The recent interest in the deployment of Generative AI applications that use large language models (LLMs) has brought to the forefront significant privacy concerns, notably the leakage of Personally Identifiable Infor...The recent interest in the deployment of Generative AI applications that use large language models (LLMs) has brought to the forefront significant privacy concerns, notably the leakage of Personally Identifiable Information (PII) and other confidential or protected information that may have been memorized during training, specifically during a fine-tuning or customization process. We describe different black-box attacks from potential adversaries and study their impact on the amount and type of information that may be recovered from commonly used and deployed LLMs. Our research investigates the relationship between PII leakage, memorization, and factors such as model size, architecture, and the nature of attacks employed. The study utilizes two broad categories of attacks: PII leakage-focused attacks (auto-completion and extraction attacks) and memorization-focused attacks (various membership inference attacks). The findings from these investigations are quantified using an array of evaluative metrics, providing a detailed understanding of LLM vulnerabilities and the effectiveness of different attacks.展开更多
BACKGROUND Minimally invasive pancreatic surgery via the multi-port approach has become a primary surgical method for distal pancreatectomy(DP)due to its advantages of lower wound pain and superior cosmetic results.So...BACKGROUND Minimally invasive pancreatic surgery via the multi-port approach has become a primary surgical method for distal pancreatectomy(DP)due to its advantages of lower wound pain and superior cosmetic results.Some studies have applied reduced-port techniques for DP in an attempt to enhance cosmetic outcomes due to the minimally invasive effects.Numerous recent review studies have compared multi-port laparoscopic DP(LDP)and multi-port robotic DP(RDP);most of these studies concluded multi-port RDP is more beneficial than multi-port LDP for spleen preservation.However,there have been no comprehensive reviews of the value of reduced-port LDP and reduced-port RDP.AIM To search for and review the studies on spleen preservation and the clinical outcomes of minimally invasive DP that compared reduced-port DP surgery with multi-port DP surgery.METHODS The PubMed medical database was searched for articles published between 2013 and 2022.The search terms were implemented using the following Boolean search algorithm:(“distal pancreatectomy”OR“left pancreatectomy”OR“peripheral pancreatic resection”)AND(“reduced-port”OR“single-site”OR“single-port”OR“dual-incision”OR“single-incision”)AND(“spleen-preserving”OR“spleen preservation”OR“splenic preservation”).A literature review was conducted to identify studies that compared the perioperative outcomes of reduced-port LDP and reduced-port RDP.RESULTS Fifteen articles published in the period from 2013 to 2022 were retrieved using three groups of search terms.Two studies were added after manually searching the related papers.Finally,10 papers were selected after removing case reports(n=3),non-English language papers(n=1),technique papers(n=1),reviews(n=1),and animal studies(n=1).The common items were defined as items reported in more than five papers,and data on these common items were extracted from all papers.The ten studies included a total of 337 patients(females/males:231/106)who underwent DP.In total,166 patients(females/males,106/60)received multi-port LDP,126(females/males,90/36)received reduced-port LDP,and 45(females/males,35/10)received reduced-port RDP.CONCLUSION Reduced-port RDP leads to a lower intraoperative blood loss,a lower postoperative pancreatic fistula rate,and shorter hospital stay and follow-up duration,but has a lower spleen preservation rate.展开更多
Memorization has been long viewed as a bad practice or the opposite of meaningful learning.A survey on the role of memorization in ESL/EFL learning is carried out in Vestal Middle School,Binghamton High School and Bin...Memorization has been long viewed as a bad practice or the opposite of meaningful learning.A survey on the role of memorization in ESL/EFL learning is carried out in Vestal Middle School,Binghamton High School and Binghamton University under the guidance of Professor Jennifer Brondell.The result shows that a majority of subjects were found to emphasize the important role of memorization as a strategy in helping students to obtain better accuracy and fluency,use language knowledge reserve,and gain more self-confidence.展开更多
The recent interest in the deployment of Generative AI applications that use large language models (LLMs) has brought to the forefront significant privacy concerns, notably the leakage of Personally Identifiable Infor...The recent interest in the deployment of Generative AI applications that use large language models (LLMs) has brought to the forefront significant privacy concerns, notably the leakage of Personally Identifiable Information (PII) and other confidential or protected information that may have been memorized during training, specifically during a fine-tuning or customization process. This inadvertent leakage of sensitive information typically occurs when the models are subjected to black-box attacks. To address the growing concerns of safeguarding private and sensitive information while simultaneously preserving its utility, we analyze the performance of Targeted Catastrophic Forgetting (TCF). TCF involves preserving targeted pieces of sensitive information within datasets through an iterative pipeline which significantly reduces the likelihood of such information being leaked or reproduced by the model during black-box attacks, such as the autocompletion attack in our case. The experiments conducted using TCF evidently demonstrate its capability to reduce the extraction of PII while still preserving the context and utility of the target application.展开更多
Words acquisition should be the most decisive and basic part, though modern English education does not take enough attention, especially in college English teaching. A recent survey on the Internet reveals that colleg...Words acquisition should be the most decisive and basic part, though modern English education does not take enough attention, especially in college English teaching. A recent survey on the Internet reveals that college students are worrying about their words power very much, eager to find an efficient and effective way. Hence, various modes of word memorizing methods are collected and a brief classification and remark are available. By an overall analysis of those methods, a new approach compromised by different kinds of methods turns out. This new approach completely abides by the philosophy of pragmatism, and every idea with practical use will be introduced to it, e.g. psychology of language and so on.展开更多
Very high frequency(VHF) photocathode guns have excellent performance and are being increasingly selected as electron sources for high-repetition-rate X-ray free-electron lasers. As a highly loaded quality factor cavi...Very high frequency(VHF) photocathode guns have excellent performance and are being increasingly selected as electron sources for high-repetition-rate X-ray free-electron lasers. As a highly loaded quality factor cavity, the VHF gun requires high stability in the amplitude and phase of the cavity field. However, the gun is microwave powered by two solid-state power sources through two separate power couplers. The input difference between the two power couplers will influence the stability of the cavity field. To systematically study this influence and obtain measurement formulae, a multi-port VHF gun LCR circuit model is built and analyzed. During the warm-up condition, the cavity structure will be deformed due to the large-scale change in the cavity temperature. Then, the deformation will result in cavity resonant frequency changes. To prevent the mechanic tuner from suffering damages due to the frequent and long-distance movement for correcting the cavity resonant frequency, a self-excited loop(SEL) control system is considered for changing the loop phase and make the loop frequency follow the resonant frequency. In this study, a steady-state model of the VHF gun cavity is built for obtaining the optimal input coupler coefficient and the stability requirement of the forward voltage. Then, the generator-driven resonator and SEL control system, which combine with the VHF multiport modeling, are modeled and simulated. The simulated results show that the SEL system can perfectly operate in the process of condition and warm-up.展开更多
In this article, the author proposed guesses about memorizing, basing on the observation of hypnosis and its application on acquisition of vocabulary, and advanced the concepts of meaningful decoding and meaning rebui...In this article, the author proposed guesses about memorizing, basing on the observation of hypnosis and its application on acquisition of vocabulary, and advanced the concepts of meaningful decoding and meaning rebuilding, which are the two main courses in mem- orizing.展开更多
The findings of the study indicate that students prefer to engage in the vocabulary learning strategies that would be most appealing to them and that would entail less manipulation of the language. Of the four vocabul...The findings of the study indicate that students prefer to engage in the vocabulary learning strategies that would be most appealing to them and that would entail less manipulation of the language. Of the four vocabulary memorizing strategies cited in the study （rote repetition, structural associations, semantic strategies, and mnemonic keyword techniques）, students apparently tended to favor the second and the third ones, though rote repetition remains appealing to some of them. Mnemonic devices such as keyword method were rather unpopular to most of the students because they would involve the learners in more active performance of the target language.展开更多
In this paper, upon the pictographic theory and the behaviorist theory, based on Xiang's(2007) pictographic memorizing method, the author designs the corresponding procedure of the senior high school English vocab...In this paper, upon the pictographic theory and the behaviorist theory, based on Xiang's(2007) pictographic memorizing method, the author designs the corresponding procedure of the senior high school English vocabulary teaching. This research results show that, the application of the pictographic memorizing method in senior high school English vocabulary teaching is feasible and the teaching effect is relatively good.展开更多
文摘The recent interest in the deployment of Generative AI applications that use large language models (LLMs) has brought to the forefront significant privacy concerns, notably the leakage of Personally Identifiable Information (PII) and other confidential or protected information that may have been memorized during training, specifically during a fine-tuning or customization process. We describe different black-box attacks from potential adversaries and study their impact on the amount and type of information that may be recovered from commonly used and deployed LLMs. Our research investigates the relationship between PII leakage, memorization, and factors such as model size, architecture, and the nature of attacks employed. The study utilizes two broad categories of attacks: PII leakage-focused attacks (auto-completion and extraction attacks) and memorization-focused attacks (various membership inference attacks). The findings from these investigations are quantified using an array of evaluative metrics, providing a detailed understanding of LLM vulnerabilities and the effectiveness of different attacks.
基金Chung Shan Medical University,No.15I42440Feng Chia University/Chung Shan Medical University,No.FCU/CSMU104-001and Taiwan National Science and Technology Council,No.111-2314-B-035-001-MY3 and No.110-2221-E-035-016.
文摘BACKGROUND Minimally invasive pancreatic surgery via the multi-port approach has become a primary surgical method for distal pancreatectomy(DP)due to its advantages of lower wound pain and superior cosmetic results.Some studies have applied reduced-port techniques for DP in an attempt to enhance cosmetic outcomes due to the minimally invasive effects.Numerous recent review studies have compared multi-port laparoscopic DP(LDP)and multi-port robotic DP(RDP);most of these studies concluded multi-port RDP is more beneficial than multi-port LDP for spleen preservation.However,there have been no comprehensive reviews of the value of reduced-port LDP and reduced-port RDP.AIM To search for and review the studies on spleen preservation and the clinical outcomes of minimally invasive DP that compared reduced-port DP surgery with multi-port DP surgery.METHODS The PubMed medical database was searched for articles published between 2013 and 2022.The search terms were implemented using the following Boolean search algorithm:(“distal pancreatectomy”OR“left pancreatectomy”OR“peripheral pancreatic resection”)AND(“reduced-port”OR“single-site”OR“single-port”OR“dual-incision”OR“single-incision”)AND(“spleen-preserving”OR“spleen preservation”OR“splenic preservation”).A literature review was conducted to identify studies that compared the perioperative outcomes of reduced-port LDP and reduced-port RDP.RESULTS Fifteen articles published in the period from 2013 to 2022 were retrieved using three groups of search terms.Two studies were added after manually searching the related papers.Finally,10 papers were selected after removing case reports(n=3),non-English language papers(n=1),technique papers(n=1),reviews(n=1),and animal studies(n=1).The common items were defined as items reported in more than five papers,and data on these common items were extracted from all papers.The ten studies included a total of 337 patients(females/males:231/106)who underwent DP.In total,166 patients(females/males,106/60)received multi-port LDP,126(females/males,90/36)received reduced-port LDP,and 45(females/males,35/10)received reduced-port RDP.CONCLUSION Reduced-port RDP leads to a lower intraoperative blood loss,a lower postoperative pancreatic fistula rate,and shorter hospital stay and follow-up duration,but has a lower spleen preservation rate.
文摘Memorization has been long viewed as a bad practice or the opposite of meaningful learning.A survey on the role of memorization in ESL/EFL learning is carried out in Vestal Middle School,Binghamton High School and Binghamton University under the guidance of Professor Jennifer Brondell.The result shows that a majority of subjects were found to emphasize the important role of memorization as a strategy in helping students to obtain better accuracy and fluency,use language knowledge reserve,and gain more self-confidence.
文摘The recent interest in the deployment of Generative AI applications that use large language models (LLMs) has brought to the forefront significant privacy concerns, notably the leakage of Personally Identifiable Information (PII) and other confidential or protected information that may have been memorized during training, specifically during a fine-tuning or customization process. This inadvertent leakage of sensitive information typically occurs when the models are subjected to black-box attacks. To address the growing concerns of safeguarding private and sensitive information while simultaneously preserving its utility, we analyze the performance of Targeted Catastrophic Forgetting (TCF). TCF involves preserving targeted pieces of sensitive information within datasets through an iterative pipeline which significantly reduces the likelihood of such information being leaked or reproduced by the model during black-box attacks, such as the autocompletion attack in our case. The experiments conducted using TCF evidently demonstrate its capability to reduce the extraction of PII while still preserving the context and utility of the target application.
文摘Words acquisition should be the most decisive and basic part, though modern English education does not take enough attention, especially in college English teaching. A recent survey on the Internet reveals that college students are worrying about their words power very much, eager to find an efficient and effective way. Hence, various modes of word memorizing methods are collected and a brief classification and remark are available. By an overall analysis of those methods, a new approach compromised by different kinds of methods turns out. This new approach completely abides by the philosophy of pragmatism, and every idea with practical use will be introduced to it, e.g. psychology of language and so on.
文摘Very high frequency(VHF) photocathode guns have excellent performance and are being increasingly selected as electron sources for high-repetition-rate X-ray free-electron lasers. As a highly loaded quality factor cavity, the VHF gun requires high stability in the amplitude and phase of the cavity field. However, the gun is microwave powered by two solid-state power sources through two separate power couplers. The input difference between the two power couplers will influence the stability of the cavity field. To systematically study this influence and obtain measurement formulae, a multi-port VHF gun LCR circuit model is built and analyzed. During the warm-up condition, the cavity structure will be deformed due to the large-scale change in the cavity temperature. Then, the deformation will result in cavity resonant frequency changes. To prevent the mechanic tuner from suffering damages due to the frequent and long-distance movement for correcting the cavity resonant frequency, a self-excited loop(SEL) control system is considered for changing the loop phase and make the loop frequency follow the resonant frequency. In this study, a steady-state model of the VHF gun cavity is built for obtaining the optimal input coupler coefficient and the stability requirement of the forward voltage. Then, the generator-driven resonator and SEL control system, which combine with the VHF multiport modeling, are modeled and simulated. The simulated results show that the SEL system can perfectly operate in the process of condition and warm-up.
文摘In this article, the author proposed guesses about memorizing, basing on the observation of hypnosis and its application on acquisition of vocabulary, and advanced the concepts of meaningful decoding and meaning rebuilding, which are the two main courses in mem- orizing.
文摘The findings of the study indicate that students prefer to engage in the vocabulary learning strategies that would be most appealing to them and that would entail less manipulation of the language. Of the four vocabulary memorizing strategies cited in the study （rote repetition, structural associations, semantic strategies, and mnemonic keyword techniques）, students apparently tended to favor the second and the third ones, though rote repetition remains appealing to some of them. Mnemonic devices such as keyword method were rather unpopular to most of the students because they would involve the learners in more active performance of the target language.
文摘In this paper, upon the pictographic theory and the behaviorist theory, based on Xiang's(2007) pictographic memorizing method, the author designs the corresponding procedure of the senior high school English vocabulary teaching. This research results show that, the application of the pictographic memorizing method in senior high school English vocabulary teaching is feasible and the teaching effect is relatively good.
