Electrochemical Machining Analysis on Grid Cathode Composed of Square Cells

During the electrochemical machining (ECM), the cathodes designed by the existing methods are mainly unitary cathodes, which can be only used to produce the workpieces with the same shapes. However, there are few researches on designing cathodes for machining the different workpieces with the different surfaces. This paper presents the grid cathode composed of the square cells to produce the workpieces with different shapes. Three types of the square cells, 2.5 mm′2.5 mm, 3 mm′3 mm, and 4 mm′4 mm, are utilized to construct the plane, the slant, and the blade cathode. The material of the cathode and the anode is CrNi 18 Ti 9 , and the ingredient of electrolyte is 15% NaCl and 15% NaNO 3 . The machining equilibrium machining current and time are acquired and analyzed, the machining process and the workpiece quality are compared between using the grid cathode and the unitary cathode. Moreover, the machining errors on the workpiece surface are measured and analyzed, and the error reasons are traced and discussed to obtain the better surface quality of the workpiece. The experiment and analysis results show that the grid cathode can be used to manufacture the workpieces with complex shapes in certain range of the error. The workpiece quality improves with the size of the square cell being reduced, and if the square element is small enough, the workpiece quality is almost equal to the one machined by the unitary cathode. The proposed research realizes a single cathode machining the different workpieces with the different surfaces.

Improved Computational Model of Grid Cells Based on Column Structure

To simulate the firing pattern of biological grid cells,this paper presents an improved computational model of grid cells based on column structure.In this model,the displacement along different directions is processed by modulus operation,and the obtained remainder is associated with firing rate of grid cell.Compared with the original model,the improved parts include that:the base of modulus operation is changed,and the firing rate in firing field is encoded by Gaussian-like function.Simulation validates that the firing pattern generated by the improved computational model is more consistent with biological characteristic than original model.Besides,the firing pattern is badly influenced by the cumulative positioning error,but the computational model can also generate the regularly hexagonal firing pattern when the real-time positioning results are modified.

Hydrogen Smart-Grids: Smart Metering of Electricity from Hydrogen Fuel Cells

In the last decade, increasing applications of information technology (IT) within power industry has become a significant reality. As distributed power networks are gaining importance and renewables are getting a bigger ratio within energy production, Smart Grid applications have become essential, especially due to the intermittent nature of renewable energy resources. Smart Grid is a sustainable energy system that measures, checks, and controls the generation, transmission, and consumption of electrical energy in grids on all voltage levels. Smart Grid experts are driving forward the development of effective communication and information technologies for the build-up of intelligent power supply networks. Examples of these are control systems for the realization of virtual power plants, intelligent consumer data acquisition systems, and smart distribution management systems. Fuel cell-based hydrogen electricity, in comparison to other renewable energy sources, is more stable and predictable. Yet hydrogen power and smart-grids have many application points, mainly as means of energy storage. This study claims that hydrogen energy and smart-grids could also engage through an appliance of IT managed metering of hydrogen power production. Smart metering and management of hydrogen fuel cells would enable advanced planning of short-to-mid-term power productions and thus foster use of hydrogen power within distributed networks, as local community or industrial applications.

基于Voronoicells的二维不规则自适应网格的生成及其应用

基于 Voronoi cells的数据结构和算法 ,给出了一种二维不规则自适应网格的生成方法 ,用 VisualC+ +语言在微机上开发了 Windows环境下网格自动生成的可视化软件。既可以得到 Voronoi cells网格 ,也可得到相应的 Delaunay triangles网格 ,网格生成的实例表明 ,本文方法所得到的网格非常适合于多尺度系统的流动问题的计算 。

ADAPTIVE LAYERED CARTESIAN CUT CELL METHOD FOR THE UNSTRUCTURED HEXAHEDRAL GRIDS GENERATION

Adaptive layered Cartesian cut cell method is presented to solve the difficulty of the tmstructured hexahedral anisotropic Cartesian grids generation from the complex CAD model. ＂Vertex merging algorithm based on relaxed AVL tree is investigated to construct topological structure for stereo lithography （STL） files, and a topology-based self-adaptive layered slicing algorithm with special features control strategy is brought forward. With the help of convex hull, a new points-in-polygon method is employed to improve the Cartesian cut cell method. By integrating the self-adaptive layered slicing algorithm and the improved Cartesian cut cell method, the adaptive layered Cartesian cut cell method gains the volume data of the complex CAD model in STL file and generates the unstructured hexahedral anisotropic Cartesian grids.

Cartesian Grid Method with Cut Cell in the Mold Filling Simulation

In this paper, a Cartesian grid method with cut cell has been developed to simulate mold filling of casting process. Cut cells at the cast-mold interface are generated on the Cartesian grid. With the boundary cut cells, a special treatment is necessary. That is Cartesian grid method with cut cell. A simple shape was tested and the cut cell method was compared with the traditional one on Cartesian grids. And, a developed method was applied to the real casting product simulation. Cartesian grid system causes momentum loss and unsound fluid flow patterns because of inaccurate generation of meshes. These problems have been improved by using cut cell method.

Mechanical properties of multi-scale germanium specimens from space solar cells under electron irradiation

During long-term service in space,Gallium Arsenide(GaAs)solar cells are directly exposed to electron irradiation which usually causes a dramatic decrease in their performance.In the multilayer structure of solar cells,the germanium(Ge)layer occupies the majority of the thickness as the substrate.Due to the intrinsic brittleness of semiconductor material,there exist various defects during the preparation and assembly of solar cells,the influences of which tend to be intensified by the irradiation effect.In this work,first,Ge specimens for mechanical tests were prepared at scales from microscopic to macroscopic.Then,after different doses of electron irradiation,the mechanical properties of the Ge specimens were investigated.The experimental results demonstrate that electron irradiation has an obvious effect on the mechanical property variation of Ge in diverse scales.The four-point bending test indicates that the elastic modulus,fracture strength,and maximum displacement of the Ge specimens all increase,and reach the maximum value at the irradiation dose of 1×10^(15)e/cm^(2).The micrometer scale cantilever and nanoindentation tests present similar trends for Ge specimens after irradiation.Atomic Force Microscope(AFM)also observed the change in surface roughness.Finally,a fitting model was established to characterize the relation between modulus change and electron irradiation dose.

Modulating immune responses for enhanced cell therapies:The dual role of multi-scale biomaterials

The efficacy of cell therapy is compromised by the suboptimal survival and function of transplanted cells,which can be partly attributed to uncontrolled immunomodulation.To address this issue,the dual role of biomaterials in assisting immune activation and evasion can be used to fine-tune immune responses and improve the efficacy and safety of cell therapy.Herein,we summarize different methods used to engineer therapeutic cells with biomaterials across multiple spatial scales and review how biomaterials assist in immune activation or evasion in cell therapy based on a discussion of the effects of biomaterials on endogenous immune cells.We also discuss the appealing features of biomaterials that polarize immune responses toward type 1 or type 2 immunity.In future studies,the biophysical and biochemical properties of biomaterials could be better leveraged for immunomodulatory purposes to fuel prominent improvements in cell therapy,and the relevant regulatory mechanisms should be investigated in a more systematic and in-depth manner.

自适应笛卡尔网格Ghost Cell方法研究

在笛卡尔网格中,利用Ghost Cell方法处理浸入边界,模拟二维无粘可压缩流。针对静止物体,比较了各种不同的Ghost Cell边界条件下的熵误差,总压误差,以及阻力系数。此外为提高激波分辨率,将Ghost Cell方法与基于叉树结构的自适应笛卡尔网格算法相结合,数值结果显示本文的方法是切实可行的。

MSFlexGrid网格编辑功能的实现

针对将MSFlexGrid和Data控件简单地绑定到一起只能实现只读数据的显示而不能对数据进行编辑的问题,提出了利用一文本框TextBox作为缓冲,配合MSFlexGrid控件的Click事件,使MSFlexGrid具有对数据进行编辑的功能,并实现光标在网格上的灵活移动,从而方便大量数据的显示、修改.

Web of Cell体系——适应未来智能电网发展的新理念

针对未来大量分布式发电并网需求,以智能电网为背景阐释了一种全新的电力系统控制体系——Web of Cell体系。首先,诠释该体系的概念并总结归纳出其特点,通过对比Web of Cell体系与集中控制体系及Cell与微电网和主动配电网间的差异,剖析了该体系在未来电力系统中的优势和可行性。随后,对该体系调压调频的控制结构和运行方式进行了分析并指出应重点关注的技术问题。最后,对该体系的进一步发展和研究方向进行了展望,以期为中国电网智能化发展提供参考和借鉴。

基于Ghost Cell方法的MWENO格式Euler方程求解

采用一种高精度MWENO(multi-weighted essentially non-oscillatory)格式在结构网格上求解可压缩Euler方程。该格式在处理具有复杂几何外形绕流问题时遇到较大困难,而虚拟单元方法却是一种较新颖且对网格的要求较低的方法,适用于此种情况下的边界处理。将两者有效结合起来试图在笛卡尔网格上处理具有复杂几何外形的物体绕流问题。数个经典数值算例的结果表明所提出的方法切实可行。

On the energy conservation electrostatic particle-in-cell/Monte Carlo simulation: Benchmark and application to the radio frequency discharges

We benchmark and analyze the error of energy conservation （EC） scheme in particle-in-cell/Monte Carlo （PIC/MC） algorithms by simulating the radio frequency discharge. The plasma heating behaviors and electron distributing functions obtained by one-dimensional （1D） simulation are analyzed. Both explicit and implicit algorithms are checked. The results showed that the EC scheme can eliminated the self-heating with wide grid spacing in both cases with a small reduction of the accuracies. In typical parameters, the EC implicit scheme has higher precision than EC explicit scheme. Some ＂numerical cooling＂ behaviors are observed and analyzed. Some other errors are also analyzed. The analysis showed that the EC implicit scheme can be used to qualitative estimation of some discharge problems with much less computational resource cost without much loss of accuracies.

Elastic Predictions of 3D Orthogonal Woven Composites Using Micro/meso-scale Repeated Unit Cell Models

This presentation predicts the elastic properties of three-dimensional(3D)orthogonal woven composite(3DOWC)by finite element analysis based on micro/meso repeated unit cell(RUC)models.First,the properties of fiber yarn are obtained by analysis on a micro-scale RUC model assuming fibers in a hexagonal distribution pattern in the polymer matrix.Then a full thickness meso-scale RUC model including weft yarns,warp yarns,Z-yarns and pure resin zones is established and full stiffness matrix of the 3DOWC including the in-plane and flexural constants are predicted.For thick 3DOWC with large number of weft,warp layers,an alternative analysis method is proposed in which an inner meso-RUC and a surface meso-RUC are established,respectively.Then the properties of 3DOWC are deduced based on laminate theory and properties of the inner and surface layers.The predicted results by the above two alternative methods are in good experimental agreement.

A Path-Based Approach for Data Aggregation in Grid-Based Wireless Sensor Networks

Sensor nodes in a wireless sensor network （WSN） are typically powered by batteries, thus the energy is constrained. It is our design goal to efficiently utilize the energy of each sensor node to extend its lifetime, so as to prolong the lifetime of the whole WSN. In this paper, we propose a path-based data aggregation scheme （PBDAS） for grid-based wireless sensor networks. In order to extend the lifetime of a WSN, we construct a grid infrastructure by partitioning the whole sensor field into a grid of cells. Each cell has a head responsible for aggregating its own data with the data sensed by the others in the same cell and then transmitting out. In order to efficiently and rapidly transmit the data to the base station （BS）, we link each cell head to form a chain. Each cell head on the chain takes turn becoming the chain leader responsible for transmitting data to the BS. Aggregated data moves from head to head along the chain, and finally the chain leader transmits to the BS. In PBDAS, only the cell heads need to transmit data toward the BS. Therefore, the data transmissions to the BS substantially decrease. Besides, the cell heads and chain leader are designated in turn according to the energy level so that the energy depletion of nodes is evenly distributed. Simulation results show that the proposed PBDAS extends the lifetime of sensor nodes, so as to make the lifetime of the whole network longer.

用于高功率微波器件粒子模拟的三维柱坐标系共形网格生成技术

基于面向对象的C++语言研制三维柱坐标共形网格生成程序,对束-场互作用器件作共形网格剖分,为粒子模拟算法提供积分线元、面元。通过定义三维柱坐标网格体系如网格步长、网格索引、守护网格层、包围盒等数据,使模型的空间信息能转换成柱坐标网格信息。将轴上网格单元作特殊处理,使粒子模拟算法形式在轴上网格和在非轴上网格上保持一致。利用射线跟踪法得到属于模型子面、模型棱边的离散边界点,接着通过拓扑关系获得模型的顶点,保存上述三类离散边界点的拓扑信息和网格信息。将构建的基础网格元与边界点信息耦合,在离散网格体系中重构模型。用该共形网格剖分技术对相对论磁控管进行剖分,能够识别该磁控管的透明阴极、阳极和谐振腔等结构。

处理地下水模型单元疏干-湿润的两种算法对比研究

在使用网格单元中心差分格式的地下水模型中,对地下水网格单元“疏干(干)-湿润(湿)转化”的模拟极易引发模型迭代不收敛等异常情况,很大程度上影响模型的应用。本研究使用理想案例和丹麦应用实例,综合比较了MODFLOW模型的试算法与COMUS模型的全有效单元法对网格单元“干-湿转化”问题的模拟能力及算法特性。结果表明:(1)试算法的参数组合选取对模拟的收敛性和模拟结果都有明显影响,使用试算法时需要不断优化参数组合以避免模型迭代不收敛或模拟失真等异常情况,很大程度上增加了用户使用模型的难度和时间成本;(2)全有效单元法的模拟结果比试算法的模拟结果更具可靠性,全有效单元法的作用等同于理论上最优的试算法参数组合,使用全有效单元法时用户无需进行复杂的参数组合工作,因此该方法能有效降低模型的使用难度与模拟结果的不确定性;(3)全有效单元法中单元间水平向水力传导度算法实现了可以与经典调和平均法相比较的数值计算精度,说明全有效单元法在不涉及网格单元“干-湿转化”问题的地下水模拟中同样具有应用潜力。综上所述,全有效单元法更适用于处理地下水模型单元的疏干-湿润转化问题,并且有望在地下水数值模拟领域中得到更为广泛的应用。

笛卡尔网格下不同湍流模型的壁面函数方法研究

自适应笛卡尔网格湍流模拟时,网格数目呈雷诺数的指数方量级增长,带来网格规模“灾难”问题。壁面函数方法可以将壁面第一层网格尺度放宽1~2个量级,是有效的解决办法之一,然而,由于笛卡尔网格的非贴体特性,壁面函数的实现及其与不同湍流模型的匹配是关键。针对这一问题,从经典的Spalding壁面函数出发,采用显式赋初值的方式,解决了壁面摩擦速度迭代求解初值敏感及分层壁面函数速度不光滑问题;基于切应力恒定的壁面条件,构造了多层虚拟网格的切向速度和湍流粘性系数,实现了笛卡尔网格下的壁面函数方法;采用结构系综理论,通过DNS数据标定,构造了湍动能随湍流粘性比率变化的关系式,实现了壁面函数与KDO湍流模型的匹配,并以平板T3b、湍流凸包和跨音速NACA0012翼型绕流为算例,与常用的SST、SA湍流模型壁面函数方法进行了对比分析。结果表明:该文提出的KDO湍流模型壁面函数法准确、可靠,且因其形式简单、计算量相对较小,有较大的推广应用价值。

基于燃料电池的离网住宅混合可再生能源电力系统能源管理系统优化

随着世界工业化进程的飞速发展,不断完善和发展以光伏发电等为代表的新能源能缓解能源危机与环境污染问题。本文分析了储能电池燃料电池以及超级电容的特点,针对偏远地区长期无法并网问题,提出了一个结合超级电容的短效储能与燃料电池长效储能的混合可再生能源电力与能源管理系统,以确保离网用户的电能安全高效稳定运行。系统中电能主要来自光伏发电系统,并将燃料电池系统(燃料电池/电解设备/储氢罐)作为备用系统,以蓄电池/超级电容器为储能系统。另外本文提出的能量管理系统(EMS)能够在供电侧通过优化算法控制电力系统各部件之间的行为模式,保证用户的电压和功率稳定。在需求侧通过需求响应算法,根据电力系统在不同时间和不同运行条件下供能能力,制定包含恒温可调、开/关不间断和可切断等家电的运行策略。最后对本文研究的离网用户储能式电力与能源管理系统进行仿真实验,采用不同光照条件以及可变的负荷数据对提出的离网系统用Matlab进行仿真验证。仿真结果表明,该系统能够实现碳减排的同时保障用电需求,提升系统的经济与环境效益,具有一定的实际意义。

不同工况下光储氢微网系统协调控制策略

针对光储氢微网系统运行时系统内部功率协调分配、切换平滑度以及电压稳定性等问题,提出一种考虑系统不同需求指令的功率分层协调运行策略。以提升系统稳定性、光氢系统结合度以及平滑运行为目的,搭建光储氢微网系统仿真模型,一方面,通过分层控制实现系统指令层与被控层之间的协调运行,并以上网电价为判断指标,保障系统经济性运行;另一方面,基于系统运行模式将系统运行工况分为8种,并通过多功率协调控制策略使得光储氢微网系统能够稳定运行、工况切换平滑以及母线电压稳定。最后通过仿真验证所建模型与控制策略的正确性与有效性。