用程序的转变，同时概括地讨论了使用ＨＴＭＬ及ＶＢＳｃｒｉｐｔ进行Ｗｅｂ－数据库存取的一般方法并以实例加以说明。

事件驱动编程中对Browse的控制

从数据库管理系统设计中数据修改模块的顺序驱动编程和事件驱动编程的比较入手，提出了事件驱动编程中控制Browse需要考虑的几个问题，并具体分析了每个问题的解决办法。

FoxBASE和FoxPro的BROWSE命令功能的增强和扩充

本文针对ＦｏｘＰｒｏ的ＢＲＯＷＳＥ命令的不足，给出一个功能增强和扩充的“自编ＢＲＯＷＳＥ”程序设计，使它比原来的ＢＲＯＷＳＥ命令的功能更完善，使用更方便。

Impact on Soil Organic C and Total Soil N from Cool- and Warm-Season Legumes Used in a Green Manure-Forage Cropping System

Annual forage legumes are important components of livestock production systems in East Texas and the southeastern US. Forage legumes contribute nitrogen (N) to cropping systems through biological N fixation, and their seasonal biomass production can be managed to complement forage grasses. Our research objectives were to evaluate both warm- and cool-season annual forage legumes as green manure for biomass, N content, ability to enhance soil organic carbon (SOC) and soil N, and impact on post season forage grass crops. Nine warm-season forage legumes (WSL) were spring planted and incorporated as green manure in the fall. Forage rye (Secale cereale L.) was planted following the incorporation of WSL treatments. Eight cool-season forage legumes (CSL) were fall planted in previously fallow plots and incorporated as green manure in late spring. Sorghum-sudangrass (Sorghum bicolor x Sorghum bicolor var. sudanense) was planted over all treatments in early summer after forage rye harvest and incorporation of CSL treatments. Sorghum-sudangrass was harvested in June, August and September, and treatments were evaluated for dry matter and N concentration. Soil cores were taken from each plot, split into depths of 0 to 15, 15 to 30 and 30 to 60 cm, and soil C and N were measured using combustion analysis. Nylon mesh bags containing plant samples were buried at 15 cm and used to evaluate decomposition rate of above ground legume biomass, including change in C and N concentrations. Mungbean (Vigna radiata L. [Wilczek]) had the highest shoot biomass yield (6.24 t DM ha-1) and contributed the most total N (167 kg∙ha-1) and total C (3043 kg∙ha-1) of the WSL tested. Decomposition rate of WSL biomass was rapid in the first 10 weeks and very slow afterward. Winter pea (Pisum sativum L. spp. sativum), arrow leaf clover (Trifolium vesiculosum Savi.), and crimson clover (Trifolium incarnatum L.) were the most productive CSL in this trial. Austrian winter pea produced 8.41 t DM ha-1 with a total N yield of 319 kg N ha-1 and total C production of 3835 kg C ha-1. The WSL treatments had only small effects on rye forage yield and N concentration, possibly due to mineralization of N from a large SOC pool already in place. The CSL treatments also had only minimal effects on sorghum-sudangrass forage production. Winter pea, arrow leaf and crimson clover were productive cool season legumes and could be useful as green manure crops. Mungbean and cowpea (Vigna unguiculata [L.] Walp.) were highly productive warm season legumes but may include more production risk in green manure systems due to soil moisture competition.

事件驱动方式下实现多个Browse窗口特技编程

本文介绍了在事件驱动应用系统中用ＦｏｘｐｒｏｆｏｒＷｉｎｄｏｗｓ的Ｂｒｏｗｓｅ窗口编程特技实现基于编码数据浏览和编辑方法。使用这种方法，可自动检查编码数据唯一性并实现编码数据自动录入和修改。

基于Browse/Server的辅助学习与题库考试系统

针对目前电网调度员和电网发展的现状,根据电网调度员的工作特点及现场工程的的经验,结合计算机网络的发展,提出了基于Browse/Server结构的完整网络辅助学习与题库考试系统。详细介绍了系统的体系结构、运行环境、设计思路、主要功能以及系统开发中所涉及的主要技术、基本原理和实施方案。实践证明:系统工作可靠,功能较多,在互联网上运行稳定,不仅实用,而且也比较经济,具有推广应用的价值。

Foxpro中browse窗口的活用

提出了利用Ｆｏｘｐｒｏ系统中的ｂｒｏｗｓｅ命令来实现多个报表文件共享同一编辑窗口的方法，同时给出了一种报表处理方法。笔者的基本思路是：（１）形成三类数据库文件；（２）在表库中选取若干报表；（３）对每一报表，生成一格式字符串ｘ，包含报表的结构和表头格式；（４）调用ｂｒｏｗｓｅ命令。

基于Browse/Server数据完整性约束的实现技术

主要讨论基于Browse/Server数据完整性约束,并以SQLServer为例,介绍了数据完整性约束的实现技术.

BROWSE命令使用技巧

本文阐述了ＦＯＸＰＲＯ课题开发中使用ＢＲＯＷＳＥ命令的一些技巧。

浅析Browse/Server计算模式

以Internet为虚拟处理环境的Brpwse/Server计算模式,使得各种科学计算、企业事务信息处理、突发性事件的模拟等,能够在全世界广域环境里充分利用各种资源,这就大大提高了信息计算与处理能力。

FoxPro中多个BROWSE与多个GET窗口的集成控制技术

本文给出了将多个ＢＲＯＷＳＥ窗口与多个ＧＥＴ窗口的集成控制方法，并通过一个示例程序展示了这一方法在ＭＩＳ开发中的应用。

利用BROWSE命令优化程序设计

用FOXBASE或FOXPRO编写数据库管理信息系统的应用序时,常常要编制输入、修改、查询数据等基本程序,这些程序构成了整个程厅系统的基本内容,这些程序虽然各自所完成的功能不同,但是在程序结构,程序运行过程、人机交互界面等方面却有许多共同之处。

移动社交网络用户的浏览隐私保护

为保护用户在社交网络中浏览信息的安全,设计移动社交网络用户浏览隐私保护方法。先设置用户浏览隐私度量标准,计算用户浏览信息轨迹斜率,获得不同阶段用户浏览信息斜率比,再结合斜率夹角,得到轨迹函数。基于人工智能技术建立隐私信息分类模型,计算发起者与普通用户之间的相似性,确定用户被正确识别的概率,获取信息分类模型分类精度。设计社交网络用户浏览隐私保护算法,计算虚假轨迹区域的轨迹数目,定义圆心位置,获取移动社交网络用户的隐私匿名保护结果。实验结果显示,该隐私保护方法在隐私保护度、匿名时延和算法匿名开销等方面均有较高性能。