Dominant pulse simulation of near fault ground motions

In this study, a new mathematical model is developed composed of two parts, including harmonic and polynomial expressions for simulating the dominant velocity pulse of near fault ground motions. Based on a proposed velocity function, the corresponding expressions for the ground acceleration and displacement time histories are also derived. The proposed model is then fitted using some selected pulse-like near fault ground motions in the Next Generation Attenuation （NGA） project library. The new model is not only simple in form but also simulates the long-period portion of actual velocity near fault records with a high level of precision. It is shown that the proposed model-based elastic response spectra are compatible with the near fault records in the neighborhood of the prevailing frequency of the pulse. The results indicate that the proposed model adequately simulates the components of the time histories. Finally, the energy of the proposed pulse was compared with the energy of the actual record to confirm the compatibility.

Simulation of spatially correlated earthquake ground motions for engineering purposes

A new model to simulate spatially correlated earthquake ground motions is developed. In the model, the main factors that characterize three distinct effects of spatial variability, namely, the incoherency effect, the wave-passage effect and the site-response effect, are taken into account, and corresponding terms/parameters are incorporated into the well known model of uniform ground motions. Some of these terms/parameters can be determined by the root operation, and others can be calculated directly. The proposed model is first verified theoretically, and examples of ground motion simulations are provided as a further illustration. It is proven that the ensemble expected value and the ensemble auto-/cross-spectral density functions of the simulated ground motions are identical to the target spectral density functions. The proposed model can also be used to simulate other correlated stochastic processes, such as wave and wind loads.

Simulation of multi-support depth-varying earthquake ground motions within heterogeneous onshore and offshore sites

This paper presents a novel approach to model and simulate the multi-support depth-varying seismic motions（MDSMs） within heterogeneous offshore and onshore sites.Based on 1 D wave propagation theory,the three-dimensional ground motion transfer functions on the surface or within an offshore or onshore site are derived by considering the effects of seawater and porous soils on the propagation of seismic P waves.Moreover,the depth-varying and spatial variation properties of seismic ground motions are considered in the ground motion simulation.Using the obtained transfer functions at any locations within a site,the offshore or onshore depth-varying seismic motions are stochastically simulated based on the spectral representation method（SRM）.The traditional approaches for simulating spatially varying ground motions are improved and extended to generate MDSMs within multiple offshore and onshore sites.The simulation results show that the PSD functions and coherency losses of the generated MDSMs are compatible with respective target values,which fully validates the effectiveness of the proposed simulation method.The synthesized MDSMs can provide strong support for the precise seismic response prediction and performance-based design of both offshore and onshore large-span engineering structures.

Approximation approach to the SRM based on root decomposition in the simulation of spatially varying ground motions

The spectral representation method （SRM） is widely used to simulate spatially varying ground motions. This study focuses on the approximation approach to the SRM based on root decomposition, which can improve the efficiency of the simulation. The accuracy of the approximation approach may be affected by three factors： matrix for decomposition, distribution of frequency interpolation nodes and elements for interpolation. The influence of these factors on the accuracy of this approach is examined and the following conclusions are drawn. The SRM based on the root decomposition of the lagged coherency matrix exhibits greater accuracy than the SRM based on the root decomposition of the cross spectral matrix. The equal energy distribution of frequency interpolation nodes proposed in this study is more effective than the counter pith with an equal spacing. Elements for interpolation do not have much of an effect on the accuracy, so interpolation of the elements of the decomposed matrix is recommended because it is less complicated from a computational efficiency perspective.

3D simulation of near-fault strong ground motion: comparison between surface rupture fault and buried fault

In this paper, near-fault strong ground motions caused by a surface rupture fault （SRF） and a buried fault （BF） are numerically simulated and compared by using a time-space-decoupled, explicit finite element method combined with a multi-transmitting formula （MTF） of an artificial boundary. Prior to the comparison, verification of the explicit element method and the MTF is conducted. The comparison results show that the final dislocation of the SRF is larger than the BF for the same stress drop on the fault plane. The maximum final dislocation occurs on the fault upper line for the SRF; however, for the BE the maximum final dislocation is located on the fault central part. Meanwhile, the PGA, PGV and PGD of long period ground motions （≤ 1 Hz） generated by the SRF are much higher than those of the BF in the near-fault region. The peak value of the velocity pulse generated by the SRF is also higher than the BE Furthermore, it is found that in a very narrow region along the fault trace, ground motions caused by the SRF are much higher than by the BF. These results may explain why SRFs almost always cause heavy damage in near-fault regions compared to buried faults.

Ground-motion simulation for the MW6.1 Ludian earthquake on 3 August 2014 using the stochastic finite-fault method

The stochastic finite-fault simulation method was applied to synthesize the horizontal ground acceleration seismograms produced by the MW6.1 Ludian earthquake on August 3,2014.For this purpose,we produced first a total of 200 kinematic source models for the Ludian event,which are characterized by the heterogeneous slip on the conjugated ruptured fault and the slip-dependent spreading of the rupture front.The results indicated that the heterogeneous slip and the spatial extent of the ruptured fault play dominant roles in the spatial distribution of ground motions in the near-fault area.The peak ground accelerations(PGAs)and 5%-damped pseudospectral accelerations(PSAs)at periods shorter than 0.5 s estimated on the resulting synthetics generally match well with the observations at stations with Joyner-Boore distances(RJB)greater than 20 km.The synthetic PGVs and PSAs at periods of 0.5 s and 0.75 s are in good agreement with predicted medians by the Yu14 model(Yu et al.,2014).However,the synthetic results are generally much lower than the predicted medians by BSSA14 model(Boore et al.,2014).Moreover,the ground motion variability caused by the randomness in the source rupture process was evaluated by these synthetics.The standard deviations of PSAs on the base-10 logarithmic scale,Sigma[log10(PSA)],are closely dependent on either the spectral period or the RJB.The Sigma[log10(PSA)]remains a constant approximately 0.55 at periods shorter than 0.1 s,and then increase continuously up to^0.13 as the period increases from 0.1 to 2.0 s.The Sigma[log10(PSA)]values at periods of 0.1‒2.0 s show the downward tendency as the RJB values increase.However,the Sigma[log10(PSA)]​values at periods shorter than 0.1 s decrease as the RJB values increase up to^50 km,and then increase with the increasing RJB.Furthermore,we found that the ground-motion variability shows the significant dependence on the azimuth.

Simulation of near-fault bedrock strong ground-motion field by explicit finite element method

Based on presumed active fault and corresponding model, this paper predicted the near-fault ground motion filed of a scenario earthquake （Mw=6 3/4 ） in an active fault by the explicit finite element method in combination with the source time function with improved transmitting artificial boundary and with high-frequency vibration contained. The results indicate that the improved artificial boundary is stable in numerical computation and the predicted strong ground motion has a consistent characteristic with the observed motion.

A modified method for simulating non-stationary multi-point earthquake ground motion

A spectral-representation-based algorithm is proposed to simulate non-stationary and stochastic processes with evolutionary power,according to a prescribed non-stationary cross-spectral density matrix. Non-stationary multi-point seismic ground motions at different locations on the ground surface are generated for use in engineering applications. First,a modified iterative procedure is used to generate uniformly modulated non-stationary ground motion time histories which are compatible with the prescribed power spectrum. Then,ground motion time histories are modeled as a non-stationary stochastic process with amplitude and frequency modulation. The characteristic frequency and damping ratio of the Clough-Penzien acceleration spectrum are considered as a function of time in order to study the frequency time variation. Finally,two numerical examples are presented to validate the efficiency of the proposed method,and the results show that this method can be effectively applied to the dynamic seismic analysis of long and large scale structures.

Simulation of non-stationary ground motion processes(I)

This paper proposes a method for simulation of non-stationary ground motion processes having the identical statistical feature, time-dependent power spectrum, with a given ground motion record, on the basis of review of simulation of non-stationary ground motion processes. The method has the following advantages: the sample processes are non-stationary both in amplitude and frequency, and both the amplitude and frequency non-stationarity depend on the target power spectrum; the power spectrum of any sample process does not necessarily accord with the target power spectrum, but statistically, it strictly accords with the target power spectrum. Finally, the method is verified by simulation of one acceleration record in Landers earthquake.

Ground motion record simulation for structural analysis by consideration of spectral acceleration autocorrelation pattern

A novel approach is introduced to generate simulated ground motion records by considering spectral acceleration correlations at multiple periods. Most of the current reliable Ground Motion Record(GMR) simulation procedures use a seismological model including source, path and site characteristics. However, the response spectrum of simulated GMR is somewhat different when compared with the response spectrum based on recorded GMRs. More specifi cally, the correlation between the spectral values at multiple periods is a characteristic of a record which is usually different between simulated and recorded GMRs. As this correlation has a signifi cant infl uence on the structural response, it is needed to investigate the consistency of the simulated ground motions with actual records. This issue has been investigated in this study by incorporating an optimization algorithm within the Boore simulation technique. Eight seismological key parameters were optimized in order to achieve approximately the same correlation coeffi cients and spectral acceleration between two sets of real and simulated records. The results show that the acceleration response spectra of the synthetic ground motions also have good agreement with the real recorded response spectra by implementation of the proposed optimized values.

Kinematic source model for simulation of near-fault ground motion field using explicit finite element method

This paper briefly reviews the characteristics and major processes of the explicit finite element method in modeling the near-fault ground motion field. The emphasis is on the finite element-related problems in the finite fault source modeling. A modified kinematic source model is presented, in which vibration with some high frequency components is introduced into the traditional slip time function to ensure that the source and ground motion include sufficient high frequency components. The model presented is verified through a simple modeling example. It is shown that the predicted near-fault ground motion field exhibits similar characteristics to those observed in strong motion records, such as the hanging wall effect, vertical effect, fling step effect and velocity pulse effect, etc.

Simulation of non-stationary ground motion processes (II)

This paper proposes a method for simulation of non-stationary ground motion processes having the identical statis-tical feature, time-dependent power spectrum, with a given ground motion record, on the basis of review of simu-lation of non-stationary ground motion processes. The method has the following advantages: the sample processes are non-stationary both in amplitude and frequency, and both the amplitude and frequency non-stationarity depend on the target power spectrum; the power spectrum of any sample process does not necessarily accord with the tar-get power spectrum, but statistically, it strictly accords with the target power spectrum. Finally, the method is veri-fied by simulation of one acceleration record in Landers earthquake.

Simulation of Ground Motion at Guanting Reservoir Dam Based on the Scenario Earthquake in the Yanqing-Huailai Basin

Research at home and abroad shows that the simulation of ground motion using the 3D finite-difference method might be accurate and feasible. Based on related theories and methods,and using the wave velocity and density model of the crust in the Yanqing-Huailai Basin,this paper makes a simulation of ground motion at Guanting Reservoir Dam based on the scenario earthquake in the Yanqing-Huailai Basin. Comparative analysis shows that the results of 3D finite-difference simulation accord with those of the empirical formula. The parameters such as the velocity-time series of ground motion,PGV and frequency might be referred to for the analysis of seismic protection design of the dam's structure.

Performance of rectangular closed diaphragm walls in gently sloping liquefiable deposits subjected to different earthquake ground motions

The performance of rectangular closed diaphragm walls(RCDW)subjected to earthquake ground motions is extremely complicated in gently sloping liquefiable deposits and requires further investigation.A nonlinear finite element(FE)model was developed to investigate the seismic performance of an RCDW in the OpenSees platform.Initially,the feasibility of the FE model to simulate the seismic behavior of the RCDW was validated by comparing the numerical results with the experimental data.The numerical results agree well with the centrifuge test data.Then,the calibrated model was used to study the seismic performance of the RCDW subjected to different ground motions in gently sloping liquefiable deposits.The numerical results indicate that the soil-RCDW system under near-fault ground motions is more likely to be damaged than that under far-fault ground motions.The difference between the maximum and minimum(Dmax-min)the RCDW displacement and the maximum excess pore pressure in the soil core increased as the Arias intensity increased.The seismic response of the soil-RCDW system was strongly affected by the frequency content,durations,energy distribution and initial directions of the ground motions.Moreover,the modified specific energy density(MSED)has a good linear relationship with the Dmax-min of the RCDW displacement.

Dynamic response characteristics of super high-rise buildings subjected to long-period ground motions

Spectrum characteristics of different types of seismic waves and dynamic response characteristics of super high-rise building structures under long-period ground motions were comparatively analyzed. First, the ground response wave （named LS-R wave） of a soft soil site with deep deposit, taking long-period bedrock seismic record as input, was calculated by wave propagation method. After that, a TOMAKOMAI station long-period seismic record from the Tokachi-Oki earthquake and conventional E1-Centro wave were also chosen. Spectrum characteristics of these waves were analyzed and compared. Then, a series of shaking table tests were performed on a 1：50 scale super high-rise structural model under these seismic waves. Furthermore, numerical simulation of the prototype structure under these excitations was conducted, and structure damages under different intensive ground motions were discussed. The results show that： 1） Spectrum characteristics of ground response wave are significantly influenced by soft soil site with deep deposit, and the predominant period has an increasing trend. 2） The maximum acceleration amplification factor of the structure under the TOM wave is two times that under the E1-Centro wave; while the maximum displacement response of the structure under the TOM wave is 4.4 times that under the E1-Centro wave. Long-period ground motions show greater influences on displacement responses than acceleration responses for super high-rise building structures. 3） Most inelastic damage occurs at the upper 1/3 part of the super high-rise building when subjected to long-period ground motions.

Review on the study of topographic effect on seismic ground motion

Topographic effect study is a very important research topic in seismology, seismic engineering,earthquake engineering, engineering earthquake construction and engineering seismology. This paper focuses on its present development status. Post-earthquake investigation has found that the existence of topography caused more serious earthquake damage. The actual seismographs also recorded the topographic amplification effect of 6 to 7 times and even more than 10 times. Numerical simulation is an important technique to study topographic effect, which complements the lack of observed records. However researches on 3-D topographic effect are not enough and need to be studied deeper. To find the main influence factors and the quantitative relationship between topography and ground motion are required very urgently. Obviously the achievements not only can be applied in the earthquake resistant design, but also can provide the quantitative pre-earthquake disaster prediction and quantitative post-earthquake disaster evaluation.

2023年2月6日土耳其M_(w)7.8和M_(w)7.6两次大地震的地震动特征及模拟

2023年2月6日土耳其东南部连续发生M_(w)7.8和M_(w)7.6大地震,强震动观测台网获取到了大量的强震动观测记录,利用两次地震的强震动记录,对比土耳其地区地震动预测方程,分析了地震动的衰减特征,探讨M_(w)7.8地震的震源破裂特征对近断层地震动空间分布、速度脉冲的产生及观测台站方位相关的地震动总残差的影响,采用随机有限断层三维地震动模拟方法给出了基于数值模拟记录的仪器地震烈度图,得到以下结论:(1)两次地震中地震动的震源效应明显强于土耳其地区浅地壳地震的平均震源效应,M_(w)7.8地震对中长周期地震动的震源效应比M_(w)7.6地震更强烈;(2)两次地震中远场地震动的非弹性衰减明显强于土耳其地区的平均水平;(3)M_(w)7.8地震中最强烈的地震动主要集中于卡赫拉曼马拉什—安塔基亚的狭长区域内,该区域观测记录普遍具有双向速度脉冲特征,地震动总残差与台站方位角有明显相关性,推断M_(w)7.8地震沿北东走向的东安纳托利亚断裂向北东向破裂传播,同时沿南南西走向的东安纳托利亚断裂的卡赫拉曼马拉什—安塔基亚段向南南西方向破裂传播;(4)模拟记录能大致反映近断层地震动强度及距离衰减特征,M_(w)7.8和M_(w)7.6地震中破裂面附近地震烈度分别达到Ⅸ和Ⅷ度,烈度分布主要受破裂断层和局部场地条件的影响.

跨断层工程输入地震动模拟及地震响应

为解决跨断层结构输入地震动的问题,揭示其地震响应规律,基于断层物理模型并引入等效脉冲函数,构建考虑地震动空间变化特征的转换矩阵,提出一种高、低频叠加的混合模拟方法,实现断层两侧输入地震动的模拟。首先,依据建立的桥址场地断层模型,采用随机有限断层方法生成目标点位的高频地震动;再由走滑断层两侧地震动的脉冲效应和永久位移的特征,采用不同的等效脉冲模型分别模拟断层平行向和法向的低频脉冲分量,两者在截止频率处采用Butterworth滤波器进行高通和低通滤波,依据场地模型以及走滑断层两侧地震动的空间相干性,建立转换矩阵以模拟其空间变异性,最终将匹配滤波后的高、低频分量在时域叠加得到断层两侧的输入地震动。从时程、频谱以及结构响应三方面验证了模拟结果的合理性。以实际的跨断层悬索桥为研究对象,基于OpenSees建立全桥的三维有限元模型,采用模拟的断层两侧地震动进行动力时程分析。研究结果表明:桥梁跨断层的角度和位置,以及永久位移幅值对跨断层桥梁地震响应有显著影响,较大的残余内力和残余位移是造成跨断层桥梁破坏的重要原因。

近断层地震动作用下土石坝加速度分布研究

近断层地震动较远场地震动具有频率高、速度快、能量更加集中的特点,在短时间内会释放大量能量,对工程结构具有严重危害。规范提供的加速度分布系数不适用于高度超过150 m的大坝,随着技术不断进步,我国超过150 m的土石坝越来越多,规范已不能满足现有需求。基于中国台湾集集近断层地震动记录,建立随机脉冲型地震动模型,分别对高度为40 m、70 m、150 m和200 m的土石坝进行随机动力分析,研究坝体的动态分布系数。结果表明,近断层地震动的低频速度脉冲使坝体的加速度反应谱有较宽的敏感段,易覆盖坝体自振周期,显著增加坝体的加速度。该研究通过总结近断层区域土石坝的加速度分布规律,建议了近断层脉冲型地震动区域的土石坝坝体动态分布系数,为近断层高地震风险情况下土石坝的抗震理论和方法提供参考。

GP断层破裂模型在青海门源M_(S)6.9地震强地面运动模拟的适用性研究

2022年1月8日青海省门源县发生M_(S)6.9地震,震中附近遭受了强烈地震破坏.为验证Graves和Pitarka开发的GP断层破裂模型在震前对中国地区地震动场的预测与评估能力,本文基于GP法,考虑不同上升时间系数(rc)的影响,对门源地震进行了确定性地震动模拟.将模拟结果在地震动衰减规律、波形与幅值和烈度分布三个方面分别与青藏地区的地震动峰值预测方程、强震观测记录和根据强震记录自动产出的烈度图进行了对比.结果表明,当rc为9.0时,模拟记录与实测记录和地震动峰值预测方程基本一致.本文较好的重现了门源地震的强震动场,在合理选取rc的情况下,GP法可以应用于中国地区震前强地震动场的预测和估计.