Bus frequency optimization in a large-scale multi-modal transportation system:integrating 3D-MFD and dynamic traffic assignment

A properly designed public transport system is expected to improve traffic efficiency.A high-frequency bus service would decrease the waiting time for passengers,but the interaction between buses and cars might result in more serious congestion.On the other hand,a low-frequency bus service would increase the waiting time for passengers and would not reduce the use of private cars.It is important to strike a balance between high and low frequencies in order to minimize the total delays for all road users.It is critical to formulate the impacts of bus frequency on congestion dynamics and mode choices.However,as far as the authors know,most proposed bus frequency optimization formulations are based on static demand and the Bureau of Public Roads function,and do not properly consider the congestion dynamics and their impacts on mode choices.To fill this gap,this paper proposes a bi-level optimization model.A three-dimensional Macroscopic Fundamental Diagram based modeling approach is developed to capture the bi-modal congestion dynamics.A variational inequality model for the user equilibrium in mode choices is presented and solved using a double projection algorithm.A surrogate model-based algorithm is used to solve the bi-level programming problem.

A Discrete-Time Stochastic Traffic Assignment Model

A discrete time stochastic traffic assignment model is proposed. The model provides a discrete time description of the variations of flows on a road network during a day or a peak period. The congestion effect at links and link junctions are taken into account. The first in first out principle is enforced on all links at all periods of the day. A stochastic user equilibrium assignment is achieved when the tripmaker is unable to find better travel alternatives. A computational procedure is also presented.

Lazy loading algorithm for traffic assignment of road networks under fixed charge condition

The measures of path charge are important considerations in traffic assignment of road networks. Factors, such as travel time, fixed charge and traffic congestion which affect road users＇ choices of trip paths, are analyzed. Travelers usually decide their trip paths based on their personal habits, preferences and the information at hand. By considering both deterministic and stochastic factors which affect the value of time （VOT） during the process of path choosing, a variational inequality model is proposed to describe the problem of traffic assignment. A lazy loading algorithm for traffic assignment is designed to solve the proposed model, and the calculation steps are given. Numerical experiment results show that compared with the all-or-nothing assignment, the proposed model and the algorithm can provide more optimal traffic assignments for road networks. The results of this study can be used to optimize traffic planning and management.

Direct computing methods for turn flows in traffic assignment

Two methods based on a slight modification of the regular traffic assignmentalgorithms are proposed to directly compute turn flows instead of estimating them from link flows orobtaining them by expanding the networks. The first one is designed on the path-turn incidencerelationship, and it is similar to the computational procedure of link flows. It applies to thetraffic assignment algorithms that can provide detailed path structures. The second utilizes thelink-turn incidence relationship and the conservation of flow on links, a law deriving from thisrelationship. It is actually an improved version of Dial's logit assignment algorithm. The proposedapproaches can avoid the shortcomings both of the estimation methods, e. g. Furness's model andFrator's model, and of the network-expanding method in precision, stability and computation scale.Finally, they are validated by numerical examples.

Behaviours in a dynamical model of traffic assignment with elastic demand

This paper investigates the dynamical behaviour of network traffic flow. Assume that trip rates may be influenced by the level of service on the network and travellers are willing to take a faster route. A discrete dynamical model for the day-to-day adjustment process of route choice is presented. The model is then applied to a simple network for analysing the day-to-day behaviours of network flow. It finds that equilibrium is arrived if network flow consists of travellers not very sensitive to the differences of travel cost. Oscillations and chaos of network traffic flow are also found when travellers are sensitive to the travel cost and travel demand in a simple network.

Research on traffic congestion mechanism and countermeasures based on dynamic traffic assignment

Traffic congestion is widely distributed around a network. Generally, to analyze traffic congestion, static traffic capacity is adopted. But dynamic characteristics must be studied because congestion is a dynamic process. A Dynamic Traffic Assignment modeling fundamental combined with an urban congestion analysis method is studied in this paper. Three methods are based on congestion analysis, and the stochastic user optimal DTA models are especially considered. Correspondingly, a dynamic system optimal model is suggested for responding congestion countermeasures and an ideal user optimal model for predicted congestion countermeasure respectively.

Air Route Network Generation Based on Traffic Assignment

Air route network is the carrier of air traffic flow,and traffic assignment is a method to verify the rationality of air route network structure.Therefore,air route network generation based on traffic assignment has been becoming the research focus of airspace programming technology.Based on link prediction technology and optimization theory,a bi-level programming model is established in the paper.The model includes an upper level of air route network generation model and a lower level of traffic assignment model.The air route network structure generation incorporates network topology generation algorithm based on link prediction technology and optimal path search algorithm based on preference,and the traffic assignment adopts NSGA-Ⅲalgorithm.Based on the Python platform NetworkX complex network analysis library,a network of 57 airports,383 nodes,and 635 segments within China Airspace Beijing and Shanghai Flight Information Regions and 187975 sorties of traffic are used to simulate the bilevel model.Compared with the existing air route network,the proposed air route network can decrease the cost by 50.624%,lower the flight conflict coefficient by 33.564%,and reduce dynamic non-linear coefficient by 7.830%.

Modified origin-based algorithm for traffic equilibrium assignment problems

Key tactics of origin-based user equilibrium (OUE) algorithm was studied,which involved the algorithm procedure and several implementation issues.To speed up the convergence,update policies of flows,costs and bushes were proposed.The methods of step-size searching and bush construction are proved to be practical.The modified OUE algorithm procedure was also optimized to take the advantage of multi-thread process.Convergence performances were compared with those of other algorithms by different sizes of urban transportation networks.The result shows this modified OUE algorithm is more efficient and consumes less time to achieve the reasonable relative gap in practical applications.

A DYNAMIC MODEL OF MULTIPLE PATH TRAFFIC ASSIGNMENT

A “Random Shortest Path”traffic assignment model and its algorithm arepresented by simulating the trip-makers’route-choice characters,and the dynamic meth-od is introduced in the assignment model.It is a ideal multiple path assignment modelwhich can be carried out by the dynamic method and static method,can better reflect boththe shortest path factor and the random factor in the route-choice,and is of reasonableassignment volumes.Besides,both dynamic and static softwares particularly suited to thetraffic assignment of large and medium-sized transportation networks arc developed.

Traffic Assignment Forecast Model Research in ITS

As an important role in the development of ITS, traffic assignment forecast is always the research focus. Based on the analysis of classic traffic assignment forecast models, an improved traffic assignment forecast model, multi-ways probability and capacity constraint (MPCC) is presented. Using the new traffic as- signment forecast model to forecast the traffic volume will improve the rationality and veracity of traffic as- signment forecast.

Development of a Methodology to Evaluate Projects Using Dynamic Traffic Assignment Models

The identification and selection of performance measures play an important role in any decision making process. Additionally, millions of dollars are spent on appropriate planning and identification of prospective projects for improvements. As a result, current practitioners spend a lot of time and money in prioritizing their limited resources. This research proposes two tasks: 1) estimation of performance measures using a simulation based on dynamic traffic assignment model, and 2) development of a methodology to evaluate multiple projects based on benefit-cost analysis. The model, DynusT, is used for the Las Vegas roadway network during the morning peak time period. A comparative analysis of the results from proposed methodology with existing California Benefit-Cost (Cal-B/C) models is presented. The results indicate that the new methodology provides an accurate benefit-cost ratio of the projects. In addition, it signifies that the existing Cal-B/C models underestimate the benefits associated with the prospective project improvements. The major contribution of this research is the simultaneous estimation of the performance measures and development of a methodology to evaluate multiple projects. This is helpful to decision makers to rank and prioritize future projects in a cost-effective manner. Planning and operational policies for the transportation systems can be developed based on the gained insights from this study.

A Trip-Chain Based User Equilibrium Traffic Assignment Model with Flexible Activities Scheduling Order

This study developed a user equilibrium traffic assignment model based on trip-chains with flexible activity scheduling order and derived the corresponding optimality conditions. We based on the gradient projection method to develop a solution algorithm, the accuracy of which was verified using the test network of UTown. This model could be used to estimate the transportation demands with and without activities scheduling restriction between OD （origin-destination） pairs based on trip-chains, as well as based on trips. Thus, the proposed model is more generalization than conventional trip based or trip-chain based traffic assignment models.

IMPROVED MODEL OF MULTIPATH TRAFFIC ASSIGNENT AND NODE ASSIGNENT ALGORITHM

In the paper, multipeth traffic assignment model is improved, a quick aI8orithm,Nede Assignment Algorithm, of this medel is presented, and some problems such as dispolof network, arransement of assigned nodes and determination of parameters are discussed

Combinatorial Model Involving Mixed Deterministic Freight Volume Distribution and User's Equilibrium Assignment

Considering characteristics of Chinese urban mixed traffic,the author develops a combinatorial model involving the mixed deterministic traffic volume distribution and user's equilibrium (UE) assignment on the basis of symmetrical link travel time function (or deterrence).Its uniqueness and equivalance to the Wardropian principle of UE are also proved.Finally,we give the algorithm of model.

Routing with constraint and wavelength assignment based on GMPLS support

To solve the routing and wavelength assignment problem in the optical network, this paper put forward the metric model with sparse wavelength conversion and routing algorithm with pruning （RAP） in order to efficiently realize the resource management in the unified way. Related methods with dynamic and adaptation characters considered the link state conditions and certain heuristic information. They can be applied to current network environments. In particular, the simulation was made according to the selfsimilar traffic and the results showed that the corresponding methods not only provided service differentiation but also reduced the overall average blocking Drobabilitv.

面向动态交通分配的交通需求深度学习预测方法

为满足动态交通分配对高精度、高时效性交通需求的要求,本文建立了一种交通需求深度学习预测方法。根据动态交通分配要求确定交通需求数据的时间间隔,构建对复杂交通需求预测性能较优的长短期记忆神经网络预测方法;针对动态交通分配中交通需求的周期性、随机性和非线性等特征,为减少数据噪声的干扰,引入局部加权回归周期趋势分解方法将交通需求数据分解,将其中的趋势分量和余项分量作为深度学习预测方法的输入量,周期分量采用周期估计进行预测;选用具有随机寻优能力强、寻优效率高等特点的布谷鸟寻优算法优化预测方法的隐藏层单元数量、学习速率和训练迭代次数等核心参数。应用西安市长安区的卡口车牌数据验证该方法。结果表明:本文模型的预测结果在高峰及平峰各连续4个时段内相比于自回归滑动平均模型、长短期记忆神经网络模型、支持向量回归模型,平均绝对误差降低了10.55%~19.80%,均方根误差降低了11.20%~17.99%,决定系数提升了8.62%~12.48%;相比遗传算法、粒子群算法优化的模型,平均绝对误差降低了7.36%~13.81%,均方根误差降低了4.23%~10.67%,决定系数提升了3.50%~7.01%,且本文模型运行时间最短。说明与对比模型相比,本文所建立的预测方法在面向动态交通分配的交通需求预测中具有更高的预测精度。

MaaS模式下城市路网异质出行者逐日流量分配模型

为研究出行即服务(MaaS)模式下的城市路网异质用户逐日路径选择行为和路网流量分配演变规律,将出行者分为选择MaaS服务的平台用户和自主决策的自由用户。建立了两类用户总量的逐日调整模型、自由用户的逐日选择模型及平台用户的系统最优分配模型,并利用不动点理论分析了模型稳定性。算例结果表明:若流量转移函数连续,则模型存在不动点,路径流量能收敛到稳定状态;异质用户路网能降低总出行时间,但达到稳态所需时间更长;高比例的平台用户路网总出行时间更小,更有利于路网优化;提升路网出行服务水平可以使路网稳定在最优态。

考虑CAV自主停车行为的混合交通均衡配流模型

为了评估网联自动驾驶汽车(CAV)的自主停车行为对交通系统效率的影响,建立了CAV通勤流、人工驾驶汽车(HDV)通勤流、CAV自主停车流3类交通流混行下的交通均衡配流模型.通过引入CAV停车需求内生变量,考虑CAV对路段通行能力的提升效应,从而定量描述CAV停车需求分布以及3类交通流在路段上混行的拥挤效应.分别采用用户均衡、随机用户均衡原则描述CAV、HDV出行者的路径选择行为,采用Logit离散选择模型描述自主停车CAV的停车场选择行为,由此建立多用户混合交通均衡条件以及等价的变分不等式(VI)模型.由于模型中CAV自主停车需求为未知的内生变量,提出一种改进的相继加权平均法求解该模型.最后,通过算例验证了混合交通均衡配流模型及求解算法的有效性.

考虑电力-交通耦合网动态协调的EV集群灵活性挖掘与优化调度

电动汽车(EV)作为兼具交通与能量双重属性的跨域主体,发挥其时空灵活性将助力电力-交通耦合网的协调运行。为此,文中考虑电力-交通耦合网综合效益,提出了EV集群调控策略。首先,基于弧阻抗函数构建了动态交通网络加载模型。其次,考虑EV用户的各特征参数存在的差异性与耦合性,构建了单体EV灵活运行域模型,并采用基于zonotope线性近似的闵可夫斯基和算法对其聚合,得到EV集群的时变灵活运行域。在此基础上,提出了动态交通流最优分配下EV集群灵活性调控的双层模型,迭代求解得到上下两层耦合变量构成的瞬时单位流量出行成本,从而引导EV的出行与充放电行为。最后,通过与最短路径引导策略进行比较,验证了所提EV集群调控策略的有效性。