Experimental study on spectrum and multi-scale nature of wall pressure and velocity in turbulent boundary layer

When using a miniature single sensor boundary layer probe, the time sequences of the stream-wise velocity in the turbulent boundary layer （TBL） are measured by using a hot wire anemometer. Beneath the fully developed TBL, the wall pressure fluctuations are attained by a microphone mechanism with high spatial resolution. Analysis on the statistic and spectrum properties of velocity and wall pressure reveals the relationship between the wall pressure fluctuation and the energy-containing structure in the buffer layer of the TBL. Wavelet transform shows the multi-scale natures of coherent structures contained in both signals of velocity and pressure. The most intermittent wall pressure scale is associated with the coherent structure in the buffer layer. Meanwhile the most energetic scale of velocity fluctuation at y＋ = 14 provides a specific frequency f9 ≈ 147 Hz for wall actuating control with Ret = 996.

Proper orthogonal decomposition analysis of coherent motions in a turbulent annular jet

A three-dimensional incompressible annular jet is simulated by the large eddy simulation(LES)method at a Reynolds number Re=8500.The time-averaged velocity field shows an asymmetric wake behind the central bluff-body although the flow geometry is symmetric.The proper orthogonal decomposition(POD)analysis of the velocity fluctuation vectors is conducted to study the flow dynamics of the wake flow.The distribution of turbulent kinetic energy across the three-dimensional POD modes shows that the first four eigenmodes each capture more than 1%of the turbulent kinetic energy,and hence their impact on the wake dynamics is studied.The results demonstrate that the asymmetric mean flow in the near-field of the annular jet is related to the first two POD modes which correspond to a radial shift of the stagnation point.The modes 3 and 4 involve the stretching or squeezing effects of the recirculation region in the radial direction.In addition,the spatial structure of these four POD eigenmodes also shows the counter-rotating vortices in the streamwise direction downstream of the flow reversal region.

Identification, characterization and evolution of non-local quasi-Lagrangian structures in turbulence

The recent progress on non-local Lagrangian and quasi-Lagrangian structures in turbulence is reviewed.The quasi-Lagrangian structures, e.g., vortex surfaces in viscous flow, gas-liquid interfaces in multi-phase flow, and flame fronts in premixed combustion, can show essential Lagrangian following properties, but they are able to have topological changes in the temporal evolution. In addition,they can represent or influence the turbulent flow field. The challenges for the investigation of the non-local structures include their identification, characterization, and evolution.The improving understanding of the quasi-Lagrangian structures is expected to be helpful to elucidate crucial dynamics and develop structure-based predictive models in turbulence.

Experimental investigation of Reynolds stress complex eddy viscosity model for coherent structure dynamics

Time sequence signals of streamwise and normal velocity components,as well as velocity strain rate,at different vertical locations in the turbulent boundary layer over a smooth flat plate in a wind tunnel have been finely examined by the use of double-sensor hot-wire anemometry.The local module maximum for wavelet coefficient of longitudinal velocity component,as a detecting index,is employed to educe the ejection and sweep process of the coherent structure burst in the turbulent boundary layer from the random fluctuating background.The coherent waveforms of Reynolds stress residual contribution term for random fluctuations to coherent structure,as well as the velocity strain rate of coherent structure,are extracted by the conditional phase average technique.Based on the theoretical analysis of eddy viscosity coefficient in complex eddy viscosity model for coherent structure,the macro-relaxation effect between Reynolds stress residual contribution term of random fluctuations to coherent structure and the velocity strain rate of coherent structure is studied and the variations of the phase difference between them across the turbulent boundary layer are investigated experimentally.The rationality of complex eddy viscosity model for coherent structure is confirmed through the investigation.

Detached-eddy simulation of turbulent coherent structures around groynes in a trapezoidal open channel

The hydrodynamics in a straight open channel with a multiple-embayment groyne field was investigated using the detached-eddy simulation(DES).A series of short groynes were included on a 1:3 side slope of the channel.This work focuses on the turbulent coherent structures around groynes on an uneven bottom.Flows around groyne fields are characterized by massive separation and highly unsteady vortices.DES can capture a wide spectrum of eddies at a lower computational cost than the large eddy simulation(LES)or direct numerical simulation(DNS).In the present work,a zonal DES model(ZDES)was used to simulate the flow around groynes.The ZDES model is a modified version of the DES designed to overcome the model-stress depletion(MSD)of the RANS/LES hybrid model.The vortex system consists of the horseshoe vortex(HV)formed at the base of the obstructions,the necklace vortex(NV)that wrapped the groyne tips near the free surface,and the shedding vortex(SV)underneath the free surface.The effects of the incident flow and local topography on the vortex evolution were investigated by analyzing the mean flow structures and the instantaneous turbulent flow fields.Some important vortices cannot be captured because of the averaging process,while some flow structures cannot be observed in the instantaneous flow.The mean flow is only a reflection of the averaging process when complex vortices are present.

Large Eddy Simulation of Coherent Structure of Impinging Jet

The flow field of a rectangular exit, semi-confined and submerged turbulent jet impinging orthogonally on a flat plate with Reynolds number 8500 was studied by large eddy simulation (LES). A dynamic sub-grid stress model has been used for the small scales of turbulence. The evolvements such as the forming, developing, moving,pairing and merging of the coherent structures of vortex in the whole regions were obtained. The results revealed that the primary vortex structures were generated periodically, which was the key factor to make the secondary vortices generate in the wall jet region. In addition, the eddy intensity of the primary vortices and the secondary vortices induced by the primary vortices along with the time were also analyzed.

Large eddy simulation of a planar jet flow with nanoparticle coagulation

Coagulation and growth of nanoparticles subject to large coherent structures in a planar jet has been explored by using large eddy simulation. The particle field is obtained by employing a moment method to approximate the nanoparticle general dynamic equa- tion. An incompressible fluid containing particles of 1 nm in diameter is projected into a particle-free ambient. The results show that the coherent structures dominate the evolution of the nanoparticle number intensity, diameter and polydispersity distributions as the jet develops. In addition, the coherent structures act to increase the diffusion of particles, and the vortex rolling-up makes the particles distributing more irregularly while the vortex pairing causes particle distributions to become uniform. As the jet travels downstream, the time-averaged particle number concentration becomes lower in the jet core and higher in the outskirts, whereas the time- averaged particle mass over the entire flow field maintains unaltered, and the time-averaged particle diameter and geometric standard deviations grow and reach their maximum on the interface of the jet region and the ambient.

LINEAR INSTABILITY OF TURBULENT BOUNDARY LAYER AS A MECHANISM FOR THE GENERATION OF LARGE SCALE COHERENT STRUCTURES

I. BASIC IDEA Large eddies in the outer region of a turbulent boundary layer over a flat plate were found to have a mean streamwise extent of 2.5--3.0δ, where δ is the boundary layer thickness. Their convective velocity clusters around a value of 0.8U0, where U0 is the free stream velocity, and the period of their passage is roughly 3δ/U0.

Numerical investigation of turbulent flow coherent structures in annular jet pumps using the LES method

Annular jet pumps that are used in hydraulic machinery have a very simple structure but very complex internal flow fields. Large eddy simulations were used to study the coherent structures in the turbulent flows in annular jet pumps with various area ratios,m. The distribution, movement and evolution of the coherent structure in the annular jet pumps are described based on vorticity,pressure and Q criteria. All the criteria demonstrate that the vortexes are mainly distributed in the recirculation region and in the mixing and the boundary layers, which have large velocity gradients. The various characteristics of the coherent structures are shown by the different criteria with the vorticity criterion describing the distribution, movement and evolution of the vortexes,the pressure criterion describing the movement and the Q criterion describing the vortex movement and evolution. The vorticity variation in the spanwise direction is larger than the variation in the streamwise direction; however, the streamwise vortex is the main mechanism driving the entrainment of the secondary flow and the mixing. The annular jet pump with m=3.33 had a higher vortex shedding frequency(about 1000 Hz) than that with m=1.72(313–417 Hz). The azimuthal instability is the main reason for the generation of the streamwise vortex from the spanwise vortex. The vortex structures in the recirculation region are very strong,but small and disordered with no periodic vortex rings.

Analysis of solid particle clusters in coherent structures of turbulent channel flow

A particle-laden turbulent channel flow is investigated to study particle clusters in large-scale turbulent coherent structures. The fluid phase is calculated by large eddy simulation and particles are tracked using Lagrangian trajectory method. The flow Reynolds number is 180 based on the friction velocity and half-width of the channel. The particle is lycopodium with St=0.93 which may well follow the fluid phase. The mean and fluctuating velocities of both two phases are obtained, which are in good agreement with previous data. The strongest accumulations of particles in low-speed streak structures are observed at y~=l 1.3. Moreover, once particles are captured in low-speed streaks, most of them will reside there for a long period. Particles clustered in low-speed streaks obtain smaller instantaneous wall-normal and spanwise velocities than those out of there, which induce a larger particle flux into low-speed streaks than that out of there. The study is important for understanding particle dispersion mechanisms in gas-particle turbulent channel flows.

Large Eddy Simulation of New Vortex Generator Enhancing Heat Exchange of Solar Energy

This paper put forward a new-type vortex generator enhancing heat exchange of solar air-drier and air-heater on the gas side,and investigated the mechanism of heat transfer enhancement and drag reduction by the influence of vortex generators on the coherent structure of turbulent boundary layer.The flow and heat transfer characteristics of rectangle channel with bevel-cut half-elliptical column vortex generators were obtained using large eddy simulation(LES)and the hydromechanics software FLUENT6.3.The instantaneous properties of velocity,temperature and pressure in channel were gained.The coherent structure of turbulent boundary layer flow was showed,and the characteristic of vortex induced by inclined-cut semi-ellipse vortex generator and its influence on turbulent coherent structure were analyzed.And the effect mechanism of turbulent coherent structure on flow field,pressure field and temperature field was discussed.Based on the results,the heat transfer coefficient and drag reduction of the new vortex generator with different pitch angles were compared.Sometimes,the coherent effects of the increased wall heat transfer and the decreased skin friction do not satisfy the Reynolds analogy.The turbulent coherent structure can be controlled through the geometry of the vortex generator,so the heat transfer and drag reduction can also be controlled.Then we can seek suitable form of vortex generator and structure parameters,in order to achieve the enhanced heat transfer and flow of drag reduction in the solar air-heater and solar air-drier.

Large eddy simulation of the gas-particle turbulent wake flow

To find out the detailed characteristics of the coherent structures and associated particle dispersion in free shear flow, large eddy simulation method was adopted to investigate a two-dimensional particleladen wake flow. The well-known Sub-grid Scale mode introduced by Smagorinsky was employed to simulate the gas flow field and Lagrangian approach was used to trace the particles. The results showed that the typical large-scale vortex structures exhibit a stable counter rotating arrangement of opposite sign, and alternately form from the near wall region, shed and move towards the downstream positions of the wake with the development of the flow. For particle dispersion, the Stokes number of particles is a key parameter. At the Stokes numbers of 1.4 and 3.8 the particles concentrate highly in the outer boundary regions. While the particles congregate densely in the vortex core regions at the Stokes number of 0. 15, and the particles at Stokes number of 15 assemble in the vortex braid regions and the rib regions between the adjoining vortex structures.

Lagrangian eddies in the Northwestern Pacifi c Ocean

The Lagrangian eddies in the western Pacifi c Ocean are identifi ed and analysed based on Maps of Sea Level Anomaly(MSLA)data from 1998 to 2018.By calculating the Lagrangian eddy advected by the AVISO velocity fi eld,we analyzed the variations in Lagrangian eddies and the average transport eff ects on diff erent time scales.By introducing the Niño coeffi cient,the lag response of the Lagrangian eddy to El Niño is found.These data are helpful to further explore the role of mesoscale eddies in ocean energy transfer.Through normalized chlorophyll data,we observed chlorophyll aggregation and hole eff ects caused by Lagrangian eddies.These fi ndings demonstrate the important role of Lagrangian eddies in material transport.The transportation volume of the Lagrangian eddy is calculated quantitatively,and several major transport routes have been identifi ed,which helps us to more accurately and objectively estimate the transport capacity of Lagrangian eddies in the western Pacifi c Ocean.

Large-eddy simulations and vortex structures of turbulent jets in crossflow

Using the method of large-eddy simulation, the 3-dimensional turbulent jets in crossflow with stream-wise and transverse arrangements of nozzle are simulated, emphasizing on the dynamical process of generation and evolution of vortex structures in these flows. The results show that the basic vortex structures in literatures, such as the counter-rotating vortex pair, leading-edge vortices, lee-side vortices, hanging vortices, kidney vortices and anti-kidney vortices, are not independent physical substances, but local structures of the basic vortex structure of turbulent jets in crossflow-the 3-D stretching vortex rings originating from the orifice of the nozzle, which is discovered in this study. Therefore, the most important large-scale structures of turbulent jets in crossflow are unified to the 3-D vortex rings which stretch and twist in stream-wise and swing in transverse directions. We also found that the shedding frequencies of vortex rings are much lower than the one corresponding to the appearance of leading-edge and lee-side vortices in the turbulent jets.

NUMERICAL SIMULATION AND ANALYSIS OF HORSESHOE-SHAPED VORTEX IN NEAR-WALL REGION OF TURBULENT BOUNDARY LAYER

The low-Reynolds-number full developed turbulent flow in channels is simulated using large eddy simulation（LES）method with the preconditioned algorithm and the dynamic subgrid-scale model,with a given disturbance in inlet boundary,after a short development section.The inlet Reynolds number based on momentum thickness is 670.The computed results show good agreement with direct numerical simulation（DNS）,which include root mean square fluctuated velocity distribution and average velocity distribution.It is also found that the staggered phenomenon of the coherent structures is caused by sub-harmonic.The results clearly show the formation and evolution of horseshoe vortex in the turbulent boundary layer,including horseshoe vortex structure with a pair of streamwise vortexes and one-side leg of horseshoe vortex.Based on the results,the development of the horseshoe-shaped coherent structures is analyzed in turbulent boundary layer.

甲烷平面射流扩散火焰的大涡模拟

本文对甲烷-空气平面自由射流扩散火焰进行了大涡模拟,采用分步投影法求解动量方程,湍流亚格子项采用动态模式模拟,化学反应速率亚格子项采用动态相似模式模拟,压力泊松方程采用修正的循环消去法快速求解,空间方向采用二阶精度的差分格式,在时间方向上采用二阶精度的显式差分格式。模拟结果给出了湍流扩散火焰的瞬态发展变化过程,表明射流扩散火焰的发展过程存在着“湍流控制”和“化学反应控制”两个不同阶段。 “湍流控制”阶段仅存在于火焰发展初期的极短时间内。

自由圆湍射流不稳定性与界面拟序结构研究

采用两相流动的大涡模拟对自由圆湍射流的流动不稳定性及界面拟序结构进行了数值模拟。通过计算探讨了射流液体的不稳定性机制。研究了喷嘴入口速度及入口扰动对射流近场区的不稳定性和涡结构特性的影响。研究中,对雷诺数在10 000~80 000内施加不同强度扰动后的射流流场进行了系统的模拟计算。结果表明：射流入口速度及外部扰动对射流的稳定性有重要的作用,随射流速度和扰动强度增加,其未扰液核长度下降,表面波尺度减小,射流近场区产生更为丰富（长度尺度多、涡旋强度范围大）的特征涡旋结构;从射流的时均流场看出,在相同雷诺数不同扰动强度（或相同扰动强度不同雷诺数）下射流时均速度沿中心轴线衰减率基本类似;随雷诺数增加,射流对周围流体的正卷吸作用加强,沿流向的径向扩散更为显著。

混合层流动拟序结构的大涡模拟

采用大涡模拟方法对空间发展的二维平面混合层进行了数值模拟 ,动量方程采用分步投影法求解 ,亚格子项采用标准Smagorinsky亚格子模式模拟 ,压力泊松方程采用修正的循环消去法快速求解 ,同时求解了标志物输运方程以实现数值流场显示。模拟结果给出了混合层流动的瞬态发展过程以及流动中拟序结构的发展演变过程 ,成功地模拟了混合层发展中的各种瞬态细节过程 ,如涡的卷起、增长 ,涡与涡之间的配对、合并过程 ,以及大涡破碎为小涡的级联过程 ,为各种以混合层流动为原型流动的射流、尾流等工业流动的控制和优化提供了理论基础。

湍流边界层多尺度相干结构的子波自相关辨识

采用热线风速仪测量平板湍流边界层的流向速度信号,运用连续子波变换的自相关分析,研究边界层相 干结构的变化规律,提出了子波尺度与涡时间尺度关系的计算式．结果显示,相干结构在时空中呈多尺度分布,在 对数区集中在较大尺度,在缓冲区扩展到较小尺度,越靠近黏性底层,拟序运动越明显,并向更小尺度发展;广泛存 在的相关性很弱的小尺度涡成为数量巨大、含能很少的背景湍流．子波变换的自相关分析可以定性,也可定量显示 涡的时空特性,是研究湍流多尺度相干结构的有效方法．

超声速边界层转捩拟序结构大涡模拟

针对超声速边界层转捩问题,以五阶迎风和六阶对称紧致格式数值求解三维可压缩滤波Navier-Stokes方程,对马赫数4.5,雷诺数10000的空间发展超声速平板边界层的谐波扰动转捩问题进行了大涡模拟。时间推进采用紧致存储三阶Runge-Kutta方法,亚格子尺度模型为修正Smagorinsky涡粘性模型。通过入口叠加一对线性最不稳定第一模态斜波扰动的方法,得到了从线性/弱非线性扰动增长、交替Λ涡结构出现到演化为发卡涡的转捩过程;针对剪切层结构等现象,给出了该转捩拟序运动的详细讨论。比较显示,转捩结构及摩擦系数曲线等同理论分析吻合。