New Progress of Magnetically-coupled Resonant Wireless Power Transfer Technology

近些年,无线电能传输技术受到了越来越广泛的关注。作为一种中等距离无线电能传输技术,自从美国麻省理工学院于2007年发表其研究成果后,磁耦合谐振式无线电能传输技术就成为了研究热点问题。该文在对无线电能传输技术进行总体介绍的基础上,主要对磁耦合谐振式无线电能传输技术进行概括论述。首先分析了磁耦合谐振式无线电能传输技术的基本结构和工作原理,介绍了目前运用于分析该技术的主要理论;接着对该技术目前的传输水平和热点问题进行了分类阐释,主要分为传输特性、新材料的应用、干扰问题和实际应用,介绍了目前的研究现状;最后在当前研究热点问题的基础之上,对该技术有待研究的问题以及发展趋势进行了展望。

Numerical Analysis of Magnetic-Shielding Effectiveness for Magnetic Resonant Wireless Power Transfer System

Magnetic radiation phenomena appear inevitably in the magnetic-resonance wireless power transfer （MR-WPT） system, and regarding this problem the magnetic-shielding scheme is applied to improve the electromagnetic performance in engineering. In this study, the shielding effectiveness of a two-coil MR-WPT system for different material shields is analyzed in theory using Moser＇s formula and Schelkunoff＇s formula. On this basis a candidate magnetic-shielding scheme with a double-layer structure is determined, which has better shielding effectiveness and coils coupling coefficient. Finally, some finite element simulation results validate the correctness of the theoretical analysis, and the shielding effectiveness with the double-layer shield in maximum is 30？dB larger than the one with the single-layer case.

Design of Wireless Power Transfer with High Efficiency for Biomedical Implants

Wireless power transfer(WPT)technology is a popular choice for biomedical implant devices.The demands of higher efficiency and smaller implantation size are hard to compromise in previous studies.In the present work,an implantable magnetic coupling resonant WPT system in-tegrated with a metasurface element working at 430 MHz is presented.Similar planar copper coil components for the transmitting and receiving structures are used to construct the primary system,and then the metasurface element is integrated to constitute the whole WPT system.The effects of the distances between the transmitting coil and skin surface,between the skin surface,and receiv-ing coil are discussed.The results show that the efficiency will be enhanced by 38-50 dB integrat-ing with the metasurface.

Receiver Power Allocation and Transmitter Power Control Analysis for Multiple-Receiver Wireless Power Transfer Systems

As different power has its own receivers,this paper analyzes and designs a multiple-receiver wireless power transfer(WPT)system systematically.The equivalent circuit model of the system is established to analyze the key parameters including transmitter power,receiver power,transmission efficiency,and each receiver power allocation.A control circuit is proposed to achieve the maximum transmission efficiency and transmitter power control and arbitrary receiver power allocation ratios for different receivers.Through the proposed control circuit,receivers with different loads can allocate appropriate power according to its power demand,the transmitter power and system efficiency do not vary with the change of the number of receivers.Finally,this control circuit is validated using a 130-kHz WPT system with three receivers whose power received is 3:10:12,and the overall system efficiency can reach as high as 55.5%.

双耦合SP-S补偿紧凑型抗偏移WPT系统

在无线电能传输(wireless power transfer,WPT)系统中,偏移是不可避免的,偏移会引起系统参数的变化从而影响系统的传输性能。基于S-S和P-S补偿拓扑,提出一种具有抗偏移特性的双耦合SP-S补偿的紧凑型WPT系统。该系统采用两个同轴布置、相互解耦的圆角方形线圈作为能量的发射线圈,其与单一方形接收线圈均有耦合,提升了X方向和Y方向的抗偏移容忍度。通过谐振参数配置使接收线圈在偏移的过程中,一个线圈回路的输出增加,另一个线圈回路输出减少,从而使系统输出随接收线圈位置偏移波动平缓。提出方形解耦线圈结构参数的设计方法,并分析发射端并联补偿电容对输出抗偏移性能的影响。最后,搭建实验平台验证该方法的有效性与系统的抗偏移能力。

基于交互式设计超材料建模与分析的MCR-WPT效率提升研究

超材料具有特殊的磁场调控能力,被广泛关注并应用于磁耦合谐振无线电能传输(MCR-WPT)领域,但寻求针对特定领域目标需求的超材料设计具有挑战性.目前,超材料的一般设计方法为S参数反演法和等效电路法,设计流程通常需要多次建模仿真得到目标参数,该过程较为繁琐耗时.对此,深入分析上述两种设计方法的特性并将二者结合,采用HFSS与MATLAB软件交互设计和优化用于MCR-WPT特性提升的超材料,有效简化了超材料的设计过程.以无线电能传输效率优化为目标设计方形和Koch两种超材料单元,分析对比两种单元的电磁特性.搭建工作频率为6.78 MHz的MCR-WPT系统实验平台,探究两种超材料对传输效率的影响.实验结果表明,方形超材料和Koch超材料分别实现了28.4%和24.6%的最大传输效率提升,证明了交互设计可以更简便地设计超材料并且用于无线电能传输系统传输效率的提升.

电动汽车多车位WPT下沉式磁屏蔽系统研究

在电动汽车无线电能传输系统中,实现高效传输的同时减少磁泄漏一直是一个技术挑战。针对这一问题,本文提出了一种应用于多无线电能传输系统的下沉式屏蔽线圈结构,该结构在减小目标面漏磁的同时不会影响系统的传输效率。首先,提出了一种基于矢量磁位的矩形线圈磁场计算方法,通过此方法对系统目标面漏磁进行分析,为后续的磁泄漏优化提供了理论依据;其次,介绍了一种漏磁优化的方法,运用该方法得到满足要求的各线圈参数,为实现高效的无线电能传输提供了关键支持;最后,根据得到的线圈参数,研制了一套带磁屏蔽结构的双车位电动汽车无线充电系统,通过仿真和实验,让提出的屏蔽结构和方法的有效性得到了充分证实。结果显示,当系统输出功率恒定在4 kW时,所提出的屏蔽结构不仅使目标区域最大泄漏磁场降低了25%,且传输效率高达95%。

海水对UUV WPT系统的影响及耦合机构的补偿研究

针对水下无人航行器(UUV)无线电能传输(WPT)系统的效率和稳定性问题,建立了水下WPT等效电路,并对其工作原理进行了数学推导和分析。以此为基础研究了海水环境对WPT电路性能的影响机理,推导出了WPT系统在海水中的传输功率及效率模型。由于在海浪和海流等水下外界干扰下电能传输机构的收/发端均会产生偏移,从而影响系统电能传输的稳定性和效率。为减小影响,分析了4种典型拓扑补偿电路结构,并给出了最优补偿电路选取原则。最后,在MATLAB平台进行验证,结果验证了数学推导的正确性以及补偿电路设计的有效性。研究结果可为类似水下无线供电系统的设计提供借鉴。

基于SAR阻抗匹配的WPT最大效率跟踪控制方法

无线电能传输(WPT)技术因其安全、便捷、非接触等优点而备受关注。最大效率传输是WPT系统中一个重要课题。传统的最大效率跟踪方法通常设定系统在固定耦合条件进行负载阻抗匹配,然而,耦合系数会在初级和次级线圈相对位置变化时不可避免地发生变化。提出基于耦合系数辨识与半有源整流(SAR)阻抗匹配的最大效率跟踪控制方法,该方法利用SAR结合耦合系数识别进行阻抗匹配,开关控制电容(SCC)补偿其阻抗虚部,避免了整流电路中非线性因素的影响。同时系统响应较快且控制方法便于实现。仿真和实验结果表明,耦合系数和等效负载变化时,都可以准确估计耦合系数并跟踪至最大效率点和输出恒压。

Computation Rate Maximization in Multi-User Cooperation-Assisted Wireless-Powered Mobile Edge Computing with OFDMA

In the era of Internet of Things(Io T),mobile edge computing(MEC)and wireless power transfer(WPT)provide a prominent solution for computation-intensive applications to enhance computation capability and achieve sustainable energy supply.A wireless-powered mobile edge computing(WPMEC)system consisting of a hybrid access point(HAP)combined with MEC servers and many users is considered in this paper.In particular,a novel multiuser cooperation scheme based on orthogonal frequency division multiple access(OFDMA)is provided to improve the computation performance,where users can split the computation tasks into various parts for local computing,offloading to corresponding helper,and HAP for remote execution respectively with the aid of helper.Specifically,we aim at maximizing the weighted sum computation rate(WSCR)by optimizing time assignment,computation-task allocation,and transmission power at the same time while keeping energy neutrality in mind.We transform the original non-convex optimization problem to a convex optimization problem and then obtain a semi-closed form expression of the optimal solution by considering the convex optimization techniques.Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed multi-user cooperationassisted WPMEC scheme greatly improves the WSCR of all users than the existing schemes.In addition,OFDMA protocol increases the fairness and decreases delay among the users when compared to TDMA protocol.

Advances in Inductively Coupled Power Transfer Technology for Rail Transit

Traditional power supply method for moving electric railway vehicles is based on contact type power collection technology.This sometimes cannot meet the requirements of modern rail transportation.A new wireless power transfer(WPT)technology can offer significant benefits in modern rail transportation particularly in some stringent environments.This paper reviews the status and the development of rail transit power supply technology,and introduces a new challenging technology--inductive power transfer(IPT)technology for rail transit.Tesla established the underpinning of IPT technology and creatively and significantly demonstrated power transfer by using highly resonant tuned coils long time ago.However,only in recent years the IPT technology has been significantly improved including the transfer air-gap length,transfer efficiency,coupling factor,power transfer capability and so on.This is mainly due to innovative semiconductor switches,higher control frequency,better coil designs and high performance material,new track and vehicle construction techniques.Recent advances in IPT for rail transit and major milestones of the developments are summarized in this paper.Some important technical issues such as coupling coil structures,power supply schemes,segmentation switching techniques for long-distance power supply,and bidirectional IPT systems for braking energy feedback are discussed.

基于平衡阻抗的MC-WPT系统传导干扰抑制方法

抑制电磁干扰(electromagnetic interference,EMI)以提升电磁兼容性是磁耦合无线电能传输系统推广应用中必须解决的关键问题。该文以传统LCC-S型磁耦合无线电能传为研究对象,针对阻抗不平衡和寄生参数造成的传导干扰问题,提出EMI滤波器和谐振补偿网络的融合拓扑。文中分析传统LCC-S型MC-WPT系统传导干扰的产生机理及传输通道特性,给出融合拓扑的设计方法,并通过实验验证该文所提出的拓扑对EMI抑制的有效性。在搭建的85 kHz/500 W实验系统中,该文提出的融合拓扑的线圈共模干扰电流相比于传统LCC-S型拓扑降低35.6 dB,在特定频率点的线圈差模干扰电流降低23.6 dB;在输入侧的共模和差模传导干扰分别降低约30 dB和10 dB。该文所提出的融合拓扑及其设计方法也可推广应用至其他谐振类型的MC-WPT系统中。

基于无迹卡尔曼滤波水下WPT系统副边关键参数在线辨识

为提升无线电能传输(wireless power transfer,WPT)系统传输性能,需在控制过程中实时获取负载与耦合系数等关键信息,而该信息的获取目前普遍采用无线通讯模块或增加额外通信线圈等方式,增加了系统复杂度,尤其面临复杂水下工况及高频电磁环境,在通讯过程中极易造成通讯异常而导致系统瘫痪。为此,文中提出一种新型基于无迹卡尔曼滤波的WPT系统互感及负载关键参数在线识别方法,该方法仅需采样原边侧电压瞬时值,即可实时获取互感与负载等关键参数信息。同时为提升辨识精度与收敛速度,采用离线式神经网络指导粒子群优化算法建立系统噪声协方差矩阵。实验结果表明,该算法具有模型简单、计算精度较高等特点,在变负载、变移相控制角及偏移情况下,所提出的在线辨识方法对负载与互感的最大识别误差分别为6.19%和1.7%,且2 ms左右即可完成负载的动态识别,具有一定的工程应用价值。

WPT系统双边协同抗饱和控制策略研究

基于脉冲密度调制PDM(pulse density modulation)的双边协同控制使得无线电能传输WPT(wireless power transfer)系统在耦合系数和负载阻抗变化的情况下能够保持最大效率传输,但是在系统启动及电池恒流恒压充电切换时会产生远高于额定值的电流/电压超调。为了解决超调问题,保证电池充电稳定性,提出了一种抗饱和控制策略。首先,基于WPT系统的等效电路模型分析最大效率点跟踪的工作原理;然后,结合WPT系统两侧控制量的协同工作过程,解析系统启动及电池恒流恒压充电切换时的超调现象,给出恒流恒压控制器设计方法,将反计算抗饱和算法与控制器设计相结合,提出抗饱和控制策略;最后,搭建了仿真模型,验证所提出的抗饱和策略能够有效抑制控制器饱和导致的超调,减少系统到达稳态的时间,降低电流/电压的超调带来的元器件应力。

Intelligent Reflecting Surface Assisted Transmission Optimization Strategies in Wireless Networks

Wireless Power Transfer(WPT)technology can provide real-time power for many terminal devices in Internet of Things(IoT)through millimeterWave(mmWave)to support applications with large capacity and low latency.Although the intelligent reflecting surface(IRS)can be adopted to create effective virtual links to address the mmWave blockage problem,the conventional solutions only adopt IRS in the downlink from the Base Station(BS)to the users to enhance the received signal strength.In practice,the reflection of IRS is also applicable to the uplink to improve the spectral efficiency.It is a challenging to jointly optimize IRS beamforming and system resource allocation for wireless energy acquisition and information transmission.In this paper,we first design a Low-Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy(LEACH)clustering protocol for clustering and data collection.Then,the problem of maximizing the minimum system spectral efficiency is constructed by jointly optimizing the transmit power of sensor devices,the uplink and downlink transmission times,the active beamforming at the BS,and the IRS dynamic beamforming.To solve this non-convex optimization problem,we propose an alternating optimization(AO)-based joint solution algorithm.Simulation results show that the use of IRS dynamic beamforming can significantly improve the spectral efficiency of the system,and ensure the reliability of equipment communication and the sustainability of energy supply under NLOS link.

全方向WPT系统磁耦合参数识别方法研究

全方位三激励WPT系统中接收端和发射端之间的磁耦合参数是影响系统传输效率的重要因素,对耦合参数进行有效地辨识是使全方位WPT系统达到最大效率的关键。在采用高频逆变器作为发射线圈激励源的情况下给出逆变输出电压各次谐波的数学描述,在移相角为π/3的条件下忽略谐波,将输出的方波电压用波形具有标准正弦形状的基波来近似替换。在此基础上推导出系统发射端电流有效值的数学模型,引入改进的遗传算法,将参数辨识问题转换为全局寻优问题,给出基于该模型的磁耦合参数辨识方法,并通过仿真及实验验证了所提方法的可行性及有效性。

一种新型WPT二次侧谐振补偿拓扑

为了提高无线电能传输的距离,解决低耦合系数时传输功率、效率低的问题,提出一种新型二次侧谐振补偿拓扑。本文分析了系统交流阻抗特性与电路模型,采用该结构的二次侧等效为串联谐振,且具有更大的谐振Q值。给出了输出电压增益与效率的表达式,并与传统串联谐振结构进行对比。仿真和实验数据表明,相比较传统的二次侧串联谐振结构,本文所提出的结构在低耦合系数下传输增益和效率具有明显优势,更加适合于弱耦合应用。

基于遗传算法的SS型磁耦合WPT系统负载与互感识别方法

负载与互感参数的识别问题是提升磁耦合无线电能传输(WPT)系统性能的关键问题,基于遗传算法提出一种SS型磁耦合WPT系统的负载与互感识别方法,在考虑系统高次谐波影响的条件下建立系统稳态电路模型,进而得到系统电路参数及状态变量之间关系的数学描述,在此基础上引入遗传算法,将系统的参数识别问题转化为寻优问题,从而给出系统负载以及互感参数的识别方法。该识别方法无需增加额外电路以及相关控制,因此降低了电路复杂度并且减小了系统体积。仿真及实验结果均验证了该方法的可行性及有效性。

用于WPT的双路E类逆变器功率合成拓扑及其电感耦合集成

针对现有用于无线电能传输系统的E类逆变器存在磁元件损耗大,谐振参数容差能力低以及输出功率有限的缺点,提出了一种新颖的双路(或偶数路)E类逆变器功率合成输出的无线电能传输系统拓扑,其逆变器利用耦合电感抑制偶次谐波电流并降低有载品质因数,在谐振参数存在较大偏差时仍然可以高效运行。同时,利用磁集成方法降低了磁元件数量与损耗。系统的补偿网络基于串串谐振补偿,并利用π型跨导使得系统电压增益与负载变化无关,保证输出电压恒定。利用一台1MHz样机验证了所提出拓扑的可行性及优良性能。样机的电压增益基本不受负载变化的影响,其E类逆变器在全负载范围内均能实现软开关,逆变器峰值效率达到了92%。

一种从能量传递角度出发的DLCC-WPT系统参数设计方法

针对双侧LCC型补偿拓扑的无线电能传输系统(double-sided LCC compensation network wireless power transmission,DLCC-WPT)系统谐振回路多、参数设计复杂的问题,分析DLCC-WPT系统的电路模态,从能量传递路径的角度出发,定义系统的能量传递系数。基于能量传递系数和电路等效品质因数,建立系统电压增益和电流增益的数学模型,确定能量传递系数和电路等效品质因数的合理设计范围,依靠电流增益曲线划分逆变电路功率器件,实现零电压开通(zero voltage switching,ZVS)的工作区域。在此基础上搭建仿真模型和实验样机,对理论分析中的参数设计范围和工作区域进行仿真和实验验证,实验结果显示,在790W的输入功率下,实现90%的传输效率和逆变电路功率器件的软开关。