The response of thermosphere density to geomagnetic storms is a complicated physical process.Multi-satellite joint observations at the same altitude but different local times(LTs)are important for understanding this p...The response of thermosphere density to geomagnetic storms is a complicated physical process.Multi-satellite joint observations at the same altitude but different local times(LTs)are important for understanding this process;however,until now such studies have hardly been done.In this report,we analyze in detail the thermosphere mass density response at 510 km during the April 23−24,2023 geomagnetic storm using data derived from the TM-1(TianMu-1)satellite constellation and Swarm-B satellites.The observations show that there were significant LT differences in the hemispheric asymmetry of the thermosphere mass density during the geomagnetic storm.Densities observed by satellite TM02 at nearly 11.3 and 23.3 LTs were larger in the northern hemisphere than in the southern.The TM04 dayside density observations appear to be almost symmetrical with respect to the equator,though southern hemisphere densities on the nightside were higher.Swarm-B data exhibit near-symmetry between the hemispheres.In addition,the mass density ratio results show that TM04 nightside observations,TM02 data,and Swarm-B data all clearly show stronger effects in the southern hemisphere,except for TM04 on the dayside,which suggest hemispheric near-symmetry.The South-North density enhancement differences in TM02 and TM04 on dayside can reach 130%,and Swarm-B data even achieve 180%difference.From the observations of all three satellites,large-scale traveling atmospheric disturbances(TADs)first appear at high latitudes and propagate to low latitudes,thereby disturbing the atmosphere above the equator and even into the opposite hemisphere.NRLMSISE00 model simulations were also performed on this geomagnetic storm.TADs are absent in the NRLMSISE00 simulations.The satellite data suggest that NRLMSISE00 significantly underestimates the magnitude of the density response of the thermosphere during geomagnetic storms,especially at high latitudes in both hemispheres.Therefore,use of the density simulation of NRLMSISE00 may lead to large errors in satellite drag calculations and orbit predictions.We suggest that the high temporal and spatial resolution of direct density observations by the TM-1 constellation satellites can provide an autonomous and reliable basis for correction and improvement of atmospheric models.展开更多
The typhoon, as a mature tropical cyclone that develops in the western part of the North Pacific Ocean with high wind speed and heavy rainfall, is one of the most lethal and costly of natural disasters for the densely...The typhoon, as a mature tropical cyclone that develops in the western part of the North Pacific Ocean with high wind speed and heavy rainfall, is one of the most lethal and costly of natural disasters for the densely populated countries of East Asia. It can be easily detected by space-borne sensors operated at microwave, visible or infrared bands （Liu et al., 2014）. Synthetic Aperture Radar （SAR） is a kind of active imaging radar, which can detect the targets with high resolution at one-meter level. SARs can be used to extract the sea surface wind and the eyes of typhoons or hurricanes （Friedman and Li, 2000; Zhang and Perrie, 2012; Li, 2015; Jin et al., 2014; Liu et al., 2014）. As a pioneer project of Haiyang-3 （HY-3）, the Chinese C-band SAR satellite of Gaofen-3 （GF-3） was launched in August 2016 under China High-resolution Earth Observation System （CEOS）. GF-3 carries a multi-polarized C-band SAR with a highest spatial resolution of one meter, the most imaging modes in the word of twelve and a long designed lifespan of 8 years. Haiyang-2A （HY-2A）, which was launched in August 2011, is the first Chinese marine dynamic environment satellite with a main payload of Ku-band microwave scatterometer （Jiang et al., 2012; Ye et al., 2015）. One of the objectives of HY-2A scatterometer （HY-2A SCAT） is monitoring sea surface wind field of global ocean.展开更多
The successive alteration o the microstructure from the weld metal zone through weld bond to the heat affected zone of a Cr18Ni13 austenitic-0.45%C steels weld joint was observed in situ using transmission electron mi...The successive alteration o the microstructure from the weld metal zone through weld bond to the heat affected zone of a Cr18Ni13 austenitic-0.45%C steels weld joint was observed in situ using transmission electron microscopy.It was found a new type of microstructure called pearlite-like structure and observed the characteristics of the boundary of dissimilar phases. Based on the definition of various zones of the dissimilar steels weld joint under the optical mi- croscope,the transmission electron microscopic characteristics,including microstructures and compositions,of each zone are described and discussed.展开更多
Combined with the characteristics of the distributed-drive electric vehicle and direct yaw moment control,a double-layer structure direct yaw moment controller is designed.The upper additional yaw moment controller is...Combined with the characteristics of the distributed-drive electric vehicle and direct yaw moment control,a double-layer structure direct yaw moment controller is designed.The upper additional yaw moment controller is constructed based on model predictive control.Aiming at minimizing the utilization rate of tire adhesion and constrained by the working characteristics of motor system and brake system,a quadratic programming active set was designed to optimize the distribution of additional yaw moments.The road surface adhesion coefficient has a great impact on the reliability of direct yaw moment control,for which joint observer of vehicle state parameters and road surface parameters is designed by using unscented Kalman filter algorithm,which correlates vehicle state observer and road surface parameter observer to form closed-loop feedback correction.The results show that compared to the“feedforward+feedback”control,the vehicle’s error of yaw rate and sideslip angle by the model predictive control is smaller,which can improve the vehicle stability effectively.In addition,according to the results of the docking road simulation test,the joint observer of vehicle state and road surface parameters can improve the adaptability of the vehicle stability controller to the road conditions with variable adhesion coefficients.展开更多
An approach for motion control and observation of robotic manipulators is presented in this article. It links the design of a joint acceleration controller to the design of a variable structure observer including Luen...An approach for motion control and observation of robotic manipulators is presented in this article. It links the design of a joint acceleration controller to the design of a variable structure observer including Luenberger-like observation term. Both the joint acceleration controller and the observer that are introduced in this paper are very likely to use either large or moderate or small gains. Thus the time delay issue of the output measurements is highly taken into consideration in the design of the intended observers. The observer design is therefore based on two different generalized forms of nonlinear systems with/without undelayed outputs. A study to investigate the effects of the gains of the joint acceleration controller on the performance capabilities of the observer is introduced. Also, the effects of the time delay factor on the operation of both the controller and the observer and their own interaction are studied. Then a chain observer design is presented for circumventing the time delay effects. The time delay constant is found to be of vital importance to the robot performance capabilities. Moreover, the results show that the gains of the joint acceleration controller are of significant influence on the operation of the proposed observers.展开更多
基金funded by the China Manned Space Program (Grant Y59003AC40)TM-1 Constellation Atmospheric Density Detector (Grant E3C1162110)
文摘The response of thermosphere density to geomagnetic storms is a complicated physical process.Multi-satellite joint observations at the same altitude but different local times(LTs)are important for understanding this process;however,until now such studies have hardly been done.In this report,we analyze in detail the thermosphere mass density response at 510 km during the April 23−24,2023 geomagnetic storm using data derived from the TM-1(TianMu-1)satellite constellation and Swarm-B satellites.The observations show that there were significant LT differences in the hemispheric asymmetry of the thermosphere mass density during the geomagnetic storm.Densities observed by satellite TM02 at nearly 11.3 and 23.3 LTs were larger in the northern hemisphere than in the southern.The TM04 dayside density observations appear to be almost symmetrical with respect to the equator,though southern hemisphere densities on the nightside were higher.Swarm-B data exhibit near-symmetry between the hemispheres.In addition,the mass density ratio results show that TM04 nightside observations,TM02 data,and Swarm-B data all clearly show stronger effects in the southern hemisphere,except for TM04 on the dayside,which suggest hemispheric near-symmetry.The South-North density enhancement differences in TM02 and TM04 on dayside can reach 130%,and Swarm-B data even achieve 180%difference.From the observations of all three satellites,large-scale traveling atmospheric disturbances(TADs)first appear at high latitudes and propagate to low latitudes,thereby disturbing the atmosphere above the equator and even into the opposite hemisphere.NRLMSISE00 model simulations were also performed on this geomagnetic storm.TADs are absent in the NRLMSISE00 simulations.The satellite data suggest that NRLMSISE00 significantly underestimates the magnitude of the density response of the thermosphere during geomagnetic storms,especially at high latitudes in both hemispheres.Therefore,use of the density simulation of NRLMSISE00 may lead to large errors in satellite drag calculations and orbit predictions.We suggest that the high temporal and spatial resolution of direct density observations by the TM-1 constellation satellites can provide an autonomous and reliable basis for correction and improvement of atmospheric models.
基金The National Key R&D Program of China under contract No.2016YFC1401000the Joint Foundation of National Natural Science Foundation of China and the Marine Science Center of Shandong Province under contract No.U1406404the National Natural Science Foundation of China under contract Nos 1506206 and 41476152
文摘The typhoon, as a mature tropical cyclone that develops in the western part of the North Pacific Ocean with high wind speed and heavy rainfall, is one of the most lethal and costly of natural disasters for the densely populated countries of East Asia. It can be easily detected by space-borne sensors operated at microwave, visible or infrared bands （Liu et al., 2014）. Synthetic Aperture Radar （SAR） is a kind of active imaging radar, which can detect the targets with high resolution at one-meter level. SARs can be used to extract the sea surface wind and the eyes of typhoons or hurricanes （Friedman and Li, 2000; Zhang and Perrie, 2012; Li, 2015; Jin et al., 2014; Liu et al., 2014）. As a pioneer project of Haiyang-3 （HY-3）, the Chinese C-band SAR satellite of Gaofen-3 （GF-3） was launched in August 2016 under China High-resolution Earth Observation System （CEOS）. GF-3 carries a multi-polarized C-band SAR with a highest spatial resolution of one meter, the most imaging modes in the word of twelve and a long designed lifespan of 8 years. Haiyang-2A （HY-2A）, which was launched in August 2011, is the first Chinese marine dynamic environment satellite with a main payload of Ku-band microwave scatterometer （Jiang et al., 2012; Ye et al., 2015）. One of the objectives of HY-2A scatterometer （HY-2A SCAT） is monitoring sea surface wind field of global ocean.
文摘The successive alteration o the microstructure from the weld metal zone through weld bond to the heat affected zone of a Cr18Ni13 austenitic-0.45%C steels weld joint was observed in situ using transmission electron microscopy.It was found a new type of microstructure called pearlite-like structure and observed the characteristics of the boundary of dissimilar phases. Based on the definition of various zones of the dissimilar steels weld joint under the optical mi- croscope,the transmission electron microscopic characteristics,including microstructures and compositions,of each zone are described and discussed.
基金funded by Youth Program of National Natural Science Foundation of China(52002034)National Key R&D Program of China(2018YFB1600701)+2 种基金Key Research and Development Program of Shaanxi(2020ZDLGY16-01,2019ZDLGY15-02)Natural Science Basic Research Program of Shaanxi(2020JQ-381)Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities,CHD(300102220113).
文摘Combined with the characteristics of the distributed-drive electric vehicle and direct yaw moment control,a double-layer structure direct yaw moment controller is designed.The upper additional yaw moment controller is constructed based on model predictive control.Aiming at minimizing the utilization rate of tire adhesion and constrained by the working characteristics of motor system and brake system,a quadratic programming active set was designed to optimize the distribution of additional yaw moments.The road surface adhesion coefficient has a great impact on the reliability of direct yaw moment control,for which joint observer of vehicle state parameters and road surface parameters is designed by using unscented Kalman filter algorithm,which correlates vehicle state observer and road surface parameter observer to form closed-loop feedback correction.The results show that compared to the“feedforward+feedback”control,the vehicle’s error of yaw rate and sideslip angle by the model predictive control is smaller,which can improve the vehicle stability effectively.In addition,according to the results of the docking road simulation test,the joint observer of vehicle state and road surface parameters can improve the adaptability of the vehicle stability controller to the road conditions with variable adhesion coefficients.
文摘An approach for motion control and observation of robotic manipulators is presented in this article. It links the design of a joint acceleration controller to the design of a variable structure observer including Luenberger-like observation term. Both the joint acceleration controller and the observer that are introduced in this paper are very likely to use either large or moderate or small gains. Thus the time delay issue of the output measurements is highly taken into consideration in the design of the intended observers. The observer design is therefore based on two different generalized forms of nonlinear systems with/without undelayed outputs. A study to investigate the effects of the gains of the joint acceleration controller on the performance capabilities of the observer is introduced. Also, the effects of the time delay factor on the operation of both the controller and the observer and their own interaction are studied. Then a chain observer design is presented for circumventing the time delay effects. The time delay constant is found to be of vital importance to the robot performance capabilities. Moreover, the results show that the gains of the joint acceleration controller are of significant influence on the operation of the proposed observers.
