Kernel Generalization of Multi-Rate Probabilistic Principal Component Analysis for Fault Detection in Nonlinear Process

In practical process industries,a variety of online and offline sensors and measuring instruments have been used for process control and monitoring purposes,which indicates that the measurements coming from different sources are collected at different sampling rates.To build a complete process monitoring strategy,all these multi-rate measurements should be considered for data-based modeling and monitoring.In this paper,a novel kernel multi-rate probabilistic principal component analysis(K-MPPCA)model is proposed to extract the nonlinear correlations among different sampling rates.In the proposed model,the model parameters are calibrated using the kernel trick and the expectation-maximum(EM)algorithm.Also,the corresponding fault detection methods based on the nonlinear features are developed.Finally,a simulated nonlinear case and an actual pre-decarburization unit in the ammonia synthesis process are tested to demonstrate the efficiency of the proposed method.

Performance Improvement of DCF Supporting Multi-Rate in IEEE 802.11b Wireless LAN

This paper proposes a new channel access algorithm based on channel occupancy time （COT） fairness to guarantee fairness and improve the aggregate throughput of 802.11b multi-rate WLANs. In the algorithm, the COT is used as fairness index to analyze the fairness of WLANs instead of the channel access probability （CAP） used in the distributed coordination function （DCF）. The standard COT is given by access point （AP） and broadcasted to all wireless stations. The AP and wireless stations in the WLAN can achieve COT-based fairness by adjusting their packet length, sending the multiple back-to-back packets at one time, or giving up an opportunity to access the channel. Analysis and simulations show that our algorithm can provide COT-fairness. Compared with the CAP-based algorithm, the proposed algorithm leads to improvements in aggregate throughput of IEEE 802. lib multi-rate WLANs.

Research of Multi-Rate LDPC Decoding in Optical Communication System

Low-density parity-check code (LDPC) not only has good performance approaching the Shannon limit, but also has low decoding complexity and flexible structure. It is a research hot-spot in the field of channel coding in recent years and has a wide range of application prospects in optical communication systems. In this paper, the decoding aspects and performance of LDPC codes are analyzed and compared according to the bit error rate (BER) of LDPC codes. The computer simulation was carried out under additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) channel and binary phase shift keying (BPSK) modulation. Through theoretical analysis and simulation results, this paper explores the way of multi-rate LDPC decoding.

Study of multi-rate multi-user detection based on supervision decision

Multi-user detection (MUD) based on multirate transmission in code division multiple access (CDMA) system is discussed. Under the requirement of signal interference ratio (SIR) detection at base station and framework with parallel interference cancellation, a supervision decision algorithm based on pre-decision of probabilistic data association (PDA) and hard decision is proposed. The detection performance is analyzed and simulation is implemented to show that the supervision decision algorithm improves the detection performance effectively.

A SINGLE PROCESSOR MULTI-RATE VOCODER

This paper presents the design of a full-duplex multi-rate vocoder which implements an LPC-10, CELPC and VSELPC algorithms in real time. A single commercially available digital signal processor IC, the TMS320C25, is used to perform the digital processing. The channel interfaces are configured with the design of ASIC, and including timing and control logic circuits.

Multi-rate tracking controller analysis and design for target tracking systems

As the sampling rates of the inner loop and the outer loop of the target tracking control system are different,a typical digital multi-rate control system was formed.If the traditional single-rate design method was applied,the low sampling rate loop will seriously impact the dynamical characteristic of the system.After analyzing and calculating the impact law of the low sampling rate loop to the bandwidth and the stability of the tracking system,a kind of multi-rate control system design method was introduced.Corresponding to the different sampling rates of the inner loop and the outer loop,the multi-rate control strategy was constituted by a high sampling rate sub-controller and a low sampling rate sub-controller.The two sub-controllers were designed separately and connected by means of the sampling rate converter.The low sampling rate controller determined the response rapidity of the system,while the high sampling rate controller applied additionally effective control outputs to the system during a sampling interval of the low sampling rate controller.With the introduced high and low sampling rates sub-controllers,the tracking control system can achieve the same performance as a single-rate controller with high sampling rate,yet it works under a much lower sampling rate.The simulation and experimental results show the effectiveness of the introduced multi-rate control design method.It reduces the settling time by 5 times and the over shoot by 4 times compared with the PID control.

Multi-rate sensor fusion-based adaptive discrete finite-time synergetic control for flexible-joint mechanical systems

This paper proposes an adaptive discrete finite-time synergetic control （ADFTSC） scheme based on a multi-rate sensor fusion estimator for flexible-joint mechanical systems in the presence of unmeasured states and dynamic uncertainties. Multi-rate sensors are employed to observe the system states which cannot be directly obtained by encoders due to the existence of joint flexibilities. By using an extended Kalman filter （EKF）, the finite-time synergetic controller is designed based on a sensor fusion estimator which estimates states and parameters of the mechanical system with multi-rate measurements. The proposed controller can guarantee the finite-time convergence of tracking errors by the theoretical derivation. Simulation and experimental studies are included to validate the effectiveness of the proposed approach.

A NOVEL CROSS-LAYER STRATEGY OF VIDEO TRANSMISSION TO SOLVE PERFORMANCE ANOMALY IN MULTI-RATE IEEE 802.11 NETWORKS

When wireless hosts use different rates to transmit data in IEEE 802.11 networks, it will take on the state of performance anomaly which will severely decrease the throughputs of all the higher rate hosts. Hence, it is bad for video service transmission. Considering that video is very sensitive to packet delivery delay but can tolerate some packet losses, we propose a novel cross-layer scheme which takes these two characteristics into consideration. Firstly, the maximum number of retransmissions for a video Medium Access Control (MAC) frame is computed in MAC layer according to video frame rate requirement of application layer and current access delay of MAC layer. Secondly, within the margin of the tolerant Packet Loss Rate (PLR) of application layer, several video MAC frames are allowed to drop so that we can adaptively select the transmission rate as high as possible for the rest of video MAC frames in terms of current channel quality and the maximum number of retransmissions. Experiment results show that the proposed method can reduce the delay and jitter of video service and improve the throughputs of fast hosts. Therefore, it increases the quality of reconstructed video to a certain extent and relieves the performance anomaly of network effectively.

BLIND DETECTION FOR MULTI-RATE DS-CDMA SYSTEM WITH ANTENNA ARRAY AT THE BASE STATION

In this paper, we propose the blind space-time high rate multi-user detector for synchronous uplink multi-rate Direct Sequence Code Division Multiple Access （DS-CDMA） systems with antenna array at the base station. By employing antenna array at the base stations, the spatial dimension is used efficiently to suppress co-channel interference and increase the capacity for multi-rate CDMA system. After low rate physical users in the system are modeled as corresponding high rate virtual users, we construct the space-time signature vectors of virtual users. And subspace projection algorithm is employed to estimate space-time signature vectors blindly. Then a soft-decision high rate lnultiuser detector is proposed based on the estimated signature vectors, which avoids estimating the ambiguous complex factors which are necessary in traditional blind detector. Numerical simulation results evaluate the performance in terms of Bit Error Rate （BER） for the proposed scheme. Simultaneously, it demonstrates that the system capability increases two times when using twoelement antenna array.

A NEW DESIGN METHOD OF CDMA SPREADING CODES BASED ON MULTI-RATE UNITARY FILTER BANK

It is well-known that the multi-valued CDMA spreading codes can be designed by means of a pair of mirror multi-rate filter banks based on some optimizing criterion. This paper indicates that there exists a theoretical bound in the performance of its circulating correlation property, which is given by an explicit expression. Based on this analysis, a criterion of maximizing entropy is proposed to design such codes. Computer simulation result suggests that the resulted codes outperform the conventional binary balanced Gold codes for an asynchronous CDMA system.

CHANNEL ESTIMATION OF MULTI-RATE DS-CDMA SIGNALS IN SLOW FADING MULTIPATH CHANNELS

In Direct-Sequence Code Division Multiple Access(DS-CDMA) mobile communi-cation systems, it is very important to obtain accurate estimation of the channel parameters,especially that of the propagation delay. But the near-far problem may make the estimationcomplicated and can degrade the estimation performance significantly. In this paper, an efficientMaximum Likelihood (ML) method is presented for channel parameter estimation of multi-rateDS-CDMA systems in slow fading multipath channels in a near-far scenario. The algorithmextended the ML approach to multi-rate DS-CDMA systems, and proposes decomposing a multi-dimensional optimization problem into a series of one-dimensional optimization and has improvedcomputational efficiency. Theoretical analysis and numerical examples show that the estimatorproposed is effective and near-far resistant.

On the Performance of Blind Chip Rate Estimation in Multi-Rate CDMA Transmissions Using Multi-Rate Sampling in Slow Flat Fading Channels

This paper considers blind chip rate estimation of DS-SS signals in multi-rate and multi-user DS-CDMA systems over channels having slow flat Rayleigh fading plus additive white Gaussian noise. Channel impulse response is estimated by a subspace method, and then the chip rate of each signal is estimated using zero crossing of estimated differential channel impulse response. For chip rate estimation of each user, an algorithm which uses weighted zero-crossing ratio is proposed. Maximum value of the weighted zero crossing ratio takes place in the Nyquist rate sampling frequency, which equals to the twice of the chip rate. Furthermore, bit time of each user is estimated using fluctuations of autocorrelation estimators. Since code length of each user can be obtained using bit time and chip time ratio. Fading channels reduce reliability factor of the proposed algo-rithm. To overcome this problem, a receiver with multiple antennas is proposed, and the reliability factor of the proposed algorithm is analyzed over both spatially correlated and independent fading channels.

NIC X-FILE和DENCO Pre-Shaper镍钛器械对模拟弯曲根管成形的影响

背景:根管预备是根管治疗的关键步骤,近年来随着新型镍钛器械的迅速发展,根管成形能力得到了显著提高,然而不同种类的镍钛系统成形能力亦不同,目前国内外关于R相热处理机用镍钛器械NIC X-FILE和DENCO Pre-Shaper对弯曲根管成形能力的影响鲜见报道。目的:比较NIC X-FILE和DENCO Pre-Shaper机用镍钛锉预备树脂模拟弯曲根管的成形效果。方法:选取树脂模拟弯曲根管50个,随机分为2组(n=25),分别使用NIC X-FILE、DENCO Pre-Shaper镍钛根管锉进行根管预备,记录根管预备时间、采集根管预备前后图像。使用图像处理和分析软件测量各观测点的根管内、外侧壁树脂去除量,运用统计学软件,对比研究两种机用镍钛锉的根管预备时间和中心定位能力。结果与结论:①DENCO Pre-Shaper组平均根管预备时间为(1.58±0.02)min,NIC X-FILE组平均根管预备时间为(2.22±0.03)min,两组间比较差异有显著性意义(P<0.05);②DENCO Pre-Shaper组在距离根尖孔4,5,7,8,9,10 mm处的内侧树脂去除量多于NIC X-FILE组(P<0.05),在距离根尖孔3,5,6,7,8 mm处的外侧树脂去除量少于NIC X-FILE组(P<0.05);③在距离根尖孔2,4,5,6,7,8,9 mm处,NIC X-FILE组的中心定位能力优于DENCO Pre-Shaper组(P<0.05),其中在距离根尖孔4 mm处的中心定位能力最佳;④结果表明,DENCO Pre-Shaper根管锉较NIC X-FILE镍钛根管锉具有较高的机械效率,但其中心定位能力不如NIC X-FILE镍钛根管锉。

基于ECharts Library和File API的本地数据绘图技术

为解决web绘图每次更改图形绘制均需修改代码,且反复修改易造成代码编写错误的弊端,提出一种针对本地TXT文件,利用ECharts Library和File API简化数据处理程序的绘图技术。该绘图技术可以直接对TXT文件进行修改,简单方便,易于操作。

基于MapFile的HDFS小文件存储效率问题

针对HDFS最初是为流式访问大文件而开发的,而对于大量小文件的存储效率不高问题,采用MapFile设计一个HDFS中存储小文件的方案.该方案的主要思想是在上传HDFS时增加一个文件类型判断模块,建立一个小文件队列,将小文件序列化存入一个MapFile容器,合并成大文件,并建立相应的索引文件,有效降低文件数目和提高访问效率.通过和现有的Hadoop Archives(HAR files)文件归档解决小文件问题的方案对比,实验结果表明,基于MapFile的存储小文件方案可以更为有效的提高小文件存储性能和减少HDFS文件系统的节点内存消耗.

基于ArcGIS Engine的数据文件到Shapefile转换方法及其实现

地理数据的多源性导致存储格式的多样性,使其难以在同一GIS平台下实现互操作与空间分析,这有碍于信息的共享。为此,以ArcGIS为基础平台,采用ArcGIS Engine组件进行集成二次开发,通过对数据文件进行访问和空间参考的定义、空间与属性信息的转换来实现Excel型数据文件至Shapefile型矢量文件的转换,以初步实现地理信息间的共享与操作,进而给出了直观的、可视化的数据管理与表达。用此方法实现了山西省宁武县煤炭资源的采矿权文件之转换,即Access→Excel→Shapefile文件。结果表明,其不仅体现出了针对初始文件的降维性、无损性以及可视性的转换表达,还可将记录信息重组(分解)为空间信息与属性信息,对于前者,矿权图层可与遥感影像叠合成图;后者(矿种、开采方式等)可与前者实现无缝链接,并可据以获取相应的开发利用现状信息,以便开展资源遥感监测。

采用journal file技术在GAMBIT中实现面链接的自动化

由于周期性边界条件和cooper算法划分网格的需要,在GAMBIT中需要做面链接。为了在用户界面(GUI)中减少设计人员做面链接时的大量手工劳动和重复劳动,为了在文本界面(TUI)中实现面链接自动化,采用自上而下的软件设计方法和journalfile技术,设计了一个面链接自动化的模型。利用该模型对43个叶片的前向多翼离心风扇的面链接进行了测试。结果表明,在用户界面(GUI)中鼠标点击次数从187次减少到7次,大大地提高了设计效率;而在文本界面(TUI)中,实现了自动化面链接。该测试在GAMBIT2.3.16通过,测试结果表明该模型可行且有效。

基于LAN的File-agent技术的设计——利用File-agent技术实现LAN内大容量数据块的重用

尽管接入Internet的速度越来越快,但仍不能满足集群用户同时使用同一多媒体信息服务的需求。为了解决这类问题,该文提出了一种基于LAN的File-agent技术,利用该技术可以实现LAN内大容量数据块的重用。

基于MapFile的HDFS小文件存取优化

分布式文件系统(HDFS)存取大文件有很好的性能,但存取海量小文件时效率很差。鉴于此,提出一种小文件存取优化策略。存储小文件时,客户端将它们按类型和访问权限分类合并成MapFile,合并后的大文件交给HDFS处理。读取小文件时,引入由Nexist文件缓冲区域、一级缓存和二级缓存组成的缓存模块。实验表明,该策略能有效降低存取海量小文件时主节点中内存的消耗,同时减少了小文件的存取时间,极大提高存取的性能。

FileFinder:桌面搜索引擎的设计与实现

为了满足用户对桌面搜索引擎准确、快速、易用的迫切要求,将通用搜索技术、垂直搜索技术中"先建立索引再进行搜索"的搜索机制和若干功能借鉴到桌面搜索技术,设计并实现了桌面搜索引擎FileFinder。功能测试验证了该软件不仅实现了关键字搜索、文件类型搜索等常用功能,而且具有结果匹配度排序、在搜索结果中再次搜索、以文件附加属性进行搜索等其他桌面搜索引擎不具备而用户需要的功能。对比测试结果既体现了FileFinder在搜索速度上与Windows桌面搜索引擎相比的优势,也表明在不实现全文检索功能的前提下,FileFinder建立索引的时间仅约为Google桌面搜索引擎的一半。